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Accountability in U.S. Schools, 2005.
This paper details the issues surrounding student assessment and school accountability since No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
Since NCLB legislation in 2001, schools have seen a drastic change in assessment methods for students and are under increased pressure to be held accountable. This paper details the current situation in which high-stakes testing is not congruent with state standards. The paper then goes on to suggest ways in which states and school districts can alter assessments to increase their validity. Also, issues of how to improve school accountability are discussed. The Nebraska STARS accountability system is also evaluated and recommended.
From the Paper
"While assessment of school systems has been an ongoing issue in the United States for many years, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) created a controversy over accountability of schools and school districts. While NCLB has many admirable goals, such as attempting to provide equal educational opportunity to all students, there are weaknesses in its provision for assessments that plague schools that must not be held accountable for student learning. Spring (2006) notes that while states are able to create standards to determine what is taught and what state tests should contain, there is a requirement that fourth and eighth grade students must take the National Assessment of Educational Progress examinations (186). This legislation, in effect, creates a national curriculum because students from all states are expected to pass a national test. Additionally, NCLB's assessment requirements have already led to many states adopting other high-stakes assessments for students, and then holding schools responsible for failure or success on these tests. However, recent literature suggests that there are better assessment systems that can create a balanced approach to accountability."
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The U.S. Current Accounts Deficit, 2007.
A review of the causes of the U.S. current accounts deficit and a possible solution to the deficit.
1,060 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the problem and causes of the U.S. current accounts deficit. According to the paper, the U.S. current account tracks the trade balance, income payments and unilateral transfers. The paper reports that the current account deficit now accounts for about seven percent of the GDP. The paper concludes with possible solutions to the problem.
Outline:
Background
The Causes of the U.S. Current Account Deficit
Risks of the U.S. Current Account Deficit
Possible Solutions for the U.S. Current Account Deficit
From the Paper
"Since 2000, however, the increase in the current account deficit has reflected mostly a decline in public sector saving because of the growing fiscal deficit and even more decline in an already low household savings rate (Rajan, 2005). Beginning in 2001, there has been larger public dis-savings in the U.S. with growing fiscal deficits caused by a weak economy, lower taxes and increased government spending, especially on the Iraq war (The United States current account deficit and world markets). And, personal savings rates in the U.S. have trended down strongly since 1991 and reached an average of only one percent in 2000 (The United States current account deficit and world markets). Personal saving rate in the U.S. are now substantially lower than the rest of the world. For example, they are 13 percent in Japan, 12 percent in Germany, and 15 percent in France. "
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U.S. and International Accounting, 2006.
This paper explores and evaluates the impact of international and U.S. accounting practices as well as the effectiveness of The International Accounting Standards Committee.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The author explains why standardization in global markets must occur which will result in increased international investments. This paper examines the different accounting methods and theories in various countries and compares them to the U.S. accounting system. The author goes on to rationalize that to maintain a semblance of order and understanding, there has been a constant effort to come up with a harmonious "language" and set of standards that would cover all the nations involved in the economies of the world.
From the Paper
"The two major reasons that standardization must occur is the increased amounts of international investments, and global financial markets. This is a far more intricate movement than a company's moving production to a "sweat-shop economy". We are now seeing joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, as companies position themselves for the 21st Century, including the new "euro" currency for the European union, and the problems which need to be handled in South East Asia, as well as the opportunities looming in China, which still has its Most Favored Nations Status, thus encouraging American firms to invest, create joint ventures, and even build their Sino-American subsidiary plants and distribution centers. So, as an example, how is accounting to be handled in such cases? Through American or Chinese accounting methods? The simplistic answer, of course, is to create a unified system."
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News Framing: The Sino-U.S. Spy Plane Collision, 2005.
A comparison of the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" coverage of the Sino-U.S. spy plane collision of April 1, 2001.
11,500 words (approx. 46.0 pages), 32 sources, MLA, £ 155.95
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Abstract
On April 1, 2001, what began as a minor training exercise turned into a post-Cold War confrontation between two of the world's nuclear powers. On this date, a collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet resulted in a tense - but not hostile - political confrontation between the two nations. This paper examines how although the actual details of the spy plane collision in April 2001 differed substantially in their respective accounts in the Chinese and U.S. media, these differences were not so important to many observers as how important the role they played in shaping public opinion as the events unfolded. It provides a side-by-side comparison of the accounts from China and the U.S. to show how the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" seem to be covering two completely separate incidents. It also defines and discusses the media framing functions that were categorized into three dimensions: visual framing, contextual framing and operational framing.
Outline:
Introduction
Background and Overview
Differences in Media Accounts
Categorization of Framing Functions in Media Accounts
Review of the Literature
Role of the Media in News Presentation
Gatekeeping and Presentation of News Reports
Additional Factors Influencing Presentation of News Reports
The American Position as Reflected in "The New York Times"
The Chinese Position as Reflected in "The People's Daily"
The International Community's Position
Method
Data Analysis and Findings
"People's Daily": April 2-April 27, 2001
"New York Times" Analysis
Validity and Reliability
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"From a subjective perspective, one can almost envision the Chinese leadership hunkered down in the Forbidden City formulating a cogent but forceful response to the spy plane incident that would show the world that they still meant business militarily, but one which would not go so far as to jeopardize what was really important: the American markets. However, from an international perspective, the evolution of the Sino-American trade bloc may be thwarted by future recurrences of this level of hostility, and in the post-Cold War globe, former allies may become potential enemies. "
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U.S. Balance of Payments, 2002.
This paper discusses and analyzes the United States balance of payments, an overall statement of all economic transactions between the U.S. and all other countries over a year?s time.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes line-by-line the tables that represent the Balance of Payments and show the amount of money received from other parts of the world and the amount spent abroad. The author concludes that the recession of 2001 had only a marginal impact on the trade deficit, mostly because the rest of the world had weakened along with the U.S..
Table of Content
Introduction
Item Analysis
Current Account
Capital Account
What the Balance of Payments Says About the Economy
Balance of Payments in 2000 and 2001
Year 2000
Balance of Payments Data -- 2000 and 2001($millions)
Comparison of U.S. Balance of Payments Current Account Data Line 18-38
Comparison of U.S. Balance of Payments Data Capital Account
Analysis
From the Paper
"Basically, the first section of the balance of payments is made up of a current balance, which summarizes imports and exports; net income on investments, such as payments of profits and interest on debt; and transfers between individuals. The second section represents a capital balance of payments that records investments and loans, including those made by multinationals and banks. U.S. Exports include all goods or services produced in the U.S. and sold to other countries in the international market. U.S. Imports are goods or services produced in other countries and sold in the United States. An increase in U.S. receipts (such as an increase in U.S. exports) will lead to increased demand for dollars and an increased supply of foreign currency on foreign exchange markets."
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The U.S. Supreme Court and Politics, 1998.
A discussion of the various topics that the U.S. Supreme Court deals with.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
A detailed examination of the U.S. Supreme court and the type of matters it addresses. The author argues that issues of politics and political controversies should be taken into account by the supreme court as often they form constitutional issues, and supports this view by emphasizing the chief objective of the U.S. supreme court: to preserve the principles and rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. The paper includes an analysis of various politicians and an explanation of the roles of the supreme court and judiciary.
From the Paper
"When political beliefs and thoughts evolve into law, often times, constitutional issues arise alongside. Although the U.S. Supreme Court has the license to decide whether or not to adjudicate matters involving hot political topics, past history has indicated that the Court has not been inclined to evade such questions, but rather, to thoroughly delve into such controversies. As a staunch Federalist, Alexander Hamilton had strong beliefs and ideas as to how the infant U.S. government should be set up and efficiently run. As opposed to Thomas Jefferson?s notions on the importance of strong state governments, Hamilton believed in the superiority of a powerful central government body. He set forth his political views in the Federalist papers, examining all aspects of government and focusing on the role of the judicial branch in numbers 78, 79 and 80."
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The U.S. Health Care Insurance Industry, 2007.
This paper examines the U.S. health care insurance industry at the national and regional levels.
3,905 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the U.S. health insurance industry is a faltering system as witnessed by poor performance, difficulty accessing physicians and rising premiums that cut into after-tax income. The author compares two health plans in Texas: Aetna Life Insurance Company's PPO 500 plan, which is judged better for a younger workforce that is predominantly unmarried and without children, and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas' PPO Select Saver Plan IV Blue Cross plan, which is deemed a better arrangement for an older, "graying" workforce. The paper evaluates the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which is generally seen as a watershed event for health insurance reform.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The U.S. Health Care Industry over the Last 10 Years
The U.S. v. Canadian Approach to Health Care
Development of Managed Medicare Insurance Products in Texas
A Comparison of Two Health Plans in Texas
A Plan for Managed Care Organization Seeking Accreditation from JCAHO or NCQA
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
A Plan for Comprehensive Improvement of a Managed Care Organization's Processes
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In fairness, the U.S. model has its advantages. For one thing, wealthier individuals/employees who wish to "cut through" the bureaucratic red-tape of socialized medicine in Canada can go to the United States and have their needs promptly addressed in a way not possible in Canada. Moreover, from a strictly business perspective, the fact that American HMOs are prepared to exclude various clientele in order to serve the "bottom line" and are likewise prepared to similarly slash services can be just the excuse private American corporations need in order to exclude various members of their workforce."
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U.S. Defense Budgeting, 2008.
This paper describes the U.S. defense budgeting process and argues that it is complex and cluttered.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the strengths of the U.S. defense budgeting process are that it has many avenues for access and accountability by interested parties, ensuring that the overall military effort is essentially transparent and responsible to society. The author points out that the process allows for much waste and influence, which adds cost rather than value; thereby, the process fails to promote efficiency. The paper relates that the system is not likely to be changed radically soon because the entrenched interests can continue to win favored positions and reforming the system takes great momentum and uncommon nerve. Sources listed are in the form of endnotes.
Table of Contents:
Budgeting Concepts
Budgeting Participants
Budgeting Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main ways that government decides on what to spend each year is through baseline budgeting. It takes what was spent in the previous year as the jumping off point and begins its deliberations on what to spend in the upcoming years based upon that. By using this method, the government can operate according to expectations that have some recent history to support claims that more money is needed or less can be done with. It looks at how things went in the past year and decides where to beef up spending and where to cut."
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The U.S. District Court of California, 2007.
A look at several different functions that are critical to the continued operation of the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of California.
1,691 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of California and describes nine of the courts' essential functions and the necessity of these functions in order for the courts to continue to operate properly. It concludes with an overview of the subject matter addressed as well as some thoughts from the author.
Outline:
Finance/Accounting
Legal Advocates and Court Interpreters
Technical Support and Litigants
Calendar Clerks and Court Personnel
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The court takes advantage of the opportunity of technology in benefits for users and the court. The strategy of using technology in the court will benefit the transacting process by setting standards and guidelines for the systematic implementation and integration of information technology into the courts. The Technical Support and litigants are to support the Court's administration; judicial function and the way the information are delivered. The use of a program called "eCourt" will be used. The eCourt program has a least amount of disruptions and efficiently deliveries the information to the needed destinations. Another advantage of technology in benefits to the court is the use of digital telephone services and video conferencing for the courts. "
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The U.S. in Latin America, 2003.
An assessment of the success of President John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress in Latin America.
3,296 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how as early as 1958, the Milton Eisenhower report criticised U.S. behavior on Latin America and how Latinos accused the U.S. of denying them credits in the desired volume, of fixing prices to their detriment, of neglecting the necessity of social reform and of supporting the region's dictators. It looks at how under the pressure of the Cuban Revolution, John F. Kennedy launched an unprecedented development programme for Latin America which took into account Eisenhower's demands. It discusses the Alliance for Progress that Kennedy launched to help Latin America in the 1960s. It evaluate its failure by the 1970s and examines the reasons for that failure, with particular reference to Frei's Chile.
From the Paper
"Idealism and liberalism would soon be replaced by realism in the White House. The Kennedy administration?s passion for the development of Latin America, strongly influenced by the realities of Fidel Castro in Cuba, was replaced, after JFK?s assassination, by Lyndon Johnson and his Latin American Affairs chief, Thomas Mann. Both men saw Latin America from the position of Texan oil entrepreneurs, ?Mexico and the rest?. As LaFeber argues Mann was, ?the perfect choice to dismantle the Alliance at the same time Johnson continued the old Kennedy rhetoric?. If the Alliance contained fundamental flaws under Kennedy?s idealists, then once the realism of Johnson and Mann, followed by the globalism of Nixon and Kissinger, came to power, the last chance for the Alliance to prove a success was extinguished."
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Reporting the Sino-U.S. Spy Plane Collision.
This paper compares the news framing by the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" coverage of the Sino-US spy plane collision in 2001.
2,370 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, on April 1, 2001, what began as a minor training exercise turned into a post-Cold War confrontation between two of the world's nuclear powers. A collision of a U.S. spy plane and a Chinese fighter jet resulted in a tense, but not hostile, political confrontation between the two nations. The author points out that the media accounts in the United States and China are both shaped by the same type of gatekeeping processes, which underlie all editorial decisions concerning what events should be reported to the public and how they should be presented; however, a fundamental difference exists between the two countries concerning the relative freedoms of the respective media in covering these events, particularly for international consumption. The paper reviews many hypotheses based on the news framing by the "New York Times" and the "People's Daily" and concludes that future historians should incorporate comparable analyses of identical news events from various media to determine the extent to which such inherent ethnocentrism has impacted these reports.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Visual Framing
Contextual Framing
Operational Framing
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2
H2a
H2b
Hypothesis 3
H3a
H3b
Validity and Reliability
From the Paper
"From the perspective of the Bush administration, this diplomatic standoff with a newly defined "strategic competitor" provided a crucial test to his ability and experience in handling foreign affairs; these attributes in particular had been under increasing criticism in the months from April 2001. The results of how Bush handled this international incident could shape the domestic public opinion and worldview after the election controversy that had immediately preceded it. From China's perspective, even before this tragic incident, the Chinese people and its leaders had already been on the receiving end of hostile rhetoric from the newly elected Bush; this served to remind the Chinese people and their leadership about the embassy bombing in Yugoslavia just twoyears previously; moreover, such a direct military conflict between two nuclear powers has not taken place since the end of the Cold War."
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The U.S. Mission in Somalia, 2007.
An analysis of the book "Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War" by Mark Bowden.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the book "Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War" as a detailed and emotional look into an unsuccessful U.S. mission in Somalia. The paper explains the author's thesis that the mission was flawed from the start, as was the command that led to the mission in the first place. The paper portrays how this is more than an important historical account of what happened in Somalia in 1993. The paper discusses how it shows the flaws and inefficiencies of the military and provides many questions as to the wisdom of becoming involved in skirmishes like the one in Somalia.
From the Paper
"Bowden relates the actions of several "chalks" of soldiers sent into Mogadishu to kidnap two high-ranking lieutenants in General Aidid's Habr Gidr Clan insurgent army. The Army Rangers assigned to the task seem well prepared and trained for the mission, but from the first, everything falls apart and the soldiers are stranded in Mogadishu without backup or rescue. The author's thesis for the book is simple, the mission was flawed from the start, and so was the command that led to the mission in the first place. He notes, "In Washington a whiff of failure is enough to induce widespread amnesia," (331), which indicates his cynicism regarding the mission and the Washington reaction to withdraw the troops just days after the Black Hawk Down raid."
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Women's Rights in China and the U.S., 2001.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the rights of women in China and the United States.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the level of women?s rights in the two countries. It compares historical voting rights, political power, positions in legislative systems, domestic violence, infanticide and the one child policy. There is also an account of Chinese women?s prison. Includes many numerical comparison and discusses cloaking of actual figures by government agencies.
From the paper:
"The "China Daily," discusses women's rights in China in a positive manner, bringing up several points that show women in China have no fewer rights than women in the United States. Unfortunately, there are many topics that were not discussed in this paper, that prove women in China still have a long road ahead of them in achieving true equal rights.
The article says that women of China did not have to wait 144 years after the forming of a constitution to vote. "American women belatedly obtained equal voting rights 144 years after the founding of the United States, while Chinese women were grated such rights immediately after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949" (Editors, 1995)."
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Accountability for Schools, 2008.
This paper explores the use of testing and data to measure school improvement.
1,614 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the accountability movement in schools, which is a relatively recent trend that associates reward and praise with success on exit data. The paper refers to the No Child Left Behind Act, which is a federal guideline of requirements that offer incentives as well as punishments for failures in the data. The paper discusses the arguments about the use of high-stakes testing but points out that data is not simply one set of test scores; creative ways to create and use data can be accomplished in any learning environment to help reward learners as well as call attention to their individual needs.
From the Paper
"Educators and school administrators are continually being asked to master a new set of skills with relation to understanding and hopefully improving the school environment within which they work, but more importantly the ability of the students whom they work with. The development of the accountability movement has led to a distinct emphasis on data as a rich source of solutions for whatever ails the school. With careful interpretation of the data on the part of the administrators and other educators the school will learn what can be done to strengthen such weaknesses, as are found in the date and develop better strategies to achieve greater success. This in turn means better data, at which point the process begins all over again with a new set of data for a different period."
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