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Federated Databases, 2004.
A look at subject switching algorithms for access control in federated databases.
39,375 words (approx. 157.5 pages), 134 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.
Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy
Design Autonomy
Communication Autonomy
Execution Autonomy
Association Autonomy
Authorization Autonomy
Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication
Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms
Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
From the Paper
"Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."
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Vehicular Mobile Pervasive Environments, 2008.
A review of controlling access to location-based services (LBS) mechanisms in vehicular mobile pervasive environments.
36,571 words (approx. 146.3 pages), 24 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the management of access control to location-based services in vehicular mobile pervasive environments and states that it presents new challenges such as invisibility, localized scalability and privacy. The paper states that merging location-based services in pervasive environments with vehicular mobile environments is still in its infancy. Thus the paper presents a descriptive architecture for controlling access to services. The paper concludes that based on a comparative analysis of different access control models, a set of new access control requirements are required in such an environment and the paper shows their integration in its proposed architecture. The paper is well documented and illustrated with tables and figures.
Outline:
Introduction
Motivating Scenario
Access Control Requirements
Access Control Architecture
Access Control Process
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Pervasive environments impose new security requirements, especially in the domain of access control such as interoperability, scalability, usability, privacy and trust management [1][2]. In this section, the functional requirements of an access control model implemented in a vehicular mobile pervasive computing system are discussed. The aim is to highlight some of the unique characteristics brought on by the vehicular ad-hoc networks and pervasive computing, to point out access control architectural implications."
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Video Surveillance and Security, 2005.
This paper discusses the rising crime rates on university campuses while also examining the effectiveness and costs for implementing video access control security systems on the grounds.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the video security system which depends not only on cameras but also on card readers and other security measures. This paper details the effectiveness of this security system which was installed at Harvard University as well as on various university campuses in Germany. The writer of this paper examines the primary goals of this security system which is primarily to ensure a feeling of safety among residents and visitors to the campuses. This paper explores the various benefits of this system including the fact the publicizing the installation of this type of security system would let would-be criminals know that they are unlikely to escape undetected should they attempt to commit a crime on campus grounds. This paper also contains a price list illustrating the cost for this particular security system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Outline of the Program
Benefits of the System
Costs of the Program
Process
References
From the Paper
"Obviously, costs will vary from campus to campus, depending on the number of access points to be protected. However, estimates per campus can be made from the following information regarding a four-camera closed-circuit system, using existing computer power at the university as needed. This package would be adequate for a residence hall with four doors. The figures are the costs of the cameras and auxiliary equipment in both U.S. and Canadian dollars; however, similar packages available in Germany would exhibit similar price points. Added to this cost is the cost of programming computers to turn cameras on and off, if that was desired, equipment for viewing captured tape, and the labor costs of installation."
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Database Security, 2008.
A review of the concepts, approaches, and challenges facing database security.
6,219 words (approx. 24.9 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 100.95
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Abstract
The paper states that organizations depend on distributed information systems for discharging routine business needs. The paper then discusses their susceptibility to security compromises increases, although they achieve output and competence. The paper states that methods like electronic signatures and encryptions are presently accessible for safeguarding data at the time of its transmission. The paper further stresses the importance that a practically broad strategy for data protection should cover methods for putting in place access control policies which are dependent on subject qualifications.
Outline:
Introduction
Most Relevant Concepts Underlying the Notion of Database Security
and the Well Known Techniques
Current Challenges for Database Security and Some Preliminary
approaches that Address Some of Chese Challenges
Access Control Systems, and Description of the Key Access Control
Models, Namely, the Discretionary and Mandatory Access Control
Models, and the Role-based Access Control (RBAC) Model
Additional Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Keeping a repository of centralized data is of utmost significance for the information management. Because of this, it is important to build a database concept which outlines the readiness needed for functioning of the database. It must always cover a database security concept that concentrates on the operation of the database. Improper safeguarding of data might compromise database confidentiality, its availability and integrity. In order to prevent this, it is very important to form a comprehensive 'database security' concept. For ensuring the security of a database, an appropriate database management system -- DBMS is required to be functional. For successful protection, the database management system must compulsory fulfill the necessities stated below.''
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Telecommunications In Saudi Arabia: Access & Freedom Of Speech, 1996.
Explores the development of modern communication capacities in Saudi Arabia. Considers both the Saudi government's desire to control access to & egress of information & the underground use of modern communication media to evade that control.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 16 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"The basic purpose of this paper is to explore the development of the global communication capacity within Saudi Arabia. The study includes the Internet and the World Wide Web, and the way in which the government has sought to control both access to information and egress of information.
The Problem
The statement of the problem depends upon whose perspective is chosen to understand this issue. The fundamental problem with the Internet for authorities in the Middle East and elsewhere is the issue of uncontrolled information. For Saudi Arabia, the problem..."
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Developing a Home Control System, 2004.
Examines current cell phone technology and how developing technology will allow the cell phone to be used in conjunction with a home control system.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at advances in cell phone technology and how these advances are leading to the ability to access home control systems through the mobile phone. The paper also provides an overview of what a home control system is, lists the critical issues concerning this type of application, looks at two major current mobile commerce providers, and takes a brief look at the future potential of this type of mobile phone service.
From the Paper
"For better or for worse, the cell phone technology has changed modern communication and modern life. Mobile communication systems have undoubtedly made modern human beings more ?connected? to one another, or at least more able to talk to, or to reach one another, at any point in time. Now, an individual with a ?switched on? cell phone can always be accessed through the use of mobile cell phone technology--barring any interference from poor connections or poor service, of course! However, besides simply being able to talk to others more easily, mobile phones can also make it easier to access other aspects of one?s daily existence, from one?s calendar, list of frequently called numbers, and yes, one?s home."
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Gun Control Laws, 1990.
This paper discusses gun control laws: Firearms, accessibility by the general public, the rising rate of armed robberies, aggravated assault and homicides, gun control solutions and pro and con.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
""A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security o a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed." -- Second Amendment to the Constitution
The words of the Second Amendment, written two centuries ago, lie close to the heart of one of the most divisive issues in contemporary American public life: gun control. On the one hand, gunfire claims a constant, daily toll of American lives, from suicide and accidents even more than from violent crime. Every year or so, a mass murderer, often armed with one or more semiautomatic military-type assault weapons, mows down a dozen or so victims. On the other hand, gun ownership is a core value to millions of Americans, and perhaps a majority of all American ... "
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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Accessible Home Design Project, 2007.
An accessible home design project proposal for making homes of paralyzed individuals more accessible.
1,288 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a proposal for an accessible home design project by Caring & Sharing Center for Independent Living, Inc. The paper aims to determine what individuals with physical challenges and disabilities need in order to enjoy an independent lifestyle. The paper describes the services that the Caring & Sharing Center provides to consumers. The paper also discusses the financial aspects of the project and its challenges and options.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Background Of The Problem
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
Florida Building Code on Accessibility
Constraints and Limitations
Opportunities
Options For Consideration
Recommendation
Budget/Narrative
Project Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the US Census Bureau News Release, more than 50 million Americans report some level of disability. Approximately 51.2 million people have a disability; and for 32.5 million of them, their disabilities are severe. The US Social Security Administration defines disability in terms of the inability to perform Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA), meaning "work paying minimum wage or better". Although the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) distinguish many types of disabilities, this research proposal is focusing specifically on disabilities associated with spinal cord injury or dysfunction (i.e. paralyses). For this purpose, paralysis is defined as the complete loss of muscle function of one or more muscle groups."
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Gun Control, 2007.
This paper discusses policies regarding gun control in the U.S.
3,796 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 27 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that if one examines the history of the American government's gun control policy, then one realizes that these policies have less to do with the love of guns and more to do with the political process. Further, the writer maintains that while one can continue to put forward strong claims both for and against gun control, American history verifies the dedication towards pluralism and incrementalism. The writer points out that gun control policy evaluation reveals use of language and symbols that conflicts with complicated methods of policy formulation and execution. Further, the writer notes that the trouble free access to a large figure of guns has been associated with the high crime rates throughout the country.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Penetration of the Federal Government
Assassinations Revive the Issue
Execution of GCA and the General Reaction of the Public
The Enactment of the Brady's Bill
The democratic power of interest groups
Use of democratic ideals for achieving political ends
Democratic action (or lack of it)
Systemic Roots of Indecision
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The passing of Sullivan Law in New York in 1909, which legalized the possession of guns, opened the doors of gun possession to the general public. This law has been passed during the time when ban on drug-use and alcohol-consumption was being strongly advanced. The passing of Sullivan Law has been not only as an outcome of this but also due to fear of increase in crime rates and population of new immigrants. In the New York City the police had strict control over the use of guns and only the most influential were allowed to possess handguns. This successful control over possession of handguns was being used as a model by supporters of Gun Control; while the opponents were using this situation to unite its support."
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Health Care Access for Low-Income Minorities, 2002.
This paper is a qualitative thesis, which assesses the impediments to health care access for low-income visible minorities in the United States.
30,578 words (approx. 122.3 pages), 135 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper, based in sociological and social psychology concepts, identifies the causal factors for the gap between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population with respect to health care access. The author concludes, after an extensive review of the literature, that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. The author suggests that an extensive education is required for low-income persons and members of visible minorities to know the benefits and function of health care services, and health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and The Health Care Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Delivery of Health Care to the Poor
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Delivery
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem
Discussion
Recommendations for Further Research
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"One of the major impediments to the attainment of universal access to healthcare in the United States is the functioning of for-profit Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and managed care organizations (MCOs). These organizations are investor-owned organizations that are in business to make a profit on healthcare delivery. Non-for-profit healthcare organizations also must earn a profit on their operations in order to be able to compensate and train staff, acquire new technology, and generally improve the quality of their services. Unlike investor-owned healthcare companies, however, non-for-profit organizations are not driven by share prices and the bottom-line mentality of for-profit companies. Thus, patient-centered care in not-for-profit healthcare organizations may be contrasted with the investor orientation of the for-profit healthcare companies. Recent decisions by for-profit healthcare companies to drop their Medicare healthcare groups because of substandard profit growth illustrates as no amount of rhetoric can the precedent of investor concerns over patient concerns in the for-profit healthcare companies."
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James P. Lewis' "Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control", 2006.
This paper is a chapter by chapter review of James P. Lewis' management book "Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control: A Hands-on Guide to Bringing Projects In On-Time and On-Budget"
1,925 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that James Lewis's "Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control: A Hands-on Guide to Bringing Projects In On-Time and On-Budget" provides a succinct, accessible guide to all aspects of project management--from defining a mission of the project to post-project evaluation. The author points out that the book is easily readable and well-organized so that a layperson can gain a working knowledge of project management, even with little or no background in the field. The paper relates that Lewis' format, with review questions, main points highlighted at the end of each chapter, frequent flowcharts, tables and other visual aids contribute to this accessibility.
From the Paper
"The first section of Project Planning addresses tasks to be undertaken before action is taken regarding the project. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 explain the importance of and steps toward creating a specific plan, defining the overall mission of the project and a strategy for achieving the mission, and an implementation plan regarding step-by-step specifics for the plan. The first of these chapters stresses the importance of consultation with the people involved in carrying out the plan at its earliest stages, not just at the phase which requires their work."
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Gun Control: A Misguided Pursuit, 2002.
An essay on the fallibility of the ideals of gun control advocates.
1,405 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the three major arguments of gun-control advocates and disproves them one by one. The major arguments are - more guns, more crimes; possible accidental deaths and criminal access to guns.
Thesis: Despite the good intentions of gun control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed.
Table of Contents
Accidental Death
Child killed by ownership of firearm
Suicide in relation to ownership of firearms
More Guns More Crime
Gun ownership as a crime prevention
Gun ownership for self-defense is most common
Gun ownership as a deterrent to tyranny
Criminal Acquisitions of Guns
Limiting the attainability legally of guns only limits law-abiding citizens
Criminals acquire guns on black market
Brady Laws do nothing to deter criminal misuse
From the Paper
"Gun Control has been a center issue in American Politics for quite some time. Advocates of Gun Control often state the hazards of owning guns and their constant use in criminal activity. The ultimate solution for these people is to completely eliminate the right of an individual to own a gun. On the other hand, the Anti-Gun Control advocates state that people are responsible for their own actions and that the existence of the gun is not what causes crime, or accidental death. So despite the good intentions of Gun Control advocates, their means in attaining what they want are entirely misguided and misinformed."
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Gun Control, 2001.
This paper looks at the controversial topic of gun control
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 0 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper seeks to reduce some of the issues that are peripherally associated with gun control to look more directly at the issue itself and to argue that while there are certainly legitimate arguments to be made for limiting the ways in which governments can limit gun control, there are far more important and compelling arguments on the side of the importance to all citizens of limiting access to weaponry.
From the Paper
"Gun control either has everything to do with the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution or nothing at all. There is very little common ground on the issue and it may be the most politically divisive issue other than abortion rights and capital punishment in American politics. Like one's stand on abortion, one's beliefs on gun control are seen as a litmus test for an entire constellation of other political issues for both those people running for office and for private citizens. And while this view is in some ways simplistic, it is also fairly accurate, for the more tightly a person wants guns controlled, the more progressive she or he is likely to be in all other political matters, while those favoring liberality in terms of gun control tend to be politically conservative. However it is also true that this link between beliefs about gun control and beliefs about other issues makes it difficult for people with differing ideas on gun control to find any common ground."
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