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The Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal, 2008.
A discussion of the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq, in which United States military soldiers behaved unethically towards prisoners.
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq, where discipline and military standards were disregarded by US military soldiers, who beat, humiliated, and tortured prisoners. The paper points out that the US did not start to reevaluate the standards and conditions of their prisons until more cases of prisoner mistreatment throughout prisons in Iraq started to surface. The American Army started to set new standards to enforce throughout its units since it could no longer place the blame on "a few bad apples." The paper argues that, while this might seem like a change for the better, the United States Army was already in the possession of the resources needed to prevent such an occurrence. The paper concludes that the events that took place at Abu Ghraib and other prisons could have been avoided with the presence of proper leadership, supervision, and enforcement of basic military standards.
From the Paper
"During times of war, strong leadership and positive role models are essential in keeping order and focus in a group of people. Good leaders take charge, allot tasks, and enable others to cooperate to complete a project. In order to sustain their status and continuation of the group, soldiers take part in collective observational learning. This prevents corruption through negative reinforcement and strengthens camaraderie through mutual positive reinforcement. In my beast squad, my platoon sergeant was always present, setting examples for New Cadets to follow. My squad leader imitated his actions, always treating us fairly, and disciplined us when we needed it. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the presence of a positive role model was needed to prevent the distortion of military standards. The presence of a good leader would have allowed the soldiers in the prison unit to instill within themselves competence, loyalty, and honor to the tasks they were assigned. Furthermore, if Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick II was a good leader, he would have instated the military standards in accordance with the Geneva Convention that he and his staff were trained in, and he would have felt the moral obligation to stop the mistreatment of prisoners. The soldiers tasked with guarding the prisoners would not have been free to abuse detainees had Staff Sergeant Frederick II followed his training and enforced orders."
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Abu Ghraib Prison, 2007.
This paper discusses the photographs from the atrocities associated with the American controlled Iraqi prison named Abu Ghraib.
3,860 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the atrocities associated with the once American controlled Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq have been represented visually through a series of oft repeated photographs taken by American guards at the prison. The author points out that these images are of frequently naked, hooded Iraqi prisoners being publicly shamed and tortured by America soldiers, often shown smiling and referring to the spectacle with what can only be described as glee. The paper states that these pictures have left a lasting mark on the face of the war and on the image of the United States all over the world.
From the Paper
"Another issue associated with these grave deeds and their photographic record is the obvious and frequent utilization of nudity as a manner to debase prisoners. The guards are shown fully uniformed (in a show of power over the prisoners) while prisoners, except for the covering of their faces are debased in scenes of immorality completely incongruent with their faith and their pride, yet interestingly congruent with the world view (as it applies to Islam) as it relates to hatred of western freedoms, including the manner in which the west freely depicts nudity and objectifies the body."
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The Abu Ghraib Torture Scandal, 2005.
An analysis of U.S. violation of international humanitarian law during the Iraq War.
5,077 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the official culpability of the United States in the Abu Ghraib torture scandal and argues that the superpower is guilty of the deliberate violation of the most basic tenets of warfare and international humanitarian law.
From the Paper
"The fact of the matter is that the United Nations has repeatedly demonstrated its incapacity to fulfill the roles and goals that it established for itself. This observation is implied, even though not explicitly stated, in Diehl et. al.'s article on the United Nations' peacekeeping functions ad its record in controlling conflicts (683-684). According to this viewpoint, the United Nations, as an organization, and irrespective of the many institutions and organs that it comprises, has neither the manpower nor the financial resources needed to fulfill its duties and responsibilities towards the international community (683-684)."
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Abu Ghraib: A Social Psychology Perspective, 2004.
This paper looks at social psychology as the cause for abuse of prisoners in Abu Ghraib.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the abuse of prisoners in Abu Ghraib. The writer discusses how social psychology may have made inevitable what happened between the prisoners and the soldiers at Abu Ghraib .
From the Paper
"Currently several military trails are going on following the revelation of abuse of Iraqi prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison. For example, Reserve Sgt. Gary Pittman went on trial for his involvement in the assault of an Iraqi POW, who later died. This paper examines the facts that led to this and other abuses at Abu Ghraib from the perspective of social psychology, in order to ask the question: Could social psychology have predicted ... "
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Abu Ghraib, 2008.
A discussion on the abuse at Abu Ghraib in light of the Stanford Prison Experiment.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib to that seen in Philip Zimbardo's landmark psychological experiment into group behavior and the effects of differential power. The paper relates that Zimbardo's experiment demonstrated that even ordinary citizens without any previous history or known predisposition toward violence or abusive behavior have the potential to become cruelly abusive under circumstances that combine authority, unsupervised autonomy, and authoritative control over others. The paper then looks at how, in many ways, the real-life abuses at Abu Ghraib paralleled Zimbardo's previous observations of human behavior during his 1971 experiment at Stanford.
From the Paper
"The degree of abuse at Abu Ghraib was much worse than observed in the 1971 Stanford experiment, even after factoring in the fundamental differences between real life situations and controlled experiment. If anything, the fact that ordinary civilian students proved capable of such conduct on other civilians, even without the psychological stresses of a wartime combat zone and genuinely hostile prisoners, suggests that the risk of similar abuse in genuine wartime situations is much higher. "
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Abu Ghraib and Sabra and Shatila: Crimes Forgotten, 2005.
Examines how the Israeli and American publics quickly lost memory of the human rights abuses of Sabra and Shatila and Abu Ghraib.
2,105 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 37 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
Using polling data from the Israeli and American publics from the early 1980s, along with newspapers too, this paper studies how public support for the 2003 Iraq War and the 1982-1983 Lebanon invasion rebounded, despite the Abu Ghraib and Sabra and Shatila incidents.
From the Paper
"The United States of America, scholars might someday say, happened upon the invasion of the Mesopotamian state of Iraq while searching for international terrorist groups in all of the wrong places. This is stated glibly because it is a very long and complex story. For the purpose of this study, it is only necessary to understand that having conquered Iraq, terminated its central government, and unwittingly facilitated the decline of civil society, the United States began detaining and interrogating petty criminals, former Ba'th party officials, violent insurgents, and frankly any other suspicious persons within the country's borders in March of 2003."
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State Prisons Vs. Private Prisons, 2005.
This paper compares and contrasts the state prison and the private prison systems.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper is a brief comparison/contrast of state versus private prisons. As should become apparent, there are many problems afflicting the state prison system in the United States of America. That being said, the writer notes there are no guarantees that a private system will be the panacea some have felt it could and can be. In any event, the writer concludes that a conflation of the two might the best answer for America's woes.
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Iraqi Prisoner Abuse, 2005.
This paper examines Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse in Iraqi.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper notes that examining the impact of media reports about the abuse of Iraqi prisoners by American soldiers in Abu Ghraib prison reveals the powerful emotional impact of photographs and video. The author points out that only minor attention was paid to the story until shocking visual evidence of abuse became available. The paper contends that the media controversy generated by Abu Ghraib demonstrated that reality itself has become a prisoner in America, bound and chained by political ideology and vulnerable to the whims of those in authority.
From the Paper
"In examining the impact of media reports about the abuse of Iraqi prisoners by American military personnel in Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison, it is significant that only minor attention was paid to the story until shocking photographs and videos became available. Visual proof of prisoner abuse (Kick) altered the American public's perceptions of reality in a fundamental way and revealed the shallow and superficial knowledge many Americans have of what is happening in the world. The Abu Ghraib debacle and the controversy it generated exposed the manipulative nature of the Bush Administration and the mainstream media establishment, which both benefit from portraying American military operations as idealistic crusades against "evil.""
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Iraqi Prisoner Abuse, 2008.
A psychological analysis of the events that took place at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.
763 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a pyschological analysis of the series of events that took place at the Abu Ghraib prison in order to extract the social issues surrounding the events. The paper looks at how the concepts of norm, conformity, reference groups, and potential groupthink, lead to the thesis that, the incidents did not take place because the soldiers were inherently evil, but because given the same set of events any individual would engage in the same actions.
From the Paper
"The leadership aspects surrounding the events need to be taken into consideration. Since the actions whether directly or indirectly were acceptable to the authorities, since soldiers were given the mandate to act as interrogators ("Psychology of Iraqi Prisoner Abuse", 2004, para 20). The environment seemed to be a simulated set for abuse. Experiments conducted by Milgram shows how this type of leadership environment can lead to unnatural and uncharacteristic behaviors under the direction of other individuals. This leadership aspect is especially important in an army environment, and should have been more closely monitored. "
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Torture and the American Culture, 2007.
This paper argues the conflict between the situation of torture at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and the American culture.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the use of torture is counter to the U.S. constitution; however, American ethnocentrism, which includes the beliefs that the country represents all that is good and decent and honorable and that freedom and the American way of life must be defended at all costs tend to underscore the acceptance of the use of torture in the case of preventing terrorism. The author believes that the White House response to photos of young military personnel at Abu Graib prision sexually assaulting and humiliating prisoners was to imply that only a few poorly supervised bad apple MPs would do such things. The paper states that, although President Bush says publicly that the U.S. is committed to the worldwide elimination of torture as an inalienable human right, the Bush administration actually fosters and encourages torture.
From the Paper
"Information and confessions obtained by torture are notoriously unreliable. People will say anything to escape the pain being inflicted upon them. Pain and fear are what torture is all about in tactics such as holding a person's head under water or wiring a mans hands, legs, and penis in order to deliver electric shocks. The people who are tortured are not necessarily guilty either. Many haven't even been charged. When Congress watched 1800 slides and several videos (three hours worth) of Abu Ghraib Prison, they saw American soldiers sexually assault prisoners with chemical light sticks."
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Social Influence, 2007.
This paper argues that the maltreatment of prisoners of war at Abu-Ghraib was only due to social influences.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that social influence is the phenomena by which people are coerced into behaviors that they would not normally display. The paper asserts that the soldiers involved in the inhumane treatment of prisoners of war at Abu-Ghraib should not be held individually responsible for their actions. The paper contends that only due to the social influence of the group mindset, coupled with the daily stresses of being in a war zone, they acted in such a way.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Influence
From the Paper
"In January 2004 upper level military personnel received word that a SGT had filed concerns that some of his fellow military police guards were treating prisoners of war badly(Hasenauer, 2004)."
"The ensuing investigation lasted seven months and was conducted by several agencies before the final determination was made that prisoners of war in Abu Ghraib were treated inhumanely by American soldiers. It was a story that was heard around the world as anger mounted against the Americans who claimed to be fighting against Saddam's regime and inhumane treatment of people and then did the same thing to prisoners of war."
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American Cruelty in Iraq, 2007.
The paper discusses disturbing images of violence from Abu Ghraib and maintains they are appropriate for a museum.
1,707 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper imagines a future presentation about the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq. The paper discusses the graphic and disturbing images taken of prisoner abuse in the Abu Ghraib detention center in Baghdad and contends that there should be no censorship of these photos. The paper describes the hideously cruel and inhumane treatment being administered to Iraqi prisoners and Bush's allowance of illegal torture in contravention of the Geneva Convention. The paper also examines Congress' legislation against torture that was thwarted by Bush. The paper emphasizes the public's right to know and concludes that at a future exhibit, the photos of prisoners being abused at Abu Ghraib will speak for themselves - if they are allowed to be shown.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
From the Paper
"One day not too many years from now there will likely be a high-visibility exhibition / exposition - featuring illustrations, graphs, charts, photography, audio and video clips along with timely printed information - about the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq. This presentation will cover the intelligence data and political arguments that were offered by the executive branch in order to justify the military venture. Under the scrutiny of post-invasion empirical analysis the exposition will reflect precisely how those previous justifications held up. And it will cover the military and political ramifications of the entire operation."
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The Iran Contra Scandal, 2006.
This paper discusses the Iran Contra scandal, one of the greatest scandals in recent US government history.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The Iran Contra scandal is one of the greatest scandals in US government in recent memory. It was certainly the biggest foreign policy scandal during the 1980s. It involved at its heart two secret operations conducted by the executive branch of the United States government. The Reagan administration facilitated the sale of military equipment to Iran an enemy of the United States and considered a nation that sponsored terrorism. With the money from that sale a second operation was funded: Military aid was provided to the contra rebels in Nicaragua, aid that Congress had previously banned. This paper details the events surrounding the Iran-Contra scandal that took place during former President Reagan's term in office. The paper discusses why these actions were so scandalous and what it meant in terms of the US government's abuse of its power and its disregard for the Constitution. The paper contends that the scandal represents a major abuse of the constitutional authority afforded the executive branch of the US government, not to mention an affront to the checks and balances system that is supposed to keep each branch of government from amassing too much power.
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Religion, Sex Scandals and Corruption, 2002.
A look at the role of organized religion in the creation of sex scandals with a focus on the scandal surrounding Bill Clinton.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, £ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the impressions that politics are given by religious organizations in respect to sex scandals. This paper demonstrates that the sex scandal itself is actually perceived as a remarkably minor event in the political spectrum, but rather it is the influence of religious organizations that promotes the sex scandal to epic proportions. In order to better explore this topic, the example of former American President Bill Clinton is used. Clinton should be considered the ideal candidate for such an investigation, as his entire presidency was affected by sexual scandals and the outcome of such scandals.
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