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Henshall's "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy",, 1994.
This paper is a critical analysis of Nicholas Henshall's methods of questioning the validity of absolutism as label for 18th Century. European monarchiesin as presented in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Mo
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"Nicholas Henshall, in his book "The Myth of Absolutism, Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy", argues that the concept of absolutism as generally used by historians to describe kingly rule in early modern Europe is badly misleading and inaccurate. Henshall argues that absolutism is no longer a valid and significant concept, for it is too often equated with outright despotism, instead of being seen as a description of broader and more varied forms of monarchic rule. Therefore, the author examines the misuse of the term and endeavors to redefine the governments it was meant to describe in a way that will be useful to the understanding of the era and the governments in question. Monarchies were not "absolute" in terms of force and despotism and the crushing of liberties. In opposition, to traditional theories, Henshall argues that monarchies were ... "
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Absolutism in 17th Century Europe, 2005.
This paper discusses the origins and history absolutism in 17th century Europe.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the growth of the absolute monarchy, referred to as the Age of Absolutism, beginning during the reign of Louis XIV and ending with the French Revolution, was the origin of the modern state. The author points out that absolutism was largely motivated as a solution to the crises of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, such as the Reformation that led to a series of violent and cruel religious and civil wars, leaving thousands of innocents died. The paper relates that, during the seventeenth century, monarchs attained power and authority that were unprecedented, leading historians to use the term "absolutism" to describe these political systems; however, other historians argue that the term is misleading because neither the ambitions of the monarchs nor the results constituted political absolutism.
From the Paper
"From appearance of nation-states in Europe during the middle of the millennium until the latter half of the twentieth century is, it seemed probably that some form of absolutism would be the dominant pattern for the most powerful and successful of those states. The triumph of societies based upon limited forms of government over their absolutist rivals is one of the most surprising and significant developments of the millennium. By 1715, Paris had become one of the greatest cities in Europe, whereas a century before, it was still very much a medieval town."
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The Fall of Thai Absolutism, 2005.
An analysis of the fall of Thai absolutism.
2,347 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fall of Thai absolutism. The paper argues that absolutism came to an end in what was Siam and is now modern Thailand because of a fundamental, internal contradiction. The research method employed is narrative and historical, tracing the period of Siamese development from the reign of King Chulalongkorn to the 1932 coup, which ended absolutism.
From the Paper
"Ian Morson stated that when King Chulalongkorn came to the throne in what was then Siam as Rama V, he was only 15 years old and the country was ruled by a regent who ensured that the young king would travel, during which time the king became impressed by many European ideas. King Chulalongkorn, when he assumed full power, was determined to create a modern state in order to reap the advantages of modernity for his country, leading him to create a modern army, a central government bureaucracy, a modernized Western style judiciary, and the rule of law as observed in the West. Simultaneously, however, the king also was determined upon maintaining absolutism and the traditional social order of the country driven by privilege that was based on birth."
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Thai Absolutism, 2005.
This paper discusses the weakness of Thai absolutism.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 12 sources, £ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the weakness of Thai absolutism and looks at its rise and fall. The writer looks at the overthrow of Thai absolutism in 1932. The paper includes a narrative historical overview of the history of Thailand from the reign of King Chulalongkorn to the coup overthrowing the monarchy and putting an end to absolutism.
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Soviet Absolutism, 2006.
Argues that the Soviet absolutism we see in the Russian leaders of today has its origins in Russian history and is an inherent aspect of Russian society.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Putin's authority in Russia today draws upon the same wellspring of absolutism that fuelled the power and destructiveness of the Red Czar, Stalin. In this analysis, the Soviet absolutism of the 20th century is rooted in Russian traditions that stretch back for centuries under the Czarist empire. In this context the Soviet era desire for a strong absolutist leader who will fix things will be seen to have been a recurring element in Russian society for much of its history.
From the Paper
"Today, in the early 21st century, Soviet Russia of the 20th century and the Czarist empire of the centuries before that are shadows of history remembered - if at all - through Cold War spy thrillers and the memories of an older generation of Ukrainians, Russians, and East Europeans whose lives were shaped or destroyed by Soviet power. In the popular view, Russia is a westernized - if corrupt - no different from many authoritarian "democracies" around the world. This essay will argue, however, that this view of Russia is radically flawed."
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Monarchical Absolutism in Europe, 2005.
An examination of the causes of monarchical absolutism in Europe.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies and discuss the trends that prepared the ground for monarchical absolutism in Europe and explains why absolutism found fertile ground in some nations and not others, specifically examining France, England and Russia.
From the Paper
"The development of political ideologies helped to prepare to prepare the ground for monarchical absolutism. Theories of sovereignty were not proposed only by the French. Since the collapse of feudalism there was in Europe a greater emphasis on the role of the 'prince.' Numerous Renaissance writers and thinkers sought a means to bring stability in the conflict of post-feudal Europe. Writers such as Erasmus, Machiavelli, Castiglione, and Seyssel looked to the somewhat idealized notion of the 'prince' to bring order.13 While their ideas may not have been entirely realistic, what is clear is the direction that some thinking was taking, towards more progressive forms of government. In addition to these sorts of writers, "late medieval ideas, adapting the language of Roman law, had accepted that the crown should be absolute.""
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Absolutism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 2002.
An examination of how absolutism came to be after the Renaissance and how it spread quickly to nation states such as Russia and France, but was tossed out in England.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This essay deals with all aspects of absolutism; the stormy political climate which incubated it after the Renaissance and then its reign as the most effective form of government in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
From the Paper
"Many different kinds of political systems have been used in Europe throughout history. One of the most popular forms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were absolute monarchies in which monarchs with power and wealth governed nation-states such as Russia and France. The English, however, made attempts to protect individual rights and to limit royal power. There was now friction between the two types of government; with both advantages and disadvantages being found for both."
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Absolutism vs. Freedom, 1996.
Discusses the various ways in which absolutism gave way to freedom during the Renaissance. Examines the art of Donatello, the philosophy of Kant, Bacon, & Descartes, the Glorious Revolution, & French civil wars.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 21.95
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From the Paper
"Humanism and the Renaissance involved similar revivals of classical learning, an elevation of the individual, and a belief in the worth of human thought over authority, whether the latter be the authority of a political body or a church. The essence of humanism is found in the works produced during the Renaissance by writers, artists, and sculptors as they structured their works with humanistic values in mind. The development of humanism in the Renaissance involved a shift in how people thought, and this occurred at the same time that the horizons of the West were expanding, be they geographical, mental, social, economic, or political. There was a new focus on the individual, seen in political terms with a growing sense that individuality and government authority were at odds: Individualism stressed personality, genius, uniqueness..."
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Absolutism Through Versailles, 2002.
This essay examines how King Louis XIV used visual arts within the palace of Versailles to establish the primacy of the French monarch.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how King Louis XIV of France used the remodeling of his magnificent palace at Versailles, and the visual art in the palace, as a propaganda tool. The author discusses Louis' constant campaign for absolute power as a divine ruler. The paper pays close attention to the architecture at Versailles.
From the Paper:
"King Louis XIV used visual arts within the palace of Versailles to establish the primacy of the French monarch. Louis XIV wanted to legitimatize his form of strict absolutism through art. The pinnacle of this propaganda campaign was the remodeling of the ch?teau of Versailles into a palace. He and his artists made specific choices to flaunt his wealth and give the king credibility. The gardens, grand staircase, hall of mirrors and salons parade with grandeur and thick allegorical comparisons between the Gods and Louis. The propaganda was effective in targeting its three intended audiences to the degree that later monarchs and artists mimicked it. "
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Absolutism in 17th Cent & 18th Cent, 1997.
Examines evolution, impact & decline of moral, philosophical & legal doctrine using natural law to justify monarchy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
" Absolutism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a political theory suited to the absolutist monarchies which had been coming into existence since the Reformation. As a theory, perhaps best personified in the work of Hobbes, absolutism justifies the absolute and organic rule of all aspects of society through a monarchy. It is a doctrine of the absolute right of the ruler; in other words, the affirmation that the ruler is not bound by any kind of moral or legal limitation. Instead, the philosophy of absolutism rested heavily upon conceptions of natural law--an interpretation of right and wrong based on a belief in the absolute Truths inherent in nature. One of these absolute Truths of natural law would later become known as the ?divine right of kings,? a belief that the monarchy is the natural order of society and thus stands above all human.."
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Absolute Pitch, 2005.
Examines theories on the origin and development of the musical absolute pitch.
1,163 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Extraordinary musical talent is very rare; however a more uncommon talent, even among musicians, is absolute pitch. The paper explains that absolute pitch, also known as perfect pitch, is the ability to accurately identify pitches by name or produce a particular pitch without musical context or reference to another tone. The origins of absolute pitch have not been fully explored, but it is certain that genetic, environmental and biological factors all play a part in the development of this ability. The paper argues that more research should be done to separate the components affecting absolute pitch, as it can give valuable insight to the nature versus nurture debate.
From the Paper
"Another study used PET scanning to compare the cerebral blood flow of absolute pitch possessors to control musicians without absolute pitch. During pitch labeling tests, absolute pitch possessors demonstrated activation of the left posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex, an area related to learning associations. During interval-judgment tests, control subjects showed activation in the left posterior dorsolateral cortex and right inferior frontal cortex, an area of the brain thought to be used as working memory."
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"Absolut : Biography of a Bottle" by Carl Hamilton, 2002.
This paper examines the marketing and advertising strategies for vodka as set out in the book "Absolut : Biography of a Bottle" by Carl Hamilton.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the book "Absolut : Biography of a Bottle" by Carl Hamilton and discusses the story of how Absolut Vodka emerged as an unknown product and with a unique marketing strategy managed to conquer the United States market.
From the Paper
"The first step in the story is the proposal Gunnar Broman, head of Sweden?s top advertising agency, made to New York executives in 1978. At this time the belief was that all good vodka came from Russia. In reality, vodka had been being produced in Sweden for centuries, but the cultural belief in America was that vodka came from Russia."
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?Absolutely Fabulous?, 2002.
An examination of appropriate gender behavior in the popular British television show, "Absolutely Fabulous".
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the television show ?Absolutely Fabulous? which presents us a world in which misrule is allowed to continue and in which the inverted order of power (i.e. one in which women are allowed to have a significant degree of power) is allowed to continue, to be normalized. The paper examines episodes of the show which set the entire issue of the inversion of power in terms of gender within the context of comedy. It also explores the two main female characters, Edina and Patsy, whose roles disrupt traditional engendered rules of power.
From the Paper
"What makes the female characters in ?Absolutely Fabulous? especially compelling is that they are not simple representations of the ?unruly? in the way that a character like ?Roseanne? was: These are not characters created simply to violate our ideas about the norms for gendered behaviour. Roseanne, an entirely grotesque character, exists as a anti-woman, an exemplar of all of those things that we consider to be the anti-thesis of femininity. Edina and Patsy, on the other hand, violate some traditional expectations that we have of the feminine, but play in more sophisticated and ambiguous ways with other ones, as Waddell (1999) suggests."
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The Significance of Relative Power Over Absolute Power, 2006.
An explanation as to why an emphasis on relative power in international relations is more important than absolute power.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at relative power versus absolute power, from both realist and liberal perspectives. The paper uses Canada and China as examples. The paper concludes that it is better for the state to emphasize a realist perspective rather than a liberalist one.
From the Paper
"States have always been interacting with one another on a systemic level. According to realists, because states are self-interested, they worry about power of which there are two different kinds. Realists value relative power more than absolute power. Absolute power refers to a state's strive towards flourishing economically, and militarily. On the other hand, relative power refers to a state's emphasis on its relationship with other states around it, watching surrounding states and planning accordingly. However, unlike realists, liberals do not value power as highly and look to gains as being more important. Absolute gains follow a non-zero-sum mentality, which means that a state's gains are infinite. One state's gain does not have to be another state's loss as it could be in the case of relative gains. As a result, what is more important for a state to emphasize: a realist's view of power or the liberal view of gains?"
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