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Egyptian and Etruscan Tomb Paintings, 2000.
An examination and comparison of cultural functions, styles, themes and subjects, historical significance, depiction of social realities and views on religion and death.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"Although tomb paintings are the major source of information about life in ancient Egypt and the principal source of such information about ancient Etruria, the types of data they provide differ somewhat. For nearly 3,000 years Egyptian tombs were the resting places of the semi-divine pharaohs and members of their families and entourages. Depictions of life in the tomb paintings provide an enormous number of details of Egyptian life. Even though the activities depicted were the usually ritualistic behavior of divine beings rather than ordinary life, the position of the pharaohs as the guarantors of the continuity of the state, and of the very cycle of life itself, meant that everything fell within their sphere of influence. All manner of activities were, therefore, depicted in their tombs--whether they were part of the elaborate funerary processes or simply facets of the pharaohs'..."
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Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann, 1999.
Examines the life, career, major works and contributions of this 20th Century German Christian archaeologist.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
"Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann was an archaeologist and art historian whose primary interest was the study of early Christianity. Deichmann's many publications cover various topics in early Christian and Byzantine archaeology, including sarcophagi, mosaics, architecture, and painting.
From the Paper
"Friedrich Wilhelm Deichmann was an archaeologist and art historian whose primary interest was the study of early Christianity. Deichmann's many publications cover various topics in early Christian and Byzantine archaeology, including sarcophagi, mosaics, architecture, and painting. His studies also encompassed facets of early Christian art and architecture throughout the late Roman and Byzantine empires--ranging from Nubia and northern Syria to Rome, Venice, Constantinople, and, especially, Ravenna. Deichmann was--at different times in his career--a studious cataloguer of primary data, an accomplished interpreter of historical and iconographic meanings, and an important explicator of scholarly and scientific method in the field of early Christian archaeology.
Deichmann was born in the German city of Jena in December ..."
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Ancient City Of Amarna, 1999.
Examines creation, history, geography, sociopolitical and economic factors, land use, design and urbanism theories related to this royal city built in the mid-14th Century B.C.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, £ 82.95
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Abstract
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92).
From the Paper
"The site of the city of Akhenaten, the only virtually complete ancient town to have survived from ancient Egypt, lies 160 miles south of Cairo, midway between the modern towns of Minya and Asyut (Weigall 92). It is only at el-Amarna that a comprehensive range of official and residential buildings have been preserved, comprising the essential elements of an Egyptian royal city of the mid-fourteenth century BCE. This paper will look at how urbanism theories apply to the city of Amarna.
INTRODUCTION
The city of Amarna (or "Horizon of the Sun Disk") is located on the eastern side of the Nile in Middle Egypt, half way between Cairo and Luxor. The ancient city is formed by a bay of cliffs to the east and the Nile to the west, taking the shape of an archer's bow, with the Nile as the string and the city couched ..."
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Art In Ancient Egypt, 1999.
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Examines subjects, cultural and historical contexts, artistic and religious significance of reliefs, rock art and temples, in the years 3500-1300 B.C
From the Paper
"Artistic expression in any given age always develops from works, styles, and themes produced in earlier eras. The further back into history we go, the more difficult it may be to ascertain the source of a given culture and the art it produces. The wonders of Egypt have long fascinated archaeologists, historians, and art experts. This art did not develop out of whole cloth but instead had antecedents which can be discerned elsewhere on the continent of Africa, specifically the rock art of Africa which can be seen as a precursor of the Egyptian civilization that would develop to the north.
The earliest settlers in the Nile Valley reached the area some time around 4000 B.C., emerging from the neolithic culture of the Tasian villages of Upper Egypt and those of Merimdeh on the western edge of the Delta and on the shore of the lake in the ..."
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Egyptian Pyramids, 1999.
Archaeological analysis of religious, symbolic & sociocultural significance of pyramids & funeral rituals for Old Kingdom Egypt, 2658 B.C. to 2135 B.C.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, £ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The overwhelming majority of archaeological data about life in ancient Egypt comes not from the remains of daily living quarters, but from the burial chambers of the dead, and associated objects, such as writings on burial chamber walls and the preserved corpses found within. This provenance is rather appropriate as, from what scholars can ascertain, life in ancient Egypt was all but completely focused on preparation for death and the afterlife. This paper will discuss how the religious, symbolic, and sociocultural role of pyramids and funeral rituals were of importance to Old Kingdom Egypt, and to the civilization?s conception of immortality.
Immortality was the most important goal in one?s life, especially the immortality of the king or pharaoh. The well-being of all his people depended upon the careful administration of funeral.."
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Mesopotamia, 1999.
Origins & evolution of ancient Near Eastern civilization, focusing on the impact of war. Looks at the agriculture, population, sociopolitical structure and culture.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
" War is a devastating experience for any civilization, but it is also often an engine for change, a spur to the development of new technology, the source of stories and legends, an economic drain and an economic spur often at the same time, and generally a force that can be creative a well as destructive. War was very much a part of the life of ancient mesopotamia, a region whose geography encouraged invasion so that the leadership of the Mesopotamian region had to think constantly about defense and its ramifications. The social life, economy, religion, literature, and politics of Mesopotamia were shaped by the warfare and the demands it made on the people for centuries.
This experience is reflective of that of many civilizations throughout the ancient world. Civilization developed following a pattern based on the ability of the human population to learn to.."
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Nasca & Moche Burial Practices, 1997.
Examines archeological evidence of pre-Incan cultures' beliefs & behavior related to death, social status, body preparation & orientation and religion.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 14 sources, £ 77.95
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From the Paper
" The mortuary practices of various peoples can tell archaeologists a great deal about their cultures' beliefs and behavior. An examination of the archaeological evidence from burial sites of the Nasca and Moche people of pre-Incan Peru will demonstrate how such conclusions can be drawn. Burial remains are, of course, incomplete evidence -- even in terms of the ritual associated with death and disposal of the body. But the details of burial sites and the iconography of art associated with them are the only primary sources on mortuary practice. These peoples were preliterate and did not come into contact with literate groups. The only information that supplements the archaeological record is the retrospective comparison of earlier cultures with what was recorded by observers of Inca practice. But there is a wealth of.."
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Leptis Magna, 1997.
Architectural history of ancient ruined city of Roman North Africa.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"Roman North Africa is one of the richest sources of architectural remains from the empire. This good fortune is largely because of to the climate, the subsequent political history of the region, and the fact that some centers, such as Leptis (or Lepcis) Magna and Sabratha, were abandoned fairly early and were soon covered over with sand. The architectural ruins of Leptis Magna reflect the once-flourishing city's history under Roman domination and fall into two general periods--those of Augustan Rome and of Septimius Severus. The contrasts between the remains of the older part of the city and the unusual monumental quarter built by Septimius tell the viewer a great deal about the history of imperial architecture in the provinces.
The city of Leptis Magna was, with Sabratha and Oea (now.."
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Bering Strait Crossings, 1997.
An archeological analysis of the cross-cultural influences of peoples crossing between Siberia and Alaska over land or sea. Discusses evidence, theories and examples.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"The earliest human beings to enter the American continent crossed the Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska at various times between 11,000 and 40,000 years ago. They were stone-age hunters who followed herds of large animals across the bridge and, eventually, down into North and South America. Because, after 11,000 BP (years before the present), the level of the Bering Sea rose and cut off this means of access, the American continents have sometimes been called "a laboratory for modern man" (Farb 3). The people who moved into these new territories brought their culture with them. But, their material culture was extremely limited, as with most migratory stone-age peoples, and any material objects made of organic materials have long since vanished, leaving primarily a few bone tools and the technological tradition of spear points as their only legacy."
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Ancient Egypt & Immortality, 1996.
Religious, symbolic & sociocultural role of pyramids & rituals in pharaohs' attempt to live beyond death in Old Kingdom, 2658 B.C.-2135 B.C.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"The remains of ancient Egyptian civilization speak of a cultural obsession with death and the problem of an afterlife It could be argued that the extent of the Egyptians' interest in the subject is distorted by the fact that most remains simply happen to be related to death. But the tombs have lasted to a great degree because they were carefully isolated and were nearly the only objects that the Egyptians created using permanent materials. This spectacular evidence from the age of the pyramids shows a culture in which the attempt to pass beyond the apparent limits of death was given the highest priority. In the Old Kingdom, 2658-2135 B.C., the pharaohs devoted incredible amounts of time-and resources to the construction of the pyramids in preparation for their passage after death. But evidence shows that graves of humbler sorts also demonstrate a similar concern..."
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Animal Extinctions in Australia, 1996.
Impact of hunting by early humans (early Pleistocene) & environmental changes on megafauna population.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 12 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"Widespread extinctions began on the continent of Australia during the late Pleistocene. Many of the animals that disappeared were medium- to large-sized herbivores. Their demise may have resulted from early Homo sapien hunting activities. Apart from Antarctica, no other continent has fewer native terrestrial megafauna than Australia (Martin 376-397). During the late Pleistocene, only one genus and four species of terrestrial mammals over 44 kilograms survived. Most of those that became extinct were rather distinctive creatures (Scarre 44). The marsupial genera that disappeared, for example, had various oral specializations. These included the following: (1) Zaglossus (long spiny tongue); (2) Thylacoleo (large gape and short heavy jaws; (3) Phascolonus (strong mobile lips); (4)..."
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Masada, 2001.
Examines archaeological finds at the site in Israel. Historical background of the seige; problems of authenticity; role of politics.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine archaeological finds that have been made at Masada in Israel. The research will set forth the historical background and context for archaeological research at Masada and then discuss how modern research has contributed to the understanding of history of ancient eastern Mediterranean culture.
In Western culture, the basis for understanding the events that gave Masada a high historical profile was for centuries the work of Josephus, a first-century Jew who wrote an account of the three-year siege by Roman legions of a Jewish fortress community originally built by Herod the Great, the last Hasmonean king (Small, 1990). The siege followed the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in AD 70, the culmination of the so-called First Jewish Revolt, which had begun in AD 66 at the instigation of .."
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Neanderthals, 2001.
Discusses new findings & studies which indicate species closer to modern man than previously thought.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, £ 28.95
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From the Paper
"Neanderthals have long been thought of as a very primitive species, but this view is changing as evidence to the contrary emerges. Studies on Neanderthal remains have shown that they were not as primitive as initially thought, and that they possessed the ability for flexible, creative behavior similar to modern man (Brainard, 1998). They have previously been thought of as lacking language skills, foresight, creativity, and other cognitive abilities found in modern humans. In 1977, German anthropologists reported finding aerodynamic wooden spears belonging to ancestors of Neanderthals made 400,000 years ago (Brainard, 1998, p. 72), and stone spearheads have been found at many Neanderthal sites in both Europe and the Middle East (Bower, 1999, p. 4). Scientists investigating Neanderthal remains in a cave in France found evidence of tool marks on the bones..."
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Evolution of Horses, 2001.
Analysis of fossil records & new investigative technologies with differing findings on evolutionary development of horses.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, £ 58.95
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From the Paper
"A Cladogenetic View of the Early Evolutionary History of Horses
Abstract
Drawing upon the theoretical and empirical literature, this report describes evidence obtained from the fossil record supporting the anagenetic view of the horse phylogeny and its early evolutionary development. The anagenetic perspective advances the notion that a gradual microevolutionary process has occurred within a species. This view is also associated with a phyletic transformation from ancestral to descendant species. The fossil record for horses presents, in general, a progressive replacement of one genus with another without a strong indication of temporary overlapping. However, the literature also suggests that anagenetic development was dominant within the Eocene and Oligocene, while genetic diversity (branching) suggesting a.."
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