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The Roman Province of Asia Minor, 1998.
A discussion of the archaeological evidence for the emergence of a provincial culture in the Roman province of Asia Minor.
3,315 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how since the Classical period Greek cities had spread unevenly along the coast of Asia Minor, drawn by opportunities for trade, excellent harbours and the region?s natural wealth. It looks at how the cities provided the administrative framework for Roman rule and how Roman technology and culture, itself influenced by Greek thought, influenced the Hellenistic culture which responded by adapting the new influences to traditional patterns. It explores how the cities adapted their competitive strategies to include the imperial presence and how the imperial authorities responded by attempting to control competition.
From the Paper
"The widespread growth of the Corinthian order seen in imperial architecture and the rapid replacement of Doric stoas by Ionic or Corinthian colonnades may also be due to regional developments, rather than direct Roman influence. It was already established in several Anatolian cities and it seems to have been favoured by Hellenistic kings (Waelkens 1989, 79-80). Its success may be due to several factors. There was a local general taste for richer architecture, itself a reflection of the provinces? increasing wealth (Waelkens 1989, 80). The architectural embellishment and increasing formalisation of public spaces suggests that they were a showcase of civic pride and a reflection of the competitive environment of Asia Minor (Waelkens 1989, 81)."
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The Mummies of Urumchi, 2004.
This paper discusses and analyzes the book, "The Mummies of Urumchi", by Elizabeth Wayland Barber.
1,624 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper contains a report on the book, including the author's thesis, evidence she uses to prove her thesis, and how convincing a case she makes. It explains how the author analyzes how ancient civilizations of Asia and Europe expanded from common places of origin. It also questions where these Caucasians came from. It explains that Elizabeth Wayland Barber, an archaeologist at Occidental College, asks herself those questions and begins a fascinating journey along the Silk Road into prehistoric time.
From the Paper
"Barber's book chronicles the mummies found in and around the Urumchi area of Eurasia. The mummies are quite interesting for several reasons, including the vivid and beautiful clothing they wore, and the fact that they appeared to be distinctly Caucasian, rather than Asian or Mongoloid, which one would expect from the area they were found. Early in the book she raises many questions about these fascinating mummies, including where they came from, why they were entombed where they were, and even speculatively, what language they may have spoken. While Barber's archeological specialty is textiles, which she does cover extensively, she takes the study of the mummies much further in this book, as one reviewer noted. "In the process, she takes us through the entire process of modern archeology -- comparative linguistics, tracking down ancient original sources, studying the climate of the time, carbon dating, following artifacts as they move through different cultures..." (St. Philip). Clearly, Barber hopes to solve the mystery of these tantalizing mummies, and take the reader along with her as she makes her own voyage of discovery. What she finds is both fascinating and amazing."
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Donald Redford's "Akhenaten: The Heretic King", 2004.
Review of Redford's book about Akhenaten, one of the most controversial pharaohs in Egyptian history.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Redford's controversial theme presented in his book, "Akhenaten - The Heretic King". Redford's theme contends that Akhenaten was not the enlightened pharaoh historians have made him out to be. The paper points out how Redford, through research and evidence from history, successfully argues that Akhenaten was actually a ruthless tyrant who possessed poor administrative skills and completely lacked a sincere desire to transform the country. The paper further notes Redford's position that Akhenaten did not care about his public and was not exactly a shrewd soldier, and this is what led to his ultimate downfall. Some of the criticisms aimed at Redford's book are mentioned, but the paper concludes by stating that the book is a worthwhile read.
From the Paper
"The first few chapters of the book deal with the background of Akhenaten?s reign, his family history and how it ascended the throne. The author tells us about Akhenaten?s father and the family in which the heretic king was born. This section doesn?t present anything controversial, debatable or shocking. However with Akhenaten?s ascension to the throne, the book takes an interesting turn as author makes several insightful and very original observations regarding this period. A large part of this book is devoted to Akhenaten?s change of religion and his personal religious beliefs, which bring us to the Aten controversy."
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Julius Caesar and Augustus, 2004.
Historical account of two of the most controversial and influential figures in Roman history, Julius Caesar and Augustus.
1,729 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the careers of Julius Caesar and Augustus and discusses their importance in Roman history. The paper provides biographical information on each figure and looks at how each one entered the political arena and rose to the top. It looks at their careers as leaders of the Roman empire and their importance in history.
From the Paper
"After returning to Rome, Caesar built up a reputation as a skillful advocate and orator, and was considered second only to the famous orator, Cicero in the powers of persuasion. He carefully developed contacts in Rome?s corridors of power, and supported popular causes. Other stepping stones on his path to political prominence include his election to the College of Pontiffs in 73 BC, Military Tribune in 72 BC, and as quaestor in 69 BC under the governor of Spain. He was also elected as the ?curule aedile? (urban magistrate)?a position which enabled him to arrange spectacular public entertainments such as gladiatorial games and fund lavish building projects. He also supported the politically powerful Pompey and Marcus Crassus, a rich patrician, forming an unofficial three-way alliance that has become known in history as the ?First Triumvirate.? In order to cement the political ties Caesar also gave his daughter Julia to Pompey in marriage and was duly supported by Pompey in his election as consul (59 BC), followed by appointment as governor of Roman Gaul in 58 BC."
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The Harbors of Ostia and Caesaria Maritima, 2003.
Comparison of the two ancient harbors, their building methods, and functions.
1,434 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both the Portus Augusti and Sebastos had utilized the technique of using ?pozzolana", concrete which hardens under water. Sebastos was destroyed in 130 during a violent earthquake; Ostia fell to invaders in late antiquity. It discusses that, although both harbors had the same general shape, Sebastos was a much better built port. The use of ?pozzolana? enabled Herod to build huge warehouses on top of the mole, while Claudius?s moles only served as moles. Sebastos offered refuge from harsh conditions in the ocean; the Portus Augusti did not always succeed in doing so.
From the Paper
"Although harbor archaeology has not attracted the majority of tourists as an ancient site, it still tells fascinating stories about the Romans? ingenuity in engineering. The port at Ostia, the Portus Augusti, and Sebastos, the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, stand as proof. The engineers overcame several challenges to building these ports by using a unique construction technique ? the use of ?pozzolana,? a concrete that can harden under water."
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Non-Military Effects of the U.S.-Iraq War, 2004.
A look at the archaeological and historical consequences of the U.S. invasion of Iraq.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the war waged against Iraq by U.S. forces has resulted in the destruction of more than just military sites. It explains how many of Iraq?s cultural sites, including museums, libraries, and significant ancient sites, have been the victims of destruction.
From the Paper
"An early tourist guide on Iraq, which was printed in 1982 states ?Few countries in the world are as rich in archaeology as Iraq. The Iraq National Museum, with its great, well-organized and carefully labeled collection of archaeological finds is a reflection of this richness (Radio Free Europe, 2003). Today, the museum remains under guard by U.S. military forces to prevent any more looting and pillaging of ancient artifacts. Many statues, paintings and papers have been totally ruined and several of the most precious artifacts are missing."
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Mesoamerica and the Andes, 2004.
Provides a study of Mesoamerican history and society.
2,093 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a study of Mesoamerican history, social structure, political system, and religious beliefs. The paper discusses the stratification of society into serfdom and nobility and how this affected the Mesoamerican political system and looks at the external influences on Mesoamerican religion. Literature from authorities on Mesoamerican culture is referenced and cited throughout the paper.
From the Paper
"Not only did both societies recognize different ranks of nobility and accord special titles to the heads of noble houses and lords of domains, but in both Spanish and Mesoamerican society, great leeway and regional variation existed in the use of terminology, and, once can surmise, in the fluidity and interdependence of society. In both Spanish and Mesoamerican/Andean society, some commoners rose to be nobles, through wealth or notable deeds, while some borderline nobles were indistinguishable from commoners. In central Mexico as well as Spain, commoners varied greatly in wealth, and significant groups of merchants, retainers, and craftsmen stood out from the mass of commoner-agriculturalists in one way or another."
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Danger Cave, Utah, 2003.
Discusses the cave as prime example of archaic desert culture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Discusses how this is an important archaeological site. Contains some of the oldest recorded artifacts found in North America. Considers samples taken from the Caves and describes the eastern Great Basic area.
From the Paper
"Danger Cave is in Utah, in the eastern Great Basin area (Aikens 1983: 169). It is a cluster of dry caves in the Great Salt Lake region and contains artifacts from before the Paleo-Indian period through the Archaic period, and up to 25..."
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Vikings Self-Image, 2002.
An analysis of how Vikings viewed themselves and how they were viewed by others.
2,459 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper constructs a comparison between what we can learn about the Vikings and the people they encountered. based on a review of the relevant literature, followed by a discussion and summary of the research in the conclusion. It includes a history of how Vikings spread around Northern Europe, explains the other civilizations they encountered, and how these people perceived them.
From the Paper
"There was an unbroken chain of events which led to the exploration of Iceland, Greenland and ultimately Vinland. ?The discovery and attempted colonization of Vinland were the logical outcome of the great Scandinavian migrations that spilled over northern Europe in the early Middle Ages, the ultimate reach of the Norse surge to the west: it was on the Atlantic seaboard of North America that this huge impetus was finally exhausted? (Magnusson & Palsson, 1965, p. 11)."
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The Search For Atlantis, 2003.
Examines the location of Atlantis, how far it extended, and theories regarding its fate.
3,046 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses various theories based on literature, science, archaeology, oceanography, and religion to provide an interdisciplinary look at the legend of Atlantis. Using the ideas of Brazilian scientist, Arysio Nunes dos Santos, R. Cedric Leonard, and several other thinkers, a hypothesis is formed about the vestiges of this ancient society.
From the Paper
"The Mediterranean Sea has been also looked at as a possibility, and on the surface, it might seem quite believable that an advanced civilization did exist in that area. Plato believed that the island of Atlantis flourished approximately 9,000 years before his time. However, it is believed that the philosopher might have miscalculated, for about 900 years before Plato?s time, there was a civilized people known as the Minoans, who inhabited what is now the Island of Crete. They were a very advanced nation with many parallels to Atlantis, including their peacefulness, their love of bullfighting (common in Spain, another Mediterranean country), their advanced irrigation system, and equal rights for women."
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Akhenaten - Pharaoh of Egypt, 2003.
The paper is a fully explained account of the life of the great Pharaoh Akhenaten (husband of Queen Nefertiti).
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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The paper gives a very real and accurate description life of Akhenaten. From his seemingly amazing, though heretical, accession to the throne of Egypt, to the establishment of his new city Akhentaten near Tel El Amarna. The paper fully describes the life of Akhenaten, his achievements, the changes he made to the Empire as well as his downfall from the Egyptian throne. All information and hypotheses are accurately justified with prime, confident primary and secondary sources and critically analysed to achieve a great satisfaction of critical use of sources.
From the Paper
"Akhenaten declared to all Egypt that he was son of Aten and proposed that he was Aten is human form (an incarnation), and to worship Aten, he should be worshiped as a god. Roebuck provides evidence of how Akhenaten considered himself a god, Roebuck (1966) explains ?The kings shared a divinity of Aten and spoke of himself as Aten?s son and co-regent, but the other gods of Egypt were laid aside.? Evidence here sates that Akhenaten saw himself as son of Aten. Throughout upper and lower Egypt, Akhenaten was depicted as a godly figure, portrayed larger than any other person, a clear sign in Egyptian culture and art, that he was more important than any other person and just as important as a god. Bradley (1999) sates ?The size and position of the image of the king in scenes was an affirmation of the king?s divinity, the king became the focus of worship? The Pharaoh?s size and position in art was very important. Before Akhenaten kings were always shown was larger than any other, but not larger than that of a god. This source clearly explains that fact that Akhenaten was just as large as a god, so therefore considered himself a god."
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The Search for Historical Atlantis, 2001.
A discussion of the historical basis in the Atlantis myth and in what ways it has been researched.
1,546 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the archaeological search for the historical Atlantis, the theories that have been suggested over the years and the techniques which have been used to investigate them. It looks at how the myth has been captured by many authors over the years such as Ignatius Donnelly. It also considers whether K.T. Frost's hypothesis attempting to prove that the lost city of Atlantis was in fact in the Aegean is the solution to the problem of its location.
From the Paper
"However, if we are equating the destruction of Minoan Crete to that of Atlantis, we run into problems. The most obvious of these is that Atlantis was supposed to have sunk under the sea after experiencing ?earthquakes and floods of extraordinary violence? . While Crete probably did experience earthquakes as a result of Santorini, it is quite plainly still there, not sunk under the waves at all. Supporters of the Crete/Thera theory have two arguments to this. The first is that the eruption of Santorini could have caused a tsunami that would have hit Crete. This would certainly be a watery end for the Minoans, but even stretching the imagination one cannot say that it 'sank' the island."
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The Darwinian Myth, 2003.
This essay explains that findings from the last two decades openly contradict the basic assumptions of the evolutionary theory.
3,658 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
Recent developments in science completely disprove the theory of evolution. The only reason Darwinism is still foisted on people by means of a worldwide propaganda campaign lies in the ideological aspects of the theory. This essay clarifies the scientific collapse of the theory of evolution for the layman. It reveals the frauds and distortions committed by evolutionists to "prove" evolution.
From the Paper
"The claim of the common ancestry of apes and men, put forward by Charles Darwin in his book ?The Descent of Man? in 1871, has since paved the path to today?s scientific world. When Darwin proposed his supposed scientific theory in 1859, England, nor any other parts of the world, boasted the discipline of biophysics, genetics or biochemistry to justify his claims. Yet, even today, with the advancement in the scientific fields of genetics, biophysics, and biochemistry, Darwin?s unscientific, illogical, and baseless claims still endure to influence to day?s science. The justification of the Evolution Theory has been falsely spread through the propaganda of the media, and can be justly compared with the absurdity of the evolution of the fairy-taled frog-prince! There is no scientific evidence that back up the origin of man from apes, and likewise, no scientific evidence that frogs turn to handsome princes! The absurdity of it all is obvious and clear, and yet, is followed by the staunchest followers in the world!"
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Egyptian History, 2002.
Examines art, religion, and death in Old, Middle, and Late Kingdom Egypt.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
While Egypt's ancient history passes through many unique periods, it is perhaps the Old, Middle, and Late Kingdoms that garner the greatest attention as they demonstrate the greatest changes in growth and development and a transition in art, culture, and religion. The Old Kingdom marked the period in which the majority of Egypt's pyramids were constructed, the development of a complex military state, and the beginnings of outside trade. The Middle Kingdom, marked as much for political stability as for massive infrastructure construction, a great and lasting peace, and the blossoming of art and architecture, was also a time of great expansion and political growth. The Late Kingdom was a time of securing borders, establishing complex internal political systems, greater complexities in art and architecture, and further changes in religious practices and thought. It is the purpose of this paper to examine art, religion, and funerary practices in each of these ages and to show how each cultural element was shaped by the particular forces of its respective age.
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