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Graeco-Roman Cities, 2004.
An exploration of the distinctive, common characteristics of the cities of the Graeco-Roman world.
3,731 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ancient and modern attitudes towards what is considered a city and then creates a 'model' based upon this discussion. It explores and compares the following features, in Greek, Roman and Hellenistic worlds: The concept of a relatively large, nucleated settlement, independence, autonomy and self-government, complex public space and buildings and identity. It also looks at the concepts of protective Gods and founding hero figures.
From the Paper
"As established Pausanias earlier rejection of the ?upstart? town, he advocated that he did not base any rejection on grounds of its small size. Aristotle concurs with this view of smallness, believing it to be a necessary condition - A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one. Babylon, to Aristotle, was a negation of a true city, a symbol of elephantiasis . Comparative demography of the modern Mediterranean has been used in league with average tribute assessments to ascertain the population of a region . Both cannot give us an absolute number of citizens for neither voting numbers take into account children, women and slaves nor can we be sure that they represent a typical turn out."
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Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh, 2004.
A analysis of the rule of Cleopatra with a special focus on her personal life.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
Cleopatra was an intelligent and powerful ruler, but she was also a woman. The paper tells the story of Cleopatra?s life, from her birth to her death, highlighting the most famous points of her life. The paper mostly concentrates on her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony and her time as the queen of Egypt.
From the Paper
"When one hears the name Cleopatra one instantly thinks of a beautiful and powerful queen who ruled over Egypt with a firm hand. In reality, she was far from beautiful. On ancient coins she is depicted with a long, hooked nose and masculine features.1 Yet she was clearly a very seductive woman.2 She had an enchantingly musical voice and overwhelming charisma. She was also highly intelligent. She spoke nine languages and was the first pharaoh in the Ptolemy family who could actually speak Egyptian.3 Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of Egypt, but who was the actual woman behind the queen? Was she truly a powerful leader or did her lovers give her power?"
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Jewish Self-Government, 2004.
Extensive history of the Jewish people from the 7th century until present times.
4,283 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a thorough history of the Jewish people. Within this historical perspective, the paper emphasizes the form of self-government Jews practiced through the ages, the role religion played in their lives, and the persecution they suffered under different rulers. The paper covers Jewish history from the 7th century until the present day.
From the Paper
"For centuries, the Jews were not only a scattered and much-subjugated people, but also a much-despised and persecuted race. Hatred of the Jews, or anti-Semitism, dates back to their expulsion and dispersion from Palestine in the 7th century, down to contemporary times, because they were a sullen, unsociable and haughty people (Lazare 1998). Unlike other conquered races, which submitted to the conqueror?s laws and separated these laws from their religious beliefs, in adapting themselves to circumstances, the Jews did not and could not accept the laws of other nations, even their own conquerors. Neither was it conceivable to them to submit to conquerors."
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Greek and Roman Deities, 2004.
Discusses the similarities that existed between ancient Greek and Roman deities.
783 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
In ancient Greece and Rome, traditions, histories, and other elements of society were passed down as oral traditions from one generation to another. While ancient Greek culture predates Roman culture, the two cultures developed a degree of interaction and similarity between the peoples. The mythology of these two cultures reflected many of the ethical issues that were important in that time. This paper shows that it is not surprising, considering their close geographic proximity, that there was a certain degree of mixing of cultures and, consequently, mythology as well. The research explores the similarities and differences between Greek and Roman deities.
From the Paper
"Virgil wrote the Aeneid in the early Roman period, which was based largely on the Greek understanding of the gods and goddesses. However, he wrote characters that would appeal to the Roman social structure and ideology, and ?romanized? the Greek deities. His works were based on the Greek writer Homer, who portrayed Zeus and Hera as petty complainers. The Roman ideals would not allow for a noble complainer, therefore Virgil transformed Zeus and Hera into heroic Jupiter and an angry God Juno, who struck fear in the hearts of men."
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Food and Drink in Ancient Rome, 2004.
An in-depth look at the eating habits and dietary make-up of the ancient Romans.
16,650 words (approx. 66.6 pages), 53 sources, APA, £ 140.95
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Abstract
This dissertation discusses the culinary and food habits of the ancient Romans, with special emphasis on the history of wine, olives and olive oil, and bread and baking. The paper also examines typical recipes that provided for the early Roman cuisine. It includes numerous photographs, illustrations, and archaeological findings.
From the Paper
"As the flour milling techniques became more refined, the Romans began to produce top quality bread by singly finely milled wheat flour. This flour was called siligo. The bread that came from it was called Panis Siligineus. The first word means bread in Latin; the second denotes the type of grain from which the bread was made. There was another type of bread that could be considered an Egyptian import. This was called Alexandrian bread due to the crust that was created in Alexandria from local wheat. (Dl.ket.org, 2001)"
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?Black Athena? and ?Not Out of Africa?, 2004.
Discusses and compares these two works on African cultural archaeology.
1,048 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
Martin Bernal, author of ?Black Athena?, argues that numerous cultural achievements that are, by tradition, attributed to the ancient Greeks, are actually found in Africa, specifically, the Egyptians. Mary Lefkowitz, author of ?Not Out of Africa,? argues that Bernal?s findings and assumptions are incorrect. This essay examines both works and discusses the opposing views.
From the Paper
"Berlinerblau, in his review of Lefkowitz?s book, discusses the importance of academic inquiry unencumbered by political conerns (Berlinerblau Pp). Lefkowitz refers to Bernal as an armchair archaeologist. However, she is not the only critic of Bernal?s work (Berlinerblau Pp). Robert Palter writes, ?Bernal?s rhetoric is predicated, unwittingly?on ignorance and superficial understanding? (Berlinerblau Pp)."
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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, 2004.
An overview of the environment and development of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.
From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."
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Cleopatra, 2004.
A biographical analysis of Cleopatra.
1,058 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the life of one of the most famous rulers in history, Cleopatra. Specifically, it includes important facts of Cleopatra's life and her contribution to civilization. It shows how Cleopatra was one of the most legendary queens in history. She influenced Egypt's civilization in many ways and is still studied today, a testament to her lasting endurance as a monarch and celebrity.
From the Paper
"Cleopatra has been immortalized in film, on stage, and in print as a great woman ruler and lover. However, the truth of her story is far different than most of what is portrayed in fiction. Modern readers seem to think of Cleopatra as a sultry temptress, who ruled according to her whims, rather than her wit. However, many historians find this is not the case. John, Bishop of Nikiu in Upper Egypt in the 7th century AD called her "'the most illustrious and wise of women'" (Walker 6). Cleopatra's rule in Egypt would be the last of the famous Ptolemies, and her rule would mark historic changes in Egypt's and the world's history."
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Jewish History, 2004.
Historical account of the Jewish people beginning with the age of patriarchs.
2,403 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the history of the Jewish people from the age of the patriarchs to when Abraham and his descendants were selected as the chosen people and to the nomadic period after the Jewish exodus from Egypt. The paper goes on to discuss the time that the Jewish people came to and lived in Israel after the exodus from Egypt, the time of King Solomon, the exile of the Jewish people from Israel, and the life of the Jewish people under Persian, Greek, and Roman rule. The paper concludes the historical account at the period just after the Romans crucified Jesus.
From the Paper
"The Hebrews do not actually appear in history until about 1224-1211 B.C.E. during the reign of Marniptah, king of Egypt (Ancient pg). Marniptah was the son of Raamses I, 1290-1223 B.CE, who is thought to be the kind of Egypt at the time of the Hebrew exodus (Ancient pg). In an account of Marniptah?s military campaign in Asia, 1220 B.C.E., inscribed in granite is listed all the conquered peoples including the Israelites, who are mentioned as ?now living in Canaan? (Ancient pg). Before this, the only history is that which was written by the Hebrews themselves who trace their origins to a ?single individual, Abraham, who comes originally from Mesopotamia? (Ancient pg). This pre-Egyptian Hebrew history is referred to as the age of the patriarchs, which means father-ruler (Ancient pg). More than a thousand years had passed before this era of history was written down, and although it is impossible to date, most scholars place it somewhere between 1950-1500 B.C.E. (Ancient pg)."
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Achilles Tendon, 2004.
An explanation of the Achilles tendon.
1,029 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by describing the Achilles tendon as the tough tissue that connects the calf muscles, also known as gastroenemius and the soleneus, to the heel bone, also known as calcaneus. The writer explains how this area came to be called by its name. The paper then shows how damage is sometimes caused to this tendon, and what treatments are used.
From the Paper
"Tendonitis and tendon rupture are characterized by swelling, tenderness and bruising. Sometimes, the tendon separates from the bone and that is not observed from X-rays. X-rays do help make a diagnosis if the rupture causes a part of the calcaneal bone to come away with the tendon. Complete rupture is characterized by a loud crack followed by inability to walk properly or rise on tiptoes. One of better known tests for complete rupture is the Thompson's test. In this test, the patient is asked to lie on his stomach on a flat surface with the feet unsupported (hanging off the table). When the calf is squeezed and the foot moves, it means that a complete rupture is unlikely. In some cases, a confirmatory test is necessary."
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Dawenkou Culture, 2004.
A look at the emergence of social complexity in Neolithic China.
2,562 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the area of Shandong holds China's most remarkable archaeological discoveries and, in particular, focuses on the burial assemblages of the Dawenkou site in Shandong Northern China. It revolves around the main idea that these burial sites present convincing evidence of an emerging social complexity. A second focus attempts to provide proof that the Dawenkou culture played a major role in the emerging complexity of the Neolithic Chinese period.
From the Paper
"There has been a plethora of evidence accumulated by modern day archaeologists and anthropologists suggesting that the people of the Neolithic era began displaying a completely unique societal complexity as early as 5000 B.C. ?We may assume that since the Neolithic cultures and their remains are distributed over such an expansive region, distinct regional or local differences and different cultural characters are bound to exist, and that at the same time they are most likely to contain many elements of influence that came from primitive cultures in the heartland of the Northeast and the coastal region of the Southeast; they thus reflect the historical lineage of the region and its characteristic of being a place where many different ethnic groups had gathered and settled.? (Guldin) "
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Gender Roles in African Royal Art, 2004.
This paper discusses the feminist interpretation of art from the Yoruban African society.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the use of iconography, the study of images in search of the thoughts and meanings imbued by the artist and transmitted to the viewer, as applied to African royal art. The author points out that, in the Yoruba society, women have a distinct and celebrated role within the community, unlike Western societies. The paper stresses that the crown of the King of Yoruba may be interpreted as representing male power and dominance, but it may also be interpreted as a representation of the cooperative nature of ruling by both male and female within the Yoruba culture.
From the Paper
"The feminist slogan of ?the personal is political? became a banner under which Western women determined to change the social fabric - attacking the norms and mores that had excluded women from participation in all areas of living. The feminist definition of social roles was grounded in an affirmation of women's attributes and contributions, not just of social relations. The Yoruba form of social interaction was not based on individualism, as is the Western concept. ?The Yoruba Iyalode (also called Eiyelobinrin or ?mother of all women,?) was often the head of a lineage as well as, ?the woman designated as their political leader and spokesman in government?. Her title as ?chief? gave her jurisdiction over all women within her sphere of influence. She established courts and heard cases, creating a chain of authority that oversaw women's affairs, including the administration of the all-important markets."
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Olmec Civilization, 2004.
An examination of the ancient civilization of Mesoamerica known as the Olmec civilization.
3,012 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth examination of the Olmec civilization, which existed in Central America. This paper discusses the lifestyle and way of life. It looks at the architectural methods, as well as the hunting and food preparation manners. It also discusses how Olmecs were influenced by other civilizations of the time and how, in turn, they impacted other cultures.
From the Paper
"Long before the Maya, Aztec or Toltec flourished in Central America, there lived the Olmecs, a civilization that has come to continue to intrigue and amaze the world. They were the most prevalent group in Mesoamerica and a highly developed and well organized society with a complex calendar and hieroglyphic writing system. The Olmecs were the mother civilization in Mesoamerica. The Olmec lived around the areas of La Venta in Tabasco, San Lorenza Tenochtitlan, and Laguna de los Cerros in Veracruz during the pre-classic period. They built their cities around a central raised mound. These mounds, used for religious ceremonies, were replaced with pyramid-shaped structures around 900 B.C. The Olmecs used basalt, found in the Tuxtla Mountains, to construct plazas and religious pyramid structures."
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Pharaoh Akhenaten, 2004.
A description of the life and reign of the lesser-known Egyptian Pharaoh, Akhenaten.
2,687 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the Egyptian King/Pharaoh called Akhenaten. The paper begins with a brief explanation of his major achievements, since he was known as a revolutionary king. The writer also mentions that his physical appearance was somewhat different and that perhaps led to his unique personality.
Contents
Introduction
Thesis/Structure of Sources
Analysis of Materials/Arguments
Synopsis of Theories
Additional Themes
From the Paper
"Akhenaten is often not credited as being one of the great pharaoh?s, his name is not as well known as that of the boy king, Tutankhamen. However, he should be credited with being a revolutionary. The former pharaoh is most well noted as being a religious zealot and instigator of change, if only temporary change, within the country of Egypt. Many historians have noted or credited Akhenaten with single handedly being responsible for initiating a religious revolution in Egypt. Though his efforts have been defined as the first true attempt at establishing a monotheistic state in a polytheistic society, his efforts were not permanent. The reasoning behind his decisions to change Egypt?s religion is still questioned however to this day. The most notable theme and historical resources suggest that Akhenaten was a self absorbed individual who revolutionized religion in Egypt during his reign to benefit his own idealisms and truisms."
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