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Current Status of Native American Culture, 2005.
Paper discusses the Native American culture and its influence on American way of life.
1,708 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Native American's struggles with mainstream American life along with the hardships brought on by the new cultural dilemmas.
From the Paper
"In modern day American life there are several unique cultures that co-exist within the United States boundaries. These unique cultures are all captured within the term American, but unlike the term American symbolizes, we are all not the same. Each culture shares within itself some history of its beginnings. These beginnings are what make it out to be different."
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The Mohawk People, 2004.
An overview the history, culture, and rituals of the Mohawk people of the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada.
2,996 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the Mohawk are a part of a group of indigenous North Americans known as the Iroquois. It attempts to explain the past and present state of the Mohawk nation, its origins, and its struggles. It also explores the beginnings of Iroquoian society and Mohawk language, arts, and economy. It also examines how the Mohawk are survivors and how, from the days of their early ancestors to the present day, although they have dwindled in number, they live on.
From the Paper
"The turning point for the Mohawk and the Six Nations was the revolutionary war. Many Iroquois fought on the side of the British, despite the League?s declared neutrality in the conflict. With the end of the war and American victory, British land was ceded to the Patriots, with no mention made in the (war-ending) Treaty of Paris of 1783 of Indian land rights (Bonvillain 69). The result was that ?by the early 1780s, most of the Mohawk had left their traditional lands in New York to seek safety in Canada (Bonvillain 71).?"
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Enslavement and Emancipation in Post-Colonial Cuba and Brazil, 2004.
An analysis of the exploitation and oppression of Africans and indigenous peoples in post-colonial Brazil and Cuba.
1,576 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role that African slaves and enslaved Native Americans played in the rise of both Brazil and Cuba as major agricultural producers. It gives historical background, beginning with the importation of African slaves until the abolition of slavery, and briefly examines the after-effects and the racism that persisted. It shows how, although colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese, Latin America was truly built on the backs of African and Native American slaves and how, after years of rebellion and bitter struggle, these peoples finally gained their emancipation.
From the Paper
"The anti-slavery movement gained momentum in Latin America with the end of the Paraguayan War in 1870. Dom Pedro, head of the Brazilian monarchy was placed in a difficult position. Though personally opposed to the institution, he recognized that the stability of the monarchy and his own power relied heavily on Brazil?s existing social structure. The end of slavery would, therefore, would almost certainly bring about the end of the monarchy (Keen, Haynes p. 236)."
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Morbidity and Mortality in American Indians, 2004.
An analysis of the factors that contribute to the high rates of morbidity and mortality among American Indians.
1,164 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how studies have shown how Native American and Alaska Native children have twice the rate of death caused by injuries or violence as do other children in the United States. It looks at how more Native American and Alaska Native children are hospitalized for bronchial infection than any other group, how the diabetes rate among these adults and children is double that of the rest of the country, and how cancer rates among those in some regions are also significantly higher. It discusses the importance for Native Americans to be informed and educated on these issues so that they may better understand how these disease processes may alter or impact their lives and how it is also important that policy makers and elected officials understand the unique concerns of the Native American populations of the U.S. and address those problems with adequate financial, material, and human resources.
From the Paper
"There are persistent racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates in the United States. Despite much speculation, no evidence suggests that social, economic, or racial/ethnic disparities in the risk of death in infancy are caused by genetic differences. Any discussion of racial and ethnic differences in birth outcomes needs to acknowledge the limited extent to which social and economic variables - including racial discrimination - can be distinguished from crude proxies for biologically determined pathologic pathways (Krieger et al 1993, Herman 1996). The racial and ethnic categorizations used in most research on infant mortality in the United States should be seen as "proxies for specific historical experiences and a powerful marker for current social and economic conditions"."
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Tribal Peoples, 2004.
Discusses the importance of preserving tribal lands.
1,765 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of conserving tribal lands and the pressure that is put on some tribal peoples to give up their natural resources. The paper also looks at how the land helps carry forward tribal culture and heritage.
From the Paper
"The Aw? of Brazil are Brazil?s last nomadic tribe that lives in the forests of the Eastern Amazon (www.survival-international.org/awa). These forests, as with much of South America?s tropical forest, is being destroyed at an incredible rate, by logging companies, and by large farming conglomerates; as such, the native homeland of the Aw? is being lost, meaning that their nomadic lifestyle is threatened, and also that potentially, the Aw? themselves are in danger of being wiped out altogether."
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The Yoruba and Pawnee: Religion and Production, 2004.
Relates the Yoruba people of West Africa to the Pawnee of North America.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the Yoruba people of West Africa and the Native American Pawnee tribe of the North American plains. It explains how both have traditional institutionalized systems grounded in beliefs, values, worship, and practices that can be classified as religions. Similarly, both peoples do not separate their religious conviction from what they habitually do in life. It shows how their creed affects every aspect of the way they live, either consciously or subconsciously. Religion is the prime factor that controls the fashion in which these cultures manage and sustain their societies with food, clothing, and shelter.
From the Paper
"The label Yoruba represents a collection of individual peoples loosely related by language, history, and religion in West Africa. The Yoruba people claim shared ancestry in Oduduwa and they developed the concept of ebi (meaning kinship) as a symbol of unity. According to Yoruba belief, the High God, Olodumare, dispatched Oduduwa from heaven to create the earth and humanity. Oduduwa descended with his delegates and arrived at Ile-Ife in northwest Africa where he completed his task. The Yoruba are, and have been for ages, typically a city-dwelling population. They farm and trade and work in business, and are an interesting society that has a combination of traditional and modern customs. The Yoruba people have an interlocking concept of religion and nature that remains with them wherever they live."
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Taoism and Native American Religions, 2004.
An analysis of the parallels between Taoism and Native American religious beliefs.
979 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, out of the three Chinese religions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, the one religion that most closely relates to the Native American religions is unquestionably Taoism. It looks at how Taoism, sometimes referred to as ?Naturism?, involves observations of and attitudes toward the world of nature similar to the mannerisms and philosophical beliefs of most Native American religious ideology. It discusses how Taoism is also very involved with the Cosmos and Heaven and the manner in which it can be related to the world of nature. It also shows how Native American religious beliefs and Taoism are quite analogous when dealing with the ways in which they are polytheistic and several other religious aspects.
From the Paper
"Native Americans also believe they should be directed by nature, but for a different reason. A ?Vision Quest? is often completed by Native Americans who want to attain a special ability. Usually, a young person on a vision quest lives without food, sometimes without water, and with little possessions. This is done to make the person appear materially poor and spiritually humble before the spirits. This is very similar to the Taoist idea that when an infant comes into the world, it knows no craft and has no ambitions to live yet is cared for, fed, and clothed (Hopfe & Woodward 178). In much the same way, the Native Americans believe that the spirits of nature will assist them, guide them, feed them, and protect them in their journey through earthly existence."
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The Indian Removal Act, 2004.
An overview of the 1830 law signed by President Andrew Jackson.
2,729 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The Removal Act of May 28,1830, was an act by both houses of Congress of the U.S., which provided for an exchange of lands with the native Indian tribes residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the Mississippi River, their traditional land, to the prairies. This paper describes leading up to the Act being passed, the anti-removal faction, which hotly debated the law, and the Cherokee fight against the law, which unfortunately led to the Trail of Tears.
From the Paper
"Like other removal opponents, Congressman Henry Storrs of New York was apprehensive towards giving the President power to deal directly with the Indians. The bill, if approved by Congress, would vest the President precisely with that power. He stated James Madison?s sentiment that the Founding Fathers would not have given one branch of government the power to conduct Indian affairs without the balanced advice and consent of the two others. But this bill would precisely give the President that sole authority to move the Indians out of their land by a mere executive order."
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American Indian Boarding Schools, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the American Indian boarding schools and their influence in developing ?pan-Indianism?, which connected individuals from different tribes.
2,245 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the "Friends of the American Indians" believed that education was the only answer to the "Indian problem" to assimilate Native Americans into Euro-American society. The author points out that, whereas, the mission schools were traditionally located on the reservations, the ?retraining? process meant that the government-influenced boarding schools were located off of the reservations, usually many miles away from families, so that many children were not able to see their families for years at a time. The paper relates that, although the tribal traditionalists strongly were opposed to families sending their children to distant schools to learn the "white man's" ways, grinding poverty and the overwhelming hopelessness of reservation life caused many Indian parents to consider the possibility of sending their children to find a more prosperous life.
From the Paper
"Many times the child was not told ahead of time that they would be leaving home to attend the boarding school. This resulted in a child resisting or fleeing home and hiding in the woods or with sympathetic relatives. The child might also runaway upon reaching the boarding school. One student?s account is recorded at the Clark Historical Library (1999). He remembered that on the day that he left, his mother pack his lunch, simply handed it to him, and sent him off to a day school he was attending. When he arrived at the school, he was then told that he was to leave immediately. He and several other children were told to get into a truck prepared with a wire cage. The cage was to keep them from fleeing, and they were then driven to the nearest railroad station."
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"The Iroquois in the American Revolution", 2001.
A look at the historical importance of Barbara Graymont's book in understanding the relationship between the Native Americans and the locals in the American Revolution.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the role of the Iroquois Confederacy in the American Revolution and the fate of native peoples in its wake is a topic often overlooked by historians. In Barbara Graymont?s work, "The Iroquois in the American Revolution", Graymont attempts to shed light on the underlying issues of the American Revolution, more specifically, the effect of that conflict on the cultural identity and tribal unity of the Iroquois peoples. It shows how "The Iroquois in the American Revolution" examines the struggle between Britain and the thirteen colonies to attain the loyalty of the Iroquois, as well as the impending disintegration of the long-standing confederacy. This paper critiques Graymont?s work by analyzing important factors such as her biases, sources, background, assumptions, and overall knowledge of the topic at hand, as well as to examine alternate viewpoints of the subject and the relevance of this topic to our course.
From the Paper
"To successfully analyse and evaluate a historical work such as The Iroquois in the American Revolution, one must first examine the background of the author, in this case, Barbara Graymont, as well as the type and credibility of the sources used to research the topic and construct the work. Barbara Graymont, a white American author, is an associate professor of history in the United States. Graymont is also an honorary member of the Indian Defense League of America, a position which she achieved through acquaintance with and professional ties to many present day Iroquois in America.1 In light of the fact that Graymont has definite ties to native peoples, a reader would expect to see evidence of favouritism and sympathy toward the Natives as well as more strict criticism of the white peoples involved. Such cases are evident throughout the work. For example, in her prologue, Graymont uses the term Visutskie 2 ?pawns?2 to describe the utter usage of the Native peoples by both the British and the Americans in their attempts to defeat the other. In another instance, Graymont?s table of contents is valuable in determining exactly who and what the book was written for. The table of contents makes it quite obvious to the reader that Graymont is quite intent on educating the reader about Native culture and that each chapter centres around Native peoples and their roles in not only the American Revolution but in everyday life alongside the white settlers. Graymont makes reference to both the British and the Americans using bribery with alcohol and other presents, promises of military protection, and even grants of land taken from the Natives in the first place to try and win the Natives as allies."
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"Reservation Blues", 2004.
An examination of the novel, "Reservation Blues", by Sherman Alexie.
1,063 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes how "Reservation Blues" represents a motivating piece of literature because it demonstrates how Native Americans were not afraid to confront the difficulties of life to accomplish their greatest desires and to succeed. Focus is placed on the relationship between the two main characters in the novel, Chess and Checkers, and how they were influenced by white culture.
From the Paper
"Alexie brings the subject of a love-hate relationship to the so called ?whites? that Chess and Checkers portray early on in his novel. They all seem to face the same problem of trying to live in a white mans society while facing the stereotypes such as alcoholism, drugs, and a poor education. His use of stereotypes in different areas, makes it seem as if he is discriminating against Native Americans and making the Whites a bigger power. Alexie also uses mental, spiritual, and emotional struggles to show how the love-hate relationship that Chess and Checkers have toward the White Americans have been very influential on them. In Chapter 2, early on in the story, Alexie brings in the two white girls, Betty and Veronica, that join the band then leave because of issues with the Indian girls, Chess and Checkers, who are then turned into singers for the band. ?Two white women, Betty and Veronica, had somehow found their way onto the reservation and showed up at every rehearsal?(Reservation Blues, pg 41)."
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?Montana 1948", 2004.
A literary analysis of Larry Watson?s novel "Montana 1948".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a review of the though provoking novel "Montana 1948" by Larry Watson. The writer shows how racism, as seen in the novel, can result in tragedy. The book is the retrospective tale of a childhood event told by the protagonist David Hayden forty years later. The story evolves around the alleged professionally unacceptable behavior of a physician towards his Indian patients.
From the Paper
"Among David?s primary recollections concerning the events of 1948 is the realization that Marie Little Soldier?s bedroom was ?a small room off the kitchen,? despite the fact that there was a ?third bedroom? vacant on the second floor ? the floor where the white people slept. ?Who decided that room should not be Marie?s?? Despite the Hayden?s tolerant and benevolent appearance, and their adequate treatment of Marie, they obviously are subtly influenced by the prejudice based on the belief in the superiority of a particular race. Wesley ?was not a hate filled bigot ? he probably thought he was free of prejudice.? Wes was able to ?treat Indians with generosity, kindness, and respect? nevertheless he believed Indians? were ignorant, lazy, superstitious and irresponsible."
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Leonard Peltier, 2004.
An examination of the evidence and circumstances surrounding the conviction of Leonard Peltier for the murder of two FBI agents in 1975.
2,043 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether Leonard Peltier actually killed two FBI agents on June 25, 1975, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. It examines how the issue has not been thoroughly resolved from the point of view of Peltier supporters, who believe that Peltier is a political prisoner and is being held on false charges, and from the point of view of the U.S. government, which believe Peltier is guilty of the murders. It analyzes the situation that existed in and near the Pine Ridge Reservation prior to the events of June 25, 1975, the reasons for the stand-off between the Native Americans and the federal government, and the results of that conflict. It also explores the world Peltier exists in, as well as his thoughts about his ongoing incarceration
From the Paper
"As he grew older, Peltier traveled with his father working as a migrant farm laborer, and in 1965, he moved to Seattle and operated an auto body repair shop, where he hired and trained Native Americans to work for him and learn skills. He also became involved in a Native American halfway house for ex-convicts, and he participated in public protests relating to the Indians? claim to various Native Lands in Seattle. Later Peltier worked as a welder in Wisconsin, and then became involved in the American Indian Movement (AIM) in Colorado. This association apparently radicalized Peltier to the point that he participated in the occupation (by Indians) of the BIA building in Washington, D.C."
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Ghost Sickness, 2004.
A brief description of this condition known as Ghost Sickness, which is prevalent in Native Americans.
979 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
An examination of the cultural context in which Ghost Sickness takes place today and explains that it has deep historical roots in the history of indigenous Indians. Many of these groups perceived themselves as living in a universe pervaded by powerful, mysterious spiritual beings and forces that underlay and supported human life. In order to survive, this paper explains that they believed it was necessary to acknowledge these spiritual powers in all aspects of their lives, but there were also spiritual beings to be avoided. Native Americans of the Southwest, in particular, such as the Navajo and Apache, dreaded contact with ghosts, who were thought to resent the living.
From the Paper
"Some American Indians believe that Ghost Sickness can be caught from either the dead, the sight of the corpse or their possessions (Apache). Therefore, groups such as the Apaches buried their dead on the same day as they died. They also tried to reduce to a minimum the amount of time the living spent in contact with the dead. Some belongings were placed with the body and usually the dead person?s favorite horse was killed at the grave site. The rest of their possessions were then burned and the family moved their house to a new site. The relatives never went near the grave and to mention the name of the dead was strictly forbidden."
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