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Native-American Juvenile Justice, 2009.
An argument that the justice policy towards Native-American juveniles is a means to achieve the government's goal of eradicating their cultural identity.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the United States' past efforts to bring about changes in the Native-American community in order to eradicate their identity and culture. The paper reveals that Native-American children have long been removed from their families for preemptive legal reasons, as a means to achieve the government's greater goal of eradicating their cultural identity. The paper reveals further that this same authority exercised by the government is seen in the juvenile justice policy today when youngsters are removed from their Native-American families in lieu of enforced foster care. The paper explains how this is the only way that society can continue to remove children from their family and Native-American communities. The paper concludes, therefore, that these communities must exercise their own preventative interventions aimed at curbing and resolving juvenile criminal behaviors.
From the Paper
"The legal relationship between the Americans and Native Americans has long been one that ensured the European descendants of the earlier settlers had and would retain legal domain over the territory and lands originally under Native American domain. Early laws governed fishing and hunting, and by the late 19th century, the courts were upholding the States' territorial rights over land claims made by Native Americans (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). In 1884, the Supreme Court delivered its decision in the case of Elk v. Wilkins, which held that an Indian was not made a citizen by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). The Court held, too, that acts of Congress do not extend to Native Americans unless it specifically mentions the Native American as a group in the decision (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). The ruling made clear that the government was not looking for assimilation (Johansen, 1998, p. 8), rather eradication was the goal."
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Culture Clashes in Rowlandson's Narrative, 2009.
An analysis of the literary themes in Mary Rowlandson's "The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson".
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how Mary Rowlandson's "The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson," is what Harvey Pierce labels a "religious confessional" and a "visceral thriller". The paper shows, however, how her work goes far beyond the genre of a captivity narrative and instead suggests the monumental cultural gap between Native-Americans and the English.
From the Paper
"From the epic poetry of Homer to the historical logs of Thucydides, the victor has always earned the right to function as the historical storyteller. In her short book, "the Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson," however, it is not the victors, but rather the captive who writes history. Because of this, Rowlandson's work can be considered a monumental piece of literature. In fact, University of California professor Harvey Pierce writes that this type of work, later called the captivity novel, has an important function in the literary realm as a piece of historical literature in which "historical fact" becomes second to "what the narrative was for the readers from whom it was written" (Pierce 1). Pierce notes that "what the narrative was" for its readers can range from "religious confessional" to "visceral thriller;" and Rowlandson's work exhibits a bit of both of these extremes (1). In fact, Rowlandson uses both the themes of "religious [confession]" and "visceral thriller" to establish the cultural gap between herself and the Native Americans."
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Navajo Code Talkers in WWII, 2009.
This paper discusses how the Native-American Navajo nation served in the American military as radio transmitters during WWII.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the Navajo, like many other native tribes, readily served in WWII despite the fact that the United States had subverted and even arguably annihilated its culture. The paper attempts to shed light on this and suggests that the belated recognition of culture by a recognized representative of white culture and society, the military, was a source of motivation for them.
From the Paper
"The Navajo Code Talkers are a fascinating group of individuals who served in WWII as radio transmitters, mainly in the Marines. (Townsend 145) The complex and relatively unknown language of the Navajo served as a concentrated and ready made medium for transmitting military information in a secure manner to ensure the safety and integrity of military operations. The concept of Native American's serving in the military was not completely new but it took the very popular WWII as well as the indoctrination of hundreds of thousands of Native people's into the white culture, mainly through white education systems for the native peoples to eagerly seek enlistment in the American military. Although the United States basically annihilated the Native American Indian tribes, Indian men from the Navajo nation seemed more than willing to enlist in military service just fifty years later in 1941, when asked to do so specifically for the purpose of code transmission. (Townsend 145)"
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The Native-American Feminine Earth Mother, 2009.
This paper provides a comparison and contrast of David Cusick's and Luci Topahonso's Native-American works of literature.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that combining the melodious sounds of a sophisticated oral tradition with the beautiful imagery of an untainted United States' wilderness, Native-American authors have given American literature a unique selection of poetry and prose. The writer discusses that both David Cusick's version of the Iroquois Creation Myth and Luci Tapahonso's poem "A Breeze Swept Through" illustrate the importance of a feminine and motherly earth while still expressing a uniqueness in imagery and style. The writer points out that though many Native- American writers compose on similar themes, differences in style between authors can be extensive. The writer notes that David Cusick's Iroquois Creation Myth and Luci Topohonso's "A Breeze Swept Through" excellently illustrate this fact as both works detail the existence of a feminine and motherly earth but accomplish this through two wildly different literary styles.
From the Paper
"Though both Cusick and Tapahonso's works identify an important trait in Native-American folklore, the existence of a female and motherly earth, the works do this in very different ways. Cusick's work is prose, a story or myth that is meant to explain some universal truth for the listener. Though it is beautiful in its prose, its true beauty is in its content; its purpose is to inform the reader about how the earth was created. For this reason, readers are awed more with the sophistication and symbolism of an earth divided into good and bad by two twins born of a mother whose body now shines in the sky than the artful language and description in the story. On the other hand, Topohonso's poem primarily uses language to establish a beautiful sound worthy of the Native-American oral tradition."
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The Hopi Tribe, 2009.
Looks at the Hopi tribe of Northern Arizona especially livelihood issues.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Hopis of the Three Mesas in northern Arizona were hunter-gatherers, but they began subsistence farming about 1200 years after they migrated northward from Mexico. They still are known for growing small, blue ears of corn without any irrigation. The author describes this matrilineal society, their pueblo homes, complex belief system and their dependency on tourism but not on gaming. The paper concludes that the peaceful Hopis are one of the few remaining traditional tribes in the United States, fiercely proud of their heritage and culture.
From the Paper
"The Hopis have a complex belief system, based on their cornfields and the growing season. They believe in over 300 different types of Kachinas, or spirits. They hand carve the Kachinas out of cottonwood roots and other woods and then decorate them with paint and handmade clothing. These Kachina dolls serve as toys for young girls, but they are also extremely popular with tourists who visit the mesas. Many of the Kachinas also participate in the elaborate dances and religious ceremonies held throughout the year."
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The Cherokee Culture, 2009.
An examination of the impact of intolerance of tribal religion on the Cherokee over the last 150 years.
1,148 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper overviews the Cherokee tribe and shows how religious intolerance has virtually destroyed the cultural foundations of the culture. The paper explains the two points of view with regard to the causes of this situation and believes that both these points of view have to be taken into account to understand how various influences led to the decline of the Cherokee culture.
Outline:
Introduction and Background
Religious Aspects and Intolerance
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Cherokee are one of the largest North American indigenous tribes. They are linked to the Iroquoian linguistic family and the Southeast culture area. (Cherokee) "The Cherokee are the only surviving representative of the southern Iroquoian peoples, the split between the ancestral Cherokee and the Northern Iroquoian occurring about 3,500-4,000 years ago" ( Cherokee Religion).
"Archeological evidence suggests that the Cherokee migrated in the distant past from Texas or northern Mexico as well as the area surrounding the Great Lakes. (Cherokee) They then moved south to the Allegheny and Appalachian mountain regions in modern North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and northern Georgia and Alabama. This was where they were first encountered by Europeans when the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto arrived in the area in 1540. It is also significant to note that this first encounter with the European culture was a smallpox epidemic that killed approximately eleven thousand Cherokees (Cherokee)."
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Native American Music, 2009.
A look at the history and development of Native-American music.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a historical account of Native-American music and explains that the Native-American music made in Europe lacks certain elements that make it unique.
From the Paper
"Before the arrival of Europeans to North America, the native population had developed many complex musical styles. Without written language, music became one of the major modes of cultural expression. The values and histories of entire societies were distilled into their song, their dance and their costume. Today, Native American music is almost always crafted with a heavy dose of European influence. While Native American music today can be reasonably understood to be a reflection of a culture that has experienced significant European influence, at the same time the presence of that influence means that something authentic and unique has been irrevocably removed from the music."
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Native-American Culture, 2009.
This paper discusses Native-American culture, concentrating on the Cherokee nation.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that intolerance of native religion is a theme that pervades Native-American studies, as the conditions that many Indian nations suffered were guised with a highly religiously motivated idea of manifest destiny. The writer discusses that the Cherokee nation was no exception, as many members sought to live a life that was chosen for them, rather than made by choice. The writer points out that early in the Cherokee history there were struggles with conversion, indoctrination and intolerance of traditional ways. The modern Cherokee movement has tended to meld Christianity, forced upon them by white society, with the spirit of the old knowledge and religion, which like many other native nations was a core aspect of life. The writer concludes that this movement was so effective that the resurgence of Native-American religion today is a revival attempting to make sure that the traditions do not die and that the oldest of the generations has the opportunity to build and spread the faith and language of the elders.
From the Paper
"The Cherokee had a structured egalitarian society and in many ways were very "civilized" from the start with structured towns, rather than nomadic villages that moved with the seasons, a credit given to many other nations and part of the reason they were designated as one of five civilized tribes. The Cherokee were divided into seven clans, as seven was a sacred number to them and they had a war chief and a peace chief, Red Chief and White Chief, with a head medicine man that decided quarrels between the two chiefs who really worked in cooperation to rule the nation. Lineage was patrilinial and matrilineal with the father than the maternal grandmother sharing lineal duties such as naming children and such. The nation also had a subsistence economy where commodity was currency and there was little need for cash, the nation in fact resisted labor employment even into the beginning of the 20th century."
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Medicine in Colonial America, 2009.
Examines the medical practices in the colonial Americas from 1497 to 1776.
2,595 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and discusses the medical practices in the Americas during the colonial period, from 1497 to 1776, looking first at the medical practices of the original natives of the land. The paper then examines the medical practices used by the settlers from their various countries of origin, and finally, looks at the establishment of an orderly and institutionalized medical practice that was the foundation of modern medicine. The paper concludes that the medical advancements in America were a painful affair that took over two centuries to mature into the medical system we have now.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Ignorantly Healthy
The Development of 'Imperialist' Medicine
The Conditions of Life in Colonial America - Health Issues
The Development of Medical Science
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The natives of the Americas, long before Columbus sailed over, we can assume on a statistical probability, had their share of illness. They have on record some medicines that suit such ailments. These medicines are called 'alternate remedies' today, albeit with a tinge of suspicion. It is argued that these medicines based on herbs and a sprinkling of religion thrown in is unscientific. But we can observe that the indigenous people have managed very well with this form of health remedies, otherwise there would not have been so many tribes to battle with in the first place. "
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North American Architecture Through the Ages, 2009.
This paper examines North American architecture from the
Pre-Columbian period to the Federalist period.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The architecture of North America spans many centuries and many distinct periods. This paper examines North American architecture from the pre-Aztec period up until the independence of the United States. The paper begins with an examination of Teotihuacan, in the Valley of Mexico and its influence the architecture of the Aztecs and other peoples in the pre European age. The paper then discusses native American architecture such as the pueblos of the American Southwest. Finally, the paper discusses architectural design and trends following the colonization of North America by European settlers and up until the Declaration of Independence.
From the Paper
"As the King's representative, the Governor of the Virginia Colony was an individual positioned somewhere between the sacred and the profane. Later American architecture - particularly as one approached the Federalist Period - further extended this separation between the different spheres of existence. In the nation's new capital, even the government was broken down into distinct branches. The vast neoclassical bulk of the Capitol and the White House, located as they were at opposite ends of the monumental Mall, emphasized the distance between these two functions. The whiteness of the structures underscores the purity and virtue of the new system as did the restrained lines and severe order of the columns and other classical elements. The Federalist style proper continued the trend toward simplicity and the overt representation of the ideals of the New Republic. Designed by architect Samuel McIntire, the John Gardner House in Salem, Massachusetts, perfectly captures the new American emphasis. Its severe cubic plan and intensely regular facade suggest that it is the domestic sphere that advertises the rue values of the American people. The focus is on the centrally-placed entrance, and thin white Corinthian columns stand out against the structure's brick walls with their regular lines of windows and straight stringcourses. In this paean to Federalist architecture and socio-cultural vales, the theme of North American architecture has come full circle. Cosmic symbolism has been transferred from the meeting place of the overall community to the dwelling place of the individual - a fitting monument to America's embrace of the individual."
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Native Americans, 2009.
A review of the the status of native Americans as a result of their ill treatment and discrimination.
1,338 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discuses the plight of native Americans which has gained the attention of many law makers and citizens alike. The paper notes that native Americans often suffer from high unemployment rates, poverty, and poor health care. The paper explores why native Americans are more likely to suffer from some of the aforementioned problems.
Outline:
Introduction
Background Info
Poverty, High Unemployment Rates, and Poor Health care
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As an outcome of low unemployment and poverty, Native Americans also suffer from poor access to healthcare which results in poor health. Like many other segments of the population, many Native Americans cannot afford health insurance. According to According to an article published by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, In spite of the formation of an "independent public health system and more than $3 billion in funds appropriated by Congress each year to deliver health care services for Native Americans, a wide range of public health status indicators demonstrate that Native Americans continue to suffer disproportionately from a variety of illnesses and diseases."
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Iroquois Land, 2009.
An examination of why the Iroquois nation was divested of its land and heritage by the United States government.
7,475 words (approx. 29.9 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the treatment of Native Americans by the early settlers and the later colonists of America has been a lesson in sorrow and despair. It attempts to show that not only was the dispossession of Iroquois land immoral and unethical, but in almost every instance illegal by any standards of contract and treaty as well. It also examines how often the Iroquois were represented by parties that were to benefit from their losses or simply not represented at all since the translation of the documents were often misleading or completely non-sequitur to the actual intention of the treaties and contracts involved.
Outline:
Prospectus
Introduction
The Land and the People are One.
The Patroons and Leasehold Estates
The Beginning of the End
The Father of Our Country
Time Marches On
The Last War Dance
The Trail not Taken
The Last of the Iroquois
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While there had always been many disputes over the Native American Territories long before then, the Iroquois would find that in 1785 New York and its then Governor, George Clinton, along with a company called The New York Genesee Land Company, would begin a process that would systematically remove them from their lands. First, The New York Genesee Land Company, an independent group of businessman, negotiated a 999-year-lease on the majority of Iroquois lands in New York State for the initial price of $20,000, and an ongoing annual rental fee of $2,000. The State charter had originally assumed full control over the governance of Native American territory which had been reserved to the Iroquois in 1768 by the establishment of a property line, west of which white men were forbidden to settle. The sale of any of the lands of the Six nations was reserved to judgment and prevue of the State alone. "
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The Sioux Native Americans, 2009.
An outline of the contributions to American history by the Sioux Native Americans.
2,310 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper notes that throughout the history of the United States not all people have not been treated equally and that the Native-American peoples were forced from the homes and lands that they had always known and that were sacred to them. The paper highlights that today the United States devalues the Native-American peoples and their cultures. The paper discusses the Sioux tribes who made a monumental, but often forgotten, contribution to world and American history and discusses the Sioux lifestyle, culture, mode of livelihood and existence, as well as their rituals and religious beliefs, and their battles with the US.
From the Paper
"Regardless of the extreme extent to which the United States devalues the Native American peoples and their cultures, from Inuit to Hopi, each has a culture that is now recognized as an important contributor to world and American history. While just one of the tribes who made this monumental, but often forgotten, contribution, the Sioux resided in the Great Planes areas of Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North and South Carolina. With a population of around 30,000 during the mid-1700s, the Sioux consisted of smaller tribes such as the Wahpekute, Mdewakantowan, Wahpetonwan, Sisitonwan, Ihanktonwan, and the Tetons".
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Native-American Art, 2009.
This paper evaluates the impact that post-war Native-American art has had on the evolution of late Modernism.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the work of a select group of Native-American artists working in the post-war era. The writer notes that these artists managed to adapt a Modernist language in their own work, while simultaneously subverting that language in filtering it through their own personal experiences as Native artists. The writer points out that while some of the artists discussed here are still active, focus is limited on the period immediately after World War II and up to the 1980s. The writer provides some insights into the ways in which the Modernist paradigm has constantly been challenged by the work of Native-American artists throughout the post-war period. This paper includes color photographs of various works of art.
From the Paper
"Although Houser would later come to be known primarily for his stone sculptures, this was his first major work in stone, the result of a commission by the Haskell Institute in Lawrence, Kansas. The work was meant to be a tribute to the students of Haskell who had died fighting for the United States in the Second World War. The work is a large-scale monumental piece that, though fairly straightforward in its execution, gives us some insight into the more abstract style that Houser would later develop in the course of his prolific career. The figure depicted, clearly a Native-American Indian male, wears a somber expression on his face. He is staring forward, clearly struck by the immense tragedy of a situation he is barely able to comprehend. He is wrapped in a blanket in an effort to protect himself from the cold harshness of the external world. The sculpture is neither realistic in a monumental sense nor rooted in the traditions of Apache Indian artwork; the style is all Houser's own. The overall shape of the piece is round and smooth. But it is the stunned expression on the Indian's face that ultimately pulls us in, reminding us that there are truths of a more existential nature that cannot be stated so easily, and that it is the task of art to ask such questions."
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