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Trade and Civilization, 2007.
A review of K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750".
1,609 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses trade and civilization in and around the Indian Ocean. It begins by describing the general link between an ocean and the development of peoples and civilizations lying within geographic proximity of it. The paper then goes on to review K.N. Chaudhuri's book "Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750" that the contention he makes in the book that the Asian oceanic trade of the "Dark" and Middle Ages dramatically shaped Asian civilization.
From the Paper
"The last area of discussion is the manner by which the internal economies of the Asian societies were influenced and shaped into one form or another by the Indian Ocean. Without question, countries adopt their economies to the natural resources they have available to them. Trade can very easily lead to specialization in certain areas above and beyond all others and to economic and technological innovation of the highest magnitude. When examining pages 186 and 187 of Chaudhuri's text, one is immediately struck by how certain geographic locations specialized in certain export items, such as China specializing in the export of silk or rice. This development foreshadows in today's age of globalization, and it gives lie to the theory that the specialization brought about by a global market is somehow a twentieth century phenomenon. In a real sense, the indigenous economies of many Asian countries to the present have their antecedents in the Indian Ocean trade of the pre-modern epoch."
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End of Life Issues, 2007.
This paper discusses end of life issues for the family.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses end of life issues for the family and notes that all nurses are certain to encounter these issues in some form. The writer points out that with a rapidly aging population, it is vital to provide culturally and gender-sensitive end-of-life interventions to enhance patient/family satisfaction and to efficiently allocate resources. The writer maintains that women experience end-of-life problems differently from men and minority cultures encounter very different issues from the white dominant culture. The writer looks at the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) that allows for a systematic method to complete a comprehensive family assessment as well as the choice of the most effective interventions to ensure family functioning. The writer discusses this topic with regards to communication, roles and influence.
From the Paper
"This dimension includes the family life cycle and the continuity and change related to a chronic illness. Culture and class interact with family development. Family life cycles such as death demand that that the family change and adapt. In terms of developmental assessment, any recent significant events in the family along with impending death need to be discussed. This assessment establishes the family's developmental stage, provides a perspective by which the current stressors can be explored to determine the probable impact on the family and on its future development."
"Within the functional dimension, expressive functioning includes verbal, nonverbal, and emotional communication, roles, influence, beliefs, and alliances or coalitions. Good communication is vital when a patient is dying; in this situation, communication is particularly important for the family members who are subject to extreme stress."
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Individualism in India, 2007.
An analysis of the rising influence of individualism in India.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of individualism within a society and how it differs between countries. Next, the paper examines the culture in India and focuses on describing the lack of individualism that appears to be in their culture. It then shows how there is, however, a rising culture of individualism in India through the influence of individual mobility and information access.
From the Paper
"Some ways that we could expect to see the rising influence of individualism in India are in individual mobility and information access. Access to information separate from the influence of the extended family network--such as through digital networks--undermines the authority of the group by placing unprecedented power to make informed decisions in the hands of the individual. The spread of information access and usage throughout India could well be indicative of a new trend toward individualist values. Similarly, personal mobility, both the freedom to do so as well as the willingness, will be affected by individualist values. Greater mobility means more freedom of movement and a greater need to take personal responsibility for personal and professional decision that cannot always include the social group or extended family. Information access and mobility represent two of the ways in which individualist values could be asserting themselves in India."
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Religion and Culture, 2007.
This paper looks at beliefs regarding the structure of organized religion.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the understanding that organized religion is mandatory in the lives of some individuals, while it is cast aside by others. The writer notes that within her own personal experience in relation to the larger social order, these practices are both acceptable, depending on the individual. The writer maintains that the acceptance of this belief is due to a background in which hypocrisy has been seen in religion, as events over the last several decades have demonstrated that organized religion is not always about God, but about wealth. The writer concludes that due to culture, gender or the structure of organized religion, the true basis of religion is consistently ignored and this creates issues in theology that are detrimental to the beauty of faith.
From the Paper
"This knowledge has affected how I envision a divine ministry because it forces me to question the truthfulness of those that represent the church. Additionally, these experiences have led me to believe that my personal connection to God is more devout that many ministers or supposed faithful. This is because when representatives of the church seek to gain prosperity from innocent believers who are struggling in this world, they are overlooking the real core of religion. Religion must be about a personal relationship with God, not about ensuring that the poor remain so throughout their lives in the name of God."
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Anti-Israel Palestinian Textbooks, 2007.
This paper looks at how Palestinian textbooks perpetuate anti-Israeli sentiments among Palestinian youth.
2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper demonstrates the culpability of Palestinian educators in creating a climate that is intolerant, contemptuous of civil debate and which openly seeks the destruction of the Jewish state. The paper discusses what can be done to change the course of Palestinian education. The paper concludes that if Palestine can be prevailed upon to produce textbooks emphasizing basic numeracy and literacy instead of revenge, there is hope that the future of the Middle East can be less bloody than its past.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is worth noting that Palestinians have been using Jordanian and Egyptian curricula and textbooks since the early 1950s. In light of the fact that Egypt has been a pretty virulent enemy of Israel for decades, it may be said that someone else's hatred not only found its way into Palestinian textbooks but actually complemented and amplified the antipathy Palestinians already felt towards Israel. In any case, Dr. Sami Adwan of Bethlehem University also writes that the aforementioned textbooks were subject to "complete censorship" by the Israeli military governor in the years between 1967 and 1993. Even when this state of affairs was modified in the 1990s, Adwan - who is Palestinian - writes that the Israelis continue to restrict the freedom of Palestinian students and teachers to move where they wish - and that the production of a new wave of Palestinian textbooks since the dawn of this decade has been done against a backdrop of violence and hopelessness."
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Anglo-Mexicans or Hispanics?, 2007.
This paper discusses the racial inequality sustained by Hispanics in America.
1,267 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that Hispanics in America have, since colonization by the Europeans first began, been fighting for some vestige of their true cultural identity. The paper discusses how the long institutionalized prejudice towards Hispanic populations in America has been a collective hardship in terms of both integration and quality of life. The paper describes the Hispanic population's unity and conformity to Anglo society.
Outline:
Introduction
What is Mexican?
Effect on Unity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The question of Mexican (Hispanic) identity is as politically charged as it is culturally anchored. Yet, this dynamic is a reflection of the identity crisis of the Hispanic itself: is it politically based in a policy of perpetual search for redress or is it a cultural identity in perpetual search for itself? Hispanics in America have, since colonization by the Europeans first began, been fighting for some vestige of their true cultural identity always, it seems, against the various bureaucratic and social mechanisms meant to dissociate them from themselves put in place by white America: "The greatest misfortunes of Spanish America are to be traced to the fatal error of placing these colored races on an equality with the white race""
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An Auto-Ethnography of My Life, 2007.
This paper is an auto-ethnography about how the experiences of living in three different countries have helped to form a deeply multicultural, complex person.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the author completed preschool and grade one in Hong Kong, one of the most multicultural cities in the world; however, his parents sent him and his brother to Sydney, Australia, to attended a private boarding school. The author explains that, regardless of how very hard they tried, he and his brother could never quite catch up with the other boys because they simply had too many disadvantages and additional stressors, such as extreme home-sickness. The paper relates that the whole family to Canada, which had a well-deserved reputation for being multicultural, in 1996, when the author was 14. The author reports that he was able to make a much better adjustment and, as an adult, has remained in Canada. The paper includes critical endnotes.
From the Paper
"After many years of hard work I was able to complete my high school education in Vancouver, and began the process to be accepted into Simon Fraser University. By the time I was accepted by SFU, my parents had decided to move back to Hong Kong. They cannot speak English at all, and I think they were too old and set in their ways to integrate into a foreign culture. Also, they had retired, so they did not have the enjoyment and stimulation of working. All in all, they were bored and socially isolated within a foreign culture, and really needed to get back to Hong Kong."
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Museum Anthropology, 2007.
This paper discuses the impact of new technologies on the practice of museum anthropology.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that new technologies are impacting the practice of museum anthropology by making possible a more accurate interpretation of what ancient objects are really saying, by removing long-held misconceptions, and by enabling museum anthropologists to get much closer to the real story told by these silent artifacts. The author points out that the invention of photography has made possible different kinds of exhibitions, while the invention of x-rays, combined with sophisticated computer analysis of these x-rays, has made possible a more informed understanding of what exhibit artifacts really mean. The paper relates that archaeologists, anthropologists, engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists are working together at the ancient site of Tiwanaku, Bolivia, to develop a large, subsurface surveying project that will attempt to identify artifacts before they are actually collected.
From the Paper
"Yet this was just the beginning of the ways in which technology would shape and frame the discourses engaged in by museum anthropologists. While the possibility of collections of photographs made possible a particular kind of exhibition, more recent advances have made possible a deeper insight into what the exhibitions actually mean. For example, the Krapina Neanderthal fossil bone collection was found in August, 1899, in caves in Croatia. It has long been thought that the collection was a relic of an ancient group of hominids that died out because they were weaker than other groups."
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Chagnon's Anthropology, 2007.
This paper explores the controversy surrounding the treatment of the Yanomamo tribe of Brazil by antrhopologist, Napoleon Chagnon.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Napoleon Chagnon has become the center of a heated debate surrounding his treatment of a tribal group he and a colleague studied for a number of years. The paper reviews four articles exploring the controversy but fails to find persuasive testimony which shows that Chagnon did harm to the Yanomamo tribe of Brazil, or that he and his colleague engaged in unethical behavior. The paper asserts that the unethical behavior of the review board which sought to ostracize Chagnon suggests that political motivations and not a genuine concern for the standing of the anthropological community is really at the heart of the furor.
From the Paper
"To begin with, Michael D'Antoni writes that Chagnon's work apparently revealed that those men who were the most violent among the Yanomamo people he studied in the 1960s were also the most likely to have many wives and many children - indeed, the most children. Thus, Yanomamo society - again, as determined by Chagnon - was a society characterized by lawlessness and where cruelty prevailed. Unfortunately, Chagnon's depiction of the Yanomamo brought him into conflict with powerful Roman Catholic missionaries and rival academics who felt that Chagnon's portrayal of the most "primitive" people on earth - and his assertion that the violence found in Yanomamo society was somehow characteristic of the true nature of man - were highly misleading. In effect, Chagnon argued - and continues to argue - that it is not modern society which creates war and strife but human nature; moreover, warfare drives the creation of modern societies (D'Antonio 2000:para.2-8)."
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Beer-Making, 2007.
This paper describes the history and complexity of beer-making.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that beer-making, which is a complex process involving the conversion of grains into usable sugars and requiring much skill and patience, has not changed fundamentally in centuries. The author points out that some people believe that beer-making originated about 10,000 years ago in Africa and was apparently made then, as it is now, from cereal grains. The paper relates that beer-making is captive to a sequential process, including a variety of essential ingredients, which must be closely adhered to if it is to achieve its full potential, at least in the eyes and palates of beer connoisseurs.
From the Paper
"For their part, hops and yeast also play key roles in the creation of commendable beer. To wit, the former is a "twining vine" that grows in the summer months and is commonly eaten as a vegetable with the leaves "blanched" and used a soup. But most of all, hops serve to add "bitterness and aroma" to a beer - even if they are considered an integral part of every brewing operation. Finally, yeast is another significant ingredient in the "typical" beer and it serves to convert fermentable sugars into alcohol - and into beer flavors."
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Third Sector, 2007.
An analysis of the history of the third sector and its relationship to American culture.
1,674 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history and background of the third sector. It begins by discussing the history of philanthropy, particularly charitable funds. It then discusses what the third sector is and how it fits into the American culture and lifestyle, as well as the relationship between the third sector and the government. The paper finally discusses the history of non-profit organizations.
From the Paper
"There would be a great loss if there were no churches or nonprofits to share the burdens of caretaking with the government. Russian Socialism attempted to do this without the benefit of peoples' organizations or churches and went broke. Caring for the needy and serving those who have issues with government, private corporations and civil rights is the role of the third sector and without this vital service, the society is not whole. The third sector and its myriad of nonprofits fill the needs of those who do find them fulfilled by government, private for-profit corporations or their family. It is absolutely necessary to have this sector in a free government. Although some may not function as efficiently as others or as well as those in other sectors, without nonprofit organizations a society cannot remain democratic. The presence of a thriving third sector in a nation might be seen as the sign that a nation is finally free."
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Tonga, 2007.
A brief overview of the politics, economics and culture of Tonga.
778 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
This paper relates thatTonga is a small nation, with a population of slightly more than 100,000 people. In particular, the paper looks at the political and economic conditions of the nation and how there are important components of the Tongan culture that a savvy business person must take into account in order to have a successful and profitable business experience there.
Outline:
Politics
Economy
Culture
From the Paper
"The political situation in Tonga could present a serious challenge to an overly ambitious foreign business operator. Tonga is a constitutional monarchy, but very different from other constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, where the royal family has mostly a symbolic role. In Tonga, King George Tupou V has a great deal of power and was recently given more by the national parliament (Tonga, 2007). That was allowed to occur because the majority of the Tongan parliament consists of members of the nation's powerful nobility, who have been appointed by the king for life to keep commoners from ascending to power. Although a democratic reform party has several seats in Tonga's parliament, it is still outnumbered by the nobility, which has a limiting influence on democratic reforms (Tonga, 2007). "
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"The Face of a Spider", 2007.
An analysis of the concepts presented in David Quammen's essay "The Face of a Spider."
1,808 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 0 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes David Quammen's essay "The Face of a Spider," in which he discusses arriving in his office one day to see it covered by baby black widow spiders. The paper reflects on Quammen's actions and thoughts as they are described in his essay. It then discusses the questions of how a human should behave toward the members of other living species.
From the Paper
"The narrator in the story arrives at his office and finds it full of spiders, and he is able to turn such an odd occurrence into something which gives him a greater reflection towards the world. He knew the mother spider was there, yet he ignored the problem and thus was forced to face black widows in his office. Now he is reflecting on that even from a few years ago, saying that, "To me, they stand for something" (Quammen). He even goes as far as to say what they stand for and that is a question he poses but he cannot answer. However, because of the experience with the spiders he is now enlightened. This state of enlightenment is expressed not only through his actions and direct language, but also through the way he speaks about other culture's dealings with living species. He is not critical, but open minded when mentioning the Janist culture for example. It is all part of a reflection on the events of the past, and therefore David Quammen has taken a simple event with little meaning and applied so much more to it."
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The Ethics of Educational Advertising, 2007.
An analysis of the ethics of educational advertising in Chinese and European markets.
25,041 words (approx. 100.2 pages), 34 sources, APA, £ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the ethical considerations considered to be the most important to consumers when advertising in countries where the market has mixed religious and secular moral traditions. Specifically, the study investigates what advice should be provided to client companies regarding marketing ethical sensitivities for Chinese customers. It compares the differences, if any, between Chinese and European markets in respect to the offensiveness of the execution of the promotional material. It then links this to religious affiliation, temporality orientation and polychronicity. A summary of the research, conclusions, and recommendations for business leaders in China and Europe are provided in the conclusion.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Research Methodology
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Key Words
Review of the Related Literature
Data Analysis
Summary and Recommendations
From the Paper
"4. As noted above, because Germany represents the largest trading partner with China of the current EU members, Chinese business leaders should concentrate on training their marketers in German customs and business practices - and the language itself wherever possible - and their German counterparts should likewise do the same for China according to the similar and dissimilar cross-cultural factors identified by Hofstede and their own empirical observations. Given the complexities of the Chinese language, and the polyglot of languages spoken throughout the European continent, and the enormity of the Chinese geographic area and its vast range of unique differences, though, it is reasonable to assume that a lingua franca of English and perhaps French in such marketing initiatives will continue to prevail for negotiating purposes, and there will be an increasing reliance on local national Chinese interpreters to help EU marketers better present their advertising materials in a fashion that is inoffensive to Chinese students' aesthetic and cultural sensibilities."
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