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Human Impact on Climate, 2008.
A discussion of the human impact on climate and an examination of the prospects of improving changes in the climate caused by human activity.
1,565 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the changing global climate and the human activities contributing thereto. The writer describes scientific research which can improve our ability to predict climate change and its impacts and provide a basis for mitigating the harmful effects of global climate change. This can be done through decreased human influences, technological advancement, and finding ways to adapt and become resilient to extreme events such as earthquakes and hurricanes. The paper concludes that future studies and technological advancements will pave the way for us to restore and repair our injured climate.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes to the Climate Caused by Human Activity
Improving Changes in the Climate
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A great deal of scientific research has noted the harms to the environment caused by human activity. The majority of these harmful activities have had a profound impact on the overall climate. The climate of an area includes the temperature, weather, water levels, and overall air quality of an area. Human activity such as garbage dumping, urbanization and even artificial restoration of an area have contributed to negative climate patterns. In response to these harms, new plans for growth and expansion that have "environmentally friendly" goals have been initiated throughout the United States as well as other parts of the world."
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Gun Control, 2008.
Presents the argument that in the 21st century, the US legislature should make the ability to bear arms a privilege instead of a right.
4,642 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the time has come for the US legislature to do away with anachronistic laws that support a dubious "gun culture", which is an aberration in a modern, developed society, and that the ability to bear arms should be a privilege instead of a right in the 21st century. The paper begins by tracing the origins of the "gun culture" in America and then presents the history and interpretation of the Second Amendment, which supposedly gives the right of bearing arms to the citizens. Next, the paper reviews both sides of the argument for and against gun control, and then presents arguments in favor of making laws that would make the bearing of arms in the 21st century a privilege instead of a right.
Outline:
Origins of the American "Gun Culture"
The Second Amendment, its Background and Interpretation
Supreme Court's Interpretation of the Second Amendment
Does the Proliferation of Guns Promote Crime and Violence?
The Economic Cost of Gun Violence
Public Opinion about Gun Control
Reasons Why More Stringent Gun-Control Measures are Still not in Place?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Articles of Confederation, drafted and formulated during the Revolution, was America's first Constitution. The document, too, reflected the authors' suspicion of standing armies and a strong central government. The Articles severely restricted the powers of the Congress and gave maximum autonomy to the States. The responsibility of national defense was placed on the State militias instead of a national army and the Congress could not exercise any military powers unless 9 of the 13 States consented. Article VI specifically stated: "every state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred." Before long, however, the founding fathers realized that the Articles were unworkable for running of an effective government because of the extremely limited powers granted to the central government. The fighting abilities of a volunteer militia as compared to a disciplined, professional army had already been exposed during the Revolution, and even George Washington had expressed his reservations about their effectiveness in private despite his public pronouncements in support of the citizen militia . "
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Refugees and Migrants, 2008.
An examination of the differences between refugees and migrants and how they the United Nations relates to them.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between refugees and migrants and looks at why these distinctions are important for political reasons. Specifically, the paper discusses trends of migrant and refugee movements over time. The paper also looks at the ways that migrants and refugees are referred to within the United Nations and the laws that relate to these two groups.
From the Paper
"It is important thus to create a set of clear procedures and screening process that would allow genuine asylum seekers to get refuge. For this reason, a distinction is sought between migrant and refugee. In quite poignant manner, the Convention states that a migrant is someone who may lose better quality of life if he is turned down, a refugee is someone who might lose his life altogether. The Convention and other UNHR handbooks offer clear guidelines on the issue of distinction between migrants and refugees. One handbook revised in 2007 makes the distinction between a migrant and a refugee in these words: "A migrant is a person who, for reasons other than those contained in the definition, voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up residence elsewhere. He may be moved by the desire for change or adventure, or by family or other reasons of a personal nature. If he is motivated exclusively by economic considerations, he is an economic migrant and not a refugee. The distinction between an economic migrant and a refugee is, however, sometimes blurred in the same way as the distinction between economic and political measures in an applicant's country of origin is not always clear.""
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Television Censorship, 2008.
Explores television censorship, especially for children, and the use of the V-Chip.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of children being exposed on television to massive amounts of violence, sex, drugs, adult language and inappropriate ideas. The author points out that self-policing by the entertainment industry and software locks on set-top boxes have yielded very few results. The paper examines the origin of the v-chip that physically prevents viewing, its role in the popular culture, the technology, and why it has not been successful. The author concludes that, unless a v-chip can be made that operates on some sort of personal or biometric recognition system, children will continue to act out what they see on television to the detriment of themselves and society. Personal policing is the only reliable course of action.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Censorship
V-Chip
Significance / Meaning of Censorship
Success of V-Chip
Statement of Purpose
History of Media Censorship
Definition
History
Non-V-Chip Methods
Legislative
Link between Television Violence and Juvenile Crime
Levels of Violence Shown on TV
Link between Juvenile Crime and Exposure to Violence
Link between Juvenile Crime and TV
Public Policy that Led to V-Chip
National Campaigns
Legislation
Attempts to Get Industry to Self-Regulate
Relative Success of the V-Chip
Technological Aspects
How Vchip Works
Industrial Adoption
Actual Effectiveness
Cultural Adoption
Public Policy Effectiveness
Has Public Policy Paid Off?
Has the V-Chip and Other Methods Actually Changed Society?
Reduction of Juvenile Crime
Underlying Causes
Effects of Reduction
Secondary Effects
From the Paper
"Ratings, however, are simply not an effective deterrent. The determined child can simply keep his eyes open and watch as people kill each other on the screen. Ratings do not prevent actual viewing and it is viewing violence that creates violence. Therefore, the only course of action remaining, apparently, is to actually prevent children from watching particularly violent television shows. There are two basic ways to accomplish this that the broadcasting industry has agreed to participate in. First there is the "windowing" of television."
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Goodfriend, Joyce D. "Before the Melting Pot": Review, 2008.
A review of Joyce D. Goodfriend's book, "Before the Melting Pot".
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Joyce D. Goodfriend's book, "Before the Melting Pot", and explains that the book highlights the fact that the story of American diversity and immigration did not begin in the 19th century but has its roots early on, before America even officially became 'America'. The paper discusses how Goodfriend's book is a potent reminder that America is a nation founded by immigrants and notes that the book pays particular attention to New York's Dutch population. The writer also notes what she believes to be one of the most interesting aspects of the book: Goodfriend's discussion of the importance of African-Americans in the development of the young New York City.
From the Paper
"Goodfriend's analysis is a potent reminder of the fact that America is a nation founded by immigrants. Early New York City was made up of a heterogeneous blend of populations that came to the land's borders for different reasons. New York did not suddenly transform itself into a city divided into little Italy, of Eastern European Jewish and Chinese neighborhoods, rather it began as a blend of ethnicities, and even after the English government came to dominate its political life, the groups that had lived there before the English still kept their cultures alive. New York City had an unusually diverse ethnic makeup, with substantial numbers of Dutch, English, Scottish, Irish, French, German, and Jewish immigrants, as well as African-Americans who came as forced immigrants in the form of slaves."
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Air Cargo Security, 2008.
A discussion to understand gaps in the current screening of air cargo and the problematic regulations that dictate the screening processes.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current regulations for transporting cargo on passenger airlines and notes that transportation of cargo is a multi-billion-dollar business that is critical to the American economy and the health of the airline industry. Specifically, the paper presents an overview of current regulations regarding the industry and considers the possible effects of a mandate to have 100 percent of cargo screened by 2009. A review of existing screening technologies shows that, without efficiency, cost and technology improvements, meeting the mandate could prove impossible without crippling the air cargo industry.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Regulations
Inspection Methods
Effects on Passenger Airlines
Technology, Funding must Provide Solutions
From the Paper
"But what exactly does it mean to "screen" cargo? Screening does not entail thoroughly inspecting every piece of cargo placed on aircraft, which could undermine the logistics of air cargo transport by creating cost and time pressures. In fact, ATSA did not establish a specific requirement or percentage of air cargo that needed to by physically inspected. Importantly, ATSA seemed to recognize that present screening methods would make it impractical for all air cargo to be thoroughly checked, and the legislation called for the acceleration of research development, testing, and evaluation of threat screening technology for cargo loaded onto aircraft. In short, ATSA, as it is currently written, allows for a great deal of unchecked cargo to be loaded onto passenger planes."
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Forecasting Terrorism, 2008.
This paper discusses major trends in terrorism in recent years.
3,614 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines and analyzes the major trends in terrorism in recent years and points out that terrorism has become a global trend. The paper asserts that, given the increasingly global and sophisticated international activities of terrorists, terrorism can be battled only by a united force of nations throughout the world. The paper outlines some possible strategies for fighting terrorism and then discusses psychological vs. strategic/rational choice approaches to analyzing terrorist movements. The paper also describes the organizational patterns of terrorist groups and concludes that, to fight terrorism, nations must put aside petty disagreements and self-interest and focus instead on combating the threat posed by terrorism.
Outline:
Major Trends in Terrorism in Recent Years
Psychological vs. Strategic/Rational Choice Approaches to Analyzing Terrorist Movements
Major Organizational Patterns of Terrorist Groups
From the Paper
"Currently, this has changed to focus on micro-actors that can create great destruction with the use of technology. It is no longer necessary for terrorists to gather large amounts of manpower, or even to be on the premises of their target in order to create their projected destruction. Indeed, this can now be done by the push of a button, and frighteningly, terrorists are becoming increasingly good at this.
"In response to the new paradigm of terrorist threat, the United States began to focus its defense efforts upon terrorists whose striking capability has global reach. This resulted in creating a military strategy that adhered to a capabilities rather than a threat-based approach. This means that defense professionals would concentrate on how the enemy might strike rather than who the enemy is, because the latter has become increasingly difficult to determine."
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Nuclear Power, 2008.
This paper addresses the concerns associated with using nuclear power.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at concerns associated with nuclear power and breaks them down into three perspectives: emotional, logical, and ethical. The paper first discusses the emotional perspective, noting that it is one that is very easy to understand. The paper then discusses the issue from a logical perspective and argues that, from this perspective, the emotional concerns about nuclear energy are unfounded for several reasons. The paper presents these reasons and then discusses the ethical perspective, explaining that this perspective is closely related to the logical perspective. The paper concludes that all human endeavors of large scale involve certain risks and just as we do not prohibit vehicular travel, we should not worry about using nuclear energy in principle. Rather, the focus of ethical concerns should be to ensure appropriate management and oversight of nuclear power generation and not on whether or not nuclear energy should be used.
Outline:
Introduction
Emotional Perspective
Logical Perspective
Ethical Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When Albert Einstein introduced his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, he revolutionized the future of man on Earth. One of the implications of Einstein's theory, represented by the infamous equation E = mc2 was the equivalence of mass and energy. This equivalence meant that very small amounts of energy represented tremendous amounts of energy, which could be released through nuclear fission (Rennie, 2003)."
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Medical Ethics: Stem Cell Technology, 2008.
A debate on the medical ethics connected to stem cell technology.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial subject of stem cell technology, explaining that at present the only types of stem cell derivative therapies that are eligible for federal funding are those for which adult stem cells are useful. The writer presents arguments in favor of stem cell research and explains how the controversy surrounding the ethics of stem cell research transcends the field of medicine, as they raise legal issues at the core of the US constitutional system.
From the Paper
"The controversy surrounding the ethics of stem cell research transcend the field of medicine, because they raise legal issues at the core of our constitutional system. Secular medical ethicists define life much differently than traditional religious philosophers, in that scientists employ objective criteria like the development of neural structure, circulation, brainwaves, and the concept of consciousness or sentience. Religious philosophers object to any research use human tissue from the moment it is fertilized, at which point they consider it exploitation of a human being who is fully entitled to human rights and to the protection of law (Sagan, 1997).
"The imposition of religious definitions into secular laws violates the fundamental constitutional principle of separation of Church and State upon which the United States was originally founded. At present, federal funding restrictions passed by the Bush administration severely constrains the field of embryonic stem cell research, forcing some patients to seek derivative therapies abroad, where valuable stem cell research continues without governmental interference."
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The Protect America Act, 2008.
This paper provides an in-depth review of the Protect America Act of 2007.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Protect America Act of 2007, which is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper looks at how the Act modernizes the FISA and then examines the rationale behind it. The paper explains how this law addresses the missing and significant gaps in the securing of intelligence surveillance information about targets in foreign lands.
Outline:
How the Act Modernizes the FISA
Rationale Behind the Modernization of FISA
Changing the Concept of Electronic Surveillance
Extending the Wiretap Law
Across-the-Board Exemption
Spur of the Moment and Secret Order
President Bush's Urges
Implications of the Act
How It All Happened
"Reasonably Believed"
For National Security and "Other" Purposes
A Lowering of Standards
How the Act Would Work to Close the Dangerous Surveillance Gap
From the Paper
"The Protect America Act of 2007 is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act or FISA (Department of Justice 2007, GovTrack.us 2007). Sponsored by Senator Mitch McConnell on August 1 this year, it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Act consists of permanent amendments to the FISA in order to keep the United States safe. It is designed to provide the intelligence community with necessary inputs about terrorists, America's enemies."
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Jemaah Islamiyah, 2008.
An in-depth review of the Jemaah Islamiyah Southeast Asian terrorist group.
4,091 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the Jemaah Islamiyah organization and their goal of creating an Islamic state in Southeast Asia. The paper discusses this terrorist group's origins, creation, current status, financing and ideology. The paper also shows how the organization's underground activities, the close international cooperation with so many other groups around the world, and the financing make it impossible for the organization to be terminated. The paper asserts that we can only closely monitor the organization and prevent other terrorist attacks that they are most likely planning.
From the Paper
"The main goal of the organization is of creating an Islamic state in Southeast Asia. Considering that Southeast Asia has the largest Muslim population in the world, it is no news that extremist Muslim organizations operate in the area. Jemaah Islamiyah is the strongest and most dangerous terrorist organization in the region particularly because of the great number of people that believe in the cause of the organization. The dimension of its attacks shows that Jemaah Islamiyah is an organization that is truly committed to its goals and that it should be dealt with in the most serious manner."
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Human Resources and Immigrant Reform, 2008.
This research paper examines the burden of human resource staff in complying with the expectations placed on them in hiring and managing personnel.
6,527 words (approx. 26.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 107.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at how the laws and rules that have been created to discourage the hiring of undocumented workers present new challenges for human resource personnel within businesses and organizations in the United States. The paper provides a literature review and concludes that the best way to ensure compliance with the 1986 Act is for employers to maintain the appropriate documentation and to perform regular compliance audits. The paper makes a specific mention of the I-9 form that seems to be more important than any other in ensuring the compliance of an organization in attempting to accurately verify the status of new hires. The paper provides a glossary of terms used in the paper.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Conclusion and Summary
From the Paper
"One of the intensely debated issues in America right now is the border between Mexico and the United States. In the past year, many states have responded to the impact of illegal aliens on their states' legal, economic, medical, educational and social systems by passing aggressive new rules and laws requiring landlords and employers to verify certain applicant information before providing housing or hiring employees in order to discourage the housing and hiring of undocumented tenants and workers (Green and Coibanu, 2006, p. 1203). The Department of Homeland Security has said that it is going to begin enforcing the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act on employers (The Washington Times, April 21, 2006, p. A01)."
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Immigration in "Chorus of Mushrooms", 2008.
An analysis of Hiromi Goto's book, "Chorus of Mushrooms" and the subjective presentation of the immigration phenomenon.
868 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Hiromi Goto's book, "Chorus of Mushrooms" that focuses on three generations of women; the eighty year old Naoe, her daughter Keiko and the granddaughter Muriel and their subjective view points on immigration. The paper explores the different positions taken by grandmother, daughter and granddaughter in relating to and accepting the new territories, cultures, language and people. The paper highlights how the subjectivism of the novel takes the immigration phenomenon out of its demographic and political context to look at it through the eyes of those leaving their homes.
From the Paper
"Five year old Naoe and her family were forced out of their home and thrown into the world in search of a new life. The need for a new life has taken Naoe to numerous towns, cities and even countries, eventually leading her to Canada at the age of sixty. The immigration motif is relevant to the Chorus of Mushrooms as it portrays the elements that define a large part of the population. Just as Naoe, most immigrants leave their houses with the hope of finding a better life. Some find it, while others don't. But what unites this large mass of immigrants is their constant longing for the places and the people they left behind, for the things they grew up with and for the things that first gave meaning to the word home."
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Scott Louis Panetti, Petitioner, 2008.
An analysis of the issues related to the motion filed by Scott Panetti stating that he was not fit to be executed for his crime due to mental illness.
1,327 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Petitioner Scott Panetti who was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death by a state court in Texas. It particularly focuses on Panetti's filing of a petition to the state court in which he stated that due to his mental illness, he could not be executed. The paper discusses the facts of the case, the issues and the opinions that affected its outcome.
Table of Contents:
Facts
Issues
Holdings
Rationale
Separate Opinions
Analysis
From the Paper
"The main argument used by Panetti's defence was that a death row and mentally unstable inmate could only be executed provided that he possessed "rational understanding." However, the court felt that such a standard was subjective and manipulative and would create a precedent on which death row inmates could escape the capital punishment. "Moreover, such a requirement - imported from the Court's Fifth and Sixth Amendment jurisprudence concerning defendants' strategic participation at the guilt and sentencing phases - is out of place at the moment of execution. Finally, the retributive and deterrent interests served by the death penalty - focused primarily as they are on society at large rather than the capital murderer - do not demand the "rational understanding" that Panetti urges.""
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