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Abortion, 2007.
An argument against Judith Jarvis Thomson's analogy for abortion, found in her article "A Defense of Abortion."
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of abortion from the point of view of Judith Jarvis Thomson, found in her article "A Defense of Abortion." It discusses the issue by describing Thomson's hypothetical situation where a woman is essentially tethered to a famous violinist, who lives off the woman's organs. The paper argues against the logic used in Thomson's analogy, while still proposing that there may be circumstances where abortion should be legitimate.
From the Paper
"Perhaps we can all agree that no unborn baby ever reaches adult size and that, in many pregnancies, the baby's size does not become a significant obstruction until the very late stages of the pregnancy. In fact, at the six-month mark a typical fetus will only weigh about a pound and a half (Battle, 1982). And, certainly, pregnant women can be quite active. Many pregnant women exercise and even travel well into their pregnancies. The body has a natural mechanism for storing and carrying an unborn baby. And while we may all agree that carrying a nine-pound baby inside one's womb is not a simple task, we can also agree that the baby is not nine pounds for the vast majority of the pregnancy and that it is still a much easier task than having a grown adult plugged into one's kidneys. The situations, quite simply, are not analogous."
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The American Intelligence Community, 2007.
This paper looks at how the United States' intelligence community has evolved since World War II to the present.
2,507 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the enormous political and economic changes since the Second World War have dramatically changed the way governments collect and use intelligence. The paper shows how the United States' intelligence community has changed considerably since the end of the Second World War. The paper explains that at that time, it was a force to fight the spread of communism and with it the growth in power and influence of America's chief rival, the Soviet Union. Today, it has become a terrorist-fighting organization and one that is intimately linked with other law enforcement agencies.
From the Paper
"The enormous political and economic changes of the years since the Second World War have dramatically changed the way governments collect and use intelligence. During that period of time, the United States went from a nation with only a small, primarily wartime intelligence community, to a state in possession of an extensive national security apparatus. The "national security state" arose first in response to the perceived threat of communism, and eventually grew to encompass many other potential dangers. Terrorism, economic espionage, as well as rogue states and foreign domestic disturbances are now included within the purview of the contemporary American intelligence community."
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Alien Rights, 2007.
A discussion whether illegal immigrants should have the same rights as legal American citizens.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The author explores the arguments surrounding the issue of illegal immigration and discusses its positive and negative effects on the United States. The paper looks at the costs in terms of employment, national security, health and social spending and diseases brought into the country. The paper also examines the benefits to the economy that supporters of illegal immigration attribute to these aliens. The author concludes with the opinion that the United States should not tolerate illegal immigrants crossing the borders to take advantage of employment, health care and educational opportunities.
From the Paper
"There are an estimated 12 million illegal aliens living and working in the United States. None of them have any real fear of ever being detained or deported, because it is doubtful anyone is even looking for them (Seper 2004). Explains one veteran Border Patrol supervisor in Arizona, "If they can get by us - and a lot of them do - they know they can go underground, find a job and disappear, particularly in the several cities and towns across the country that have large Hispanic populations" (Seper 2004). In fact, an estimated 1 million illegal aliens flood into the U.S., and few draw attention once they pass through the border region (Seper 2004)."
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Assisted Suicide, 2007.
An analysis of Plato's views on suicide and assisted suicide, as seen in his works.
1,556 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the views of the ancient philosopher, Plato, on suicide. The paper shows that his views, when examined in the context of assisted suicide, show his stance to be one of general disapproval, with a few exceptions. The paper examines his general views in "Phaedo," "Laws" and "The Republic" and then discuss the exceptions to his stance.
From the Paper
"The only assisted suicide Plato would find acceptable based on his beliefs of suicide in general and on his beliefs regarding medical assistance, would be an assisted suicide for the terminally ill and disabled. Again, however, Plato's views on this matter suggest the decision to end the life of such a person would not be in the hands of the ill, but in the views of society in terms of the individual's ability to contribute to moral and social standards. Since the modern view of assisted suicide refers to an individual's choice to end life, such an act would be disapproved of by Plato. Only in cases where society views the individual as a burden, and thus, as an undesirable citizen, would such an assisted suicide be seen as morally acceptable. To assist an individual who is capable of contributing to society, but is simply unwilling to do so, would be morally reprehensible."
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Abortion Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses the right to an abortion and argues pro-choice.
1,549 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper takes the position that abortions should remain a legal option for a woman; her right to control what happens to her own body should not be in the hands of politicians in Washington, or anti-abortion activists anywhere. The writer maintains that a woman's right to privacy is, according to Roe v. Wade, protected by the Constitution. Further, the writer claims that, even though the present executive branch of the U.S. Government is "pro-life" in philosophy and has placed two new Justices who are potentially able to tip the scales to overturn Roe v. Wade, the law should continue to uphold a woman's right to privacy, and allow abortions in clean, medically appropriate healthcare facilities.
Outline:
Introduction
Abortion and Women
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There was a law in 1972 that was struck down by the Court in Eisenstadt v. Baird; the Court ruled that distribution by doctors of the birth control pill to unmarried adults was legal. In 1976, three years after Roe v. Wade, the Court ruled that a married woman did not have to have her husband's permission to get an abortion, if she wanted one."
"The Bush Administration has been pro-life throughout its 6 years in the executive branch of U.S. Government so far; and the NOW Web site points out some of the decisions Bush has made to push forward his administration's agenda."
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Global Warming, 2007.
This paper discusses global warming as a man-induced condition that has produced a real environmental problem.
1,119 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer maintains that global warming represents the single major environmental problem of the 21st century. The writer points out that man's quest for development has contributed to environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources. The natural equilibrium of earth is altered by man-made conditions. Today, the writer notes that while a strong majority of the people believe that global warming represents a real threat and a serious problem that deserves our immediate attention, there are yet others who continue to attribute it as a natural phenomenon or one without economically viable interventions. The writer provides a brief description of global warming and then discusses the reasons why this condition or process is disturbing.
Outline:
Introduction
Global Warming (A real problem)
Undeniable Facts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What is disturbing, however, is the man induced increase in greenhouse gases, which now trap more heat and thereby increase the temperature of earth more than usual. Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased dramatically due to human activities. Scientists have found that the atmospheric concentration of CO2, one of the important greenhouse gases has increased by over 30% in the post industrial revolution period. The burning of fossil fuels has contributed to this huge increase in CO2, Methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases. Environmental scientists state that the average increase of Earth's temperature, which was 1 F per century, has over the last three decades increased to 4 F per century. The UN intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that man-made greenhouse pollution over the last fifty years is directly responsible for this rapid warming up of the Earth. If industrial pollution and emission of greenhouse gases go unchecked, it would bear serious consequences for the delicately balanced ecosystems, which cannot adapt to this rapid, artificially induced temperature changes and consequent changes in weather patterns."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper explores the controversial issue of stem cell research.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that stem cell research is one of the most exciting fields of biology today and yet as it generates new discoveries, it also raises many questions. The writer points out that stem cell research has the potential of developing treatment for some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects. Further, the writer notes that while some oppose any type of stem cell research, others oppose only the use of embryonic stem cells but support stem cells derived from adults (such as from bone marrow), from umbilical cords, and from animals. The writer concludes that experts emphasize the need for adequate federal and international uniformity concerning the regulation of embryonic stem cell research to avoid potential abuse.
From the Paper
"Although there are a number of sources for stem cells, each varies in terms of their versatility and usefulness. They can be derived from embryos, fetal tissue, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissue. Fetal stem cells are derived from aborted or stillborn fetal tissue. Embryonic stem cells can come from excess embryos created in fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization, from embryos created specifically for the purpose of research, or from embryos created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the nucleus is removed from a donated egg, replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then induced to divide into an embryo; this process could reduce rejection problems associated with transplantation of stem cells because the replacement nucleus comes from the individual to who the stem cells are given. Generally, embryonic and fetal stem cells are pluripotent and offer the greatest potential, whereas stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood or adult tissues are mainly multipotent or unipotent."
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Contraceptive Devices, 2007.
This paper provides a review of contraceptive methods.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews alternatives to the various contraceptive methods available. The writer looks into the issue of possible side effects and also into each device's respective effectiveness in providing reliable protection from pregnancy. The writer notes that there are in fact several workable and reasonably dependable methods to prevent pregnancy, and those are reviewed. In the conclusion of the paper, the writer makes the recommendation for the contraceptive device that this writer believes is the best for the woman who fears she may forget to take her pill.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The contraceptive patch gives the woman "continuous daily doses" of estrogen; the woman has to put a new patch on each week, so one can see that for a forgetful person, the patch might not be the best way to go. She puts a new patch on each week for 3 weeks, then goes a week without the patch, during which time her menstruation occurs. The FDA warns women who use the patch, that they are getting higher doses of estrogen than with oral contraceptives."
"Another option is the vaginal ring, which is "easily inserted" and it remains in her vagina for three weeks; she takes it out after three weeks, goes a week without a ring, and then puts a new one in for three more weeks."
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"Extinction"--A Book Review, 2007.
A review of Douglas H. Erwin's book "Extinction."
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Douglas H. Erwin's book "Extinction," which addresses one of several mass extinctions that have been found in the history of life on earth. The author describes the books format, as well as some of Erwin's theories behind the end-Permian mass extinction. The reviewer concludes by describing how Erwin's book can be applied to today's climatic changes. The book can thus be a warning as well as an informative discussion of the past.
From the Paper
"The author also begins by considering some of the other mass extinctions that took place at a much earlier date, in part to see what caused those extinctions in order to see if the same causes applied to the Permian extinction. The evidence from the extinction at the K-T boundary (between the Cretaceous and the Triassic) has been much analyzed because of the discovery of higher deposits of iridium from that period. Iridium is found primarily in meteors or in some volcanic explosions, and so the higher levels have caused many to see the extinction of the dinosaurs as caused by a large meteor crashing into the earth and depositing iridium around the world on the same geologic level. Another substance found at the site of extinctions has been fullerenes, which can be produced by lightning strikes, forest fires, and meteorite impacts. Some evidence exists for an impact around the time of the Permian extinction, but the author says this is inconclusive at this time."
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"We Are All Suspects Now", 2007.
An analysis of the impact on families in America following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, as described in "We Are All Suspects Now" by Tram Nguyen.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the way that society labels individuals. The writer explores the events of September 11, 2001 and discusses how that event impacted immigrant families around America. The paper describes how this impact is discussed in the book, "We Are All Suspects Now" by Tram Nguyen. In addition the writer explores the theory of labeling and applies it to the problems arising from the September 11 event. The paper concludes with the writer's response to the book.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
To Be Suspect
From the Paper
"The content of this book affected my way of thinking in a very positive manner. Before I read the book I had a basic understanding of the concept that Middle Eastern immigrants were being profiled and targeted in America. However, this book brings forth two very important points. The first of course is that targeting an individual because of the ethnic group he or she belongs to is not fair. We know this in theory, however, reading about these very innocent families and the things that they have been force to endure makes it even more important to me that the nation begin healing and removing the fears that cause this type of behavior against innocent people."
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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Abstinence, 2007.
This paper discusses abstinence as the only reliable method of avoiding unwanted pregnancies among teenagers.
1,271 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sex education became a popular mode of addressing the problem of teenage pregnancy when the issue turned into a pressing and alarming concern. The writer argues that abstinence is found to be the only real and substantial approach to handling the problem, as it is clear that other approaches have failed to produce the desired result. The writer maintains that that abstinence-based programs have been far more effective and successful in bringing down the rate of teenage pregnancies than sex education programs. The writer concludes that abstinence is rightly considered the more effective approach and is thus being implemented in a large number of schools across the country.
From the Paper
"The reason traditional sex education is criticized is because teaching students about safe sex makes them believe that as long as they are using contraceptive, engaging in sexual activity is acceptable and safe. But that sadly is not the truth. There is medical evidence indicating that abstinence and not safe sex is the only reliable method of avoiding pregnancies. One article compared the effectiveness of sex-education programs in schools and found that schools with abstinence-based program had better results. These programs were more effective in preventing teenage sexual activity and pregnancies. Khouzem The Teen-Aid abstinence education curriculum has been widely used in Washington's city of Edinburgh for 5 years."
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Global Environmental Problems, 2007.
A discussion on how the pollution of coastlines makes us more vulnerable to global environmental problems.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how recent disasters in North America, such as the flooding of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, and the water table problems in Texas, show us that development of fragile environments and uncontrolled pollution of the environment can have grave consequences. The paper discusses how weather patterns are being globally changed by the patterns of human habitation. The paper concludes that, while it may take years for society to undo some of the damage done to the global ecosystem, society can and must make changes locally to limit the damage.
From the Paper
"In addition to the physical damage to barrier islands and coastline areas, salinization, that is, an increase of salt content, of these areas kills off the local wildlife, an important part of the food chain. The salinization is a consequence of human use of water for living and also of industrial use. We use the water and then let it flow back into the aquifer with extra salt. Irrigation adds even more pollutants to the water table. The salt water parts of coastal estuaries and salt water marshes creates unique niches for local wildlife."
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Legal Abortion in Canada, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of legal abortion in Canada.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer explains that abortion was decriminalized and abortion clinics were established in Canada as a result of direct challenges to federal and provincial governments. The writer looks at Section 251, which restricted the conditions under which abortions could be performed and not be considered an indictable offense. The writer notes that on January 28, 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Section 251 of the Criminal Code unconstitutional. The writer concludes that social policies that support women, including prenatal education, universal daycare, parental leave, community midwives, affordable housing and economic equality, are needed in order to ensure real freedom of reproductive choice.
From the Paper
"Section 251 was passed in 1969. This law criminalized abortion under any circumstances but in an accredited hospital with a therapeutic abortion committee. Activism in opposition to that law began in 1970 when Dr. Henry Morgentaler was arrested for doing abortions without the consent of an abortion committee and outside of an accredited hospital. He performed the abortions as an act of civil disobedience, and when he was prosecuted in Quebec in 1973, 1975 and 1976, all three juries refused to convict him as a criminal. In 1976 a newly elected Parti Quebecois government refused to continue with the prosecutions of Dr. Morgentaler, and English Canadian activism subsided because the new government promised there would be no further cases brought before the Court for violation of Section 251. Although Section 251 was a federal law, cases were prosecuted in the provinces. Abortion was de-criminalized, but women continued to fight in Quebec for better access to abortion services and for public medical insurance coverage for abortions done in clinics and health centers."
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