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American Troop Deaths and Refined Oil Prices, 2008.
An examination of the relationship between American troop deaths in Iraq and US refined oil prices.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes percentage increases or decreases in American troop deaths against movement in petroleum oil prices during the same months. It then introduces a one- and two-month lag to allow petroleum markets to react to troop deaths. The paper concludes that increases or decreases in troop deaths typically do not have the same effect on oil prices, and may even have a reverse effect. The paper contains tables and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Immediate Effect
One- and Two-Month Lags
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By analyzing a two-month lag, we are left with 15 data points. In only six of the 15 months did refined petroleum prices move, two months later, in the same direction as troop casualty figures (See Table 1 and Graph 1). The three months with the largest increases in troop casualties (145.2 percent in April 2006; 60 percent in December 2006; and 51.2 percent in August 2006), were only followed two months later by an increase in refined petroleum prices once -- in February 2007. Of the nine months analyzed where at least a 20 percent change in troop deaths occurred, only four times was there similar movement in refined petroleum prices two months later. Interesting enough, in three of the five months where at least a 30 percent change in troop deaths occurred, refined petroleum prices moved in the same direction two months later. While this allows for an argument that refined petroleum prices, with a two month lag, can be influenced by movements in troop deaths that exceed a certain trigger point, the argument is far from convincing. After all, the overall correlation between troop deaths and refined petroleum prices after a two month lag is weak, and at the 20 percent trigger mark, refined petroleum prices moved in sync less than half the time."
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Climate Change, 2008.
An illustration of science and skepticism when referring to climate change modeling.
1,761 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the positions of two researchers who are opposed on their views of climate change. The paper specifically considers their positions in light of several significant differences the two have, primarily on the issue of computer modeling. The paper notes that S. Fred Singer, an atmospheric physicist at George Mason University, when referring to global warming, argues that "the scenarios are alarmist, computer models reflect real gaps in climate knowledge, and future warming will be inconsequential or modest at most". The paper comments that the opposer is Tom Wigley, a climatologist and senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research who commands a wide array of evidence to support his claims regarding climate change. The paper considers the position of each on the issues of computer modeling and the potential impact of climate change, drawing on outside research to demonstrate which position has the greater likelihood of being correct.
From the Paper
"The issue is that when we are dealing with models that work on systemic averages, there is a certain degree of uncertainty and ambiguity built into the model itself. Climate change skeptics like Singer immediately prey upon this uncertainty. He argues that the models are too ambiguous and seemingly contra-dictory to warrant our support. Different models produced by different scientists to account for different data sets cannot even necessarily agree on the same things, therefore the models cannot be trusted. Singer even goes so far as to im-ply that we cannot trust the scientists who construct these models because they could tweak the models to produce the results they want, seemingly in order to impress their climate change colleagues and ensure funding for other projects. Of course, such a claim borders on slanderous and cannot be rightfully considered a mark in favor of Singer's position. Wigley responds generally, "Cooking the books would be a concern if that was what scientists were apt to do. But I don't think scientists generally behave that way". In fact, if we accept that scientists will do anything to ensure their next paycheck, then the integrity of the scientific process is lost and claims by all scientists--Singer in-cluded--cannot be trusted."
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DNA Identification of Mass Fatalities, 2008.
A look at the importance of DNA analysis, particularly after mass fatalities occur.
4,910 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.
Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."
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Withdrawing Troops from Iraq, 2008.
An argument in favor of the need for a reconsideration of the Iraq policy and the eventual withdrawal of American troops from Iraq.
1,304 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the United States foreign policy debate on the War in Iraq. It discusses the various stands on the situation from the point of view of the US Administration, as well as by the US public. The paper suggests that there is a stringent need for a reconsideration of the Iraq policy and the eventual withdrawal of the American troops from that war zone.
From the Paper
"Another survey is even more relevant for establishing the general view of the public in terms of agreeing or disagreeing with the war. In this sense, a research conducted by Public Opinion has concluded that the confidence level in an eventual stable and democratic Iraq is slightly decreasing, as 51 percent of the people questioned consider there is little the US can do to in order to build a democratic Iraq. Moreover, there seems to be a decrease in the number of those who consider that the war effort is benefic and necessary, from 39 percent in 2005, to 22 percent in 2007 (Public Agenda, 2007). In terms of the possibility of a troop withdrawal, the poll shows that seven out of ten people questioned want the troops withdrew, 19 percent of them demanding an immediate withdrawal, while 49 percent considering it as solution in the next 12 months. However, one of the most interesting things is the fact that more than half of the people question the truth told by the authorities in the Iraq situation. Therefore, this can be seen as an important signal for the level of trust people have in the authorities. Nonetheless, there is a clear desire from the public opinion to withdraw the troops."
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The US in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2008.
This paper compares the US interventions in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
2,199 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan after 9/11 that was a direct military attack leading to the overthrow of the Taliban govenment and its eventual replacement. The paper then looks at Pakistan and shows how there was no need for a regime change, just a cease of support for the Taliban government and co-operation in hunting down the al-Qaeda based in Pakistan. The paper also examines whether the U.S. intervention in Afghanistan was legal according to international law and whether any guidelines for foreign intervention exist.
Outline:
The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks and the U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan
Involvement with Pakistan
How is the US Intervention in Afghanistan Different from its Role in Pakistan?
Guidelines for Foreign Intervention
From the Paper
"The U.S. intervention in Afghanistan in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and its involvement in Pakistan since 2001, although of diametrically opposite nature, are intertwined in many ways. Its intervention in Afghanistan was essentially a revenge attack for the 9/11 terrorism in order to punish the Taliban for their support of al-Qaeda; it was purportedly also aimed at capturing or killing Osama bin Laden, who lived in Afghanistan at the time, and to destroy the Islamic militant training camps in the country. Its involvement in Pakistan was basically aimed at stopping its government and its intelligence agencies from supporting the Taliban forthwith, to extend full co-operation to the U.S. in its "War against Terror," and to disband the Jihadist organizations in the country."
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Environmentalism, 2008.
This paper offers a look at the environmentalist movement and its ideals.
1,736 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper defines environmentalism as a movement that was begun to protect the quality of life, through the development of conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution and control of land use. The paper describes the history of the movement and discusses how the group is large, but relatively non-homogenous, as there are countless issues that can be labeled as environmental issues and varying degrees of application and activism within each issue group. The paper looks at the current controversy regarding climate change and recent legislation concerning the environment.
Outline:
History
Current Issues
The Future
Individual and Group Dynamics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Environmentalism is defined as a movement that was begun to protect the quality of life, through the development of conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution and control of land use. Historically the movement began in the US with the works of Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Jefferson, attempted to include legislation in the framing of the constitution that encompassed some environmentalist ideals while Emerson and Thoreau, through literature attempted to demonstrate transcendentalist ideals which included many ideals of environmentalism, such as the interconnectedness of nature and the need for change of common social thought of the era with regard to conservation and land use. (Davies 229)"
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Eugenics, 2008.
An examination of the history and current practice of eugenics.
988 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophy and practice of eugenics. It describes how eugenics is used today and the historical role that it has played in immigration. The paper looks at the differences between positive and negative eugenics and discusses the ethical considerations that need to be taken into account when discussing the practice of eugenics.
Table of Contents:
Overview of Eugenics
Eugenics Today
Eugenics and Immigration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even in modern culture, eugenics continues to play a role in immigration. For example, the story depicted in Dirty Pretty Things tells of two immigrants living in London who are forced to engage in sexual acts and the harvesting of their own body parts in order to remain in the country illegally. Although this may not seem like eugenics at the forefront, at its most basic level it is still a result of eugenics. For instance, if the national government did not place strict limitations on immigrants from Africa and Muslim countries (the locales of the movie's main characters) they would not have to live in London illegally. If they were not living in London illegally, then they would not have to subject themselves to such inhumane treatment as forced sex and organ harvesting. Thus, the effects of modern-day eugenics extend well beyond just limiting who can and cannot come to a country. (Frears, 2002)."
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Causes of Global Warming, 2008.
This paper looks at the causes of global warming and discusses the importance of this subject.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer addresses the topic of what causes global warming and reviews the issues involved in the continuing advancement of climate change. The writer also looks at the process of persuading readers that climate change is real, no matter what some members of the media say. Further, the writer discusses how climate change has gathered so much momentum in the past ten or more years. In addition, the writer examines why so many powerful members of the media attack the science that offers empirical proof that climate change threatens the planet and its inhabitants. The writer concludes that intelligent students and others who care should take climate change seriously, and do something about their own lives to lessen their carbon imprint.
Outline:
Introduction
The Conservative Attacks on Science
What is the Most Recent Science about Climate Change?
What Evidence is there that Humans Cause Global Warming?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The conservative media and conservative politicians have been teaming up to cast doubt on the scientists and others who believe that global warming is not only man-made, but that it is one of the most dangerous environmental threats in the history of the planet.
"Media members like Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Bill O'Reilly, and others, along with Bush Administration spokespersons, have powerful voices that reach millions of listeners. By continuing to call those who believe in global warming "far left environmental crazies" and ridiculing the media members who accurately report serious climate change, the conservative media and Bush Administration members are doing a disservice to America and the world.
"Recently, for example, on his radio program, Limbaugh ridiculed testimony given by an 18-year old Eskimo woman who spoke to the Congress about how climate change is negatively affecting her village in Alaska. Charlee Lockwood told the Congress that moose have moved north of her village now, seeking colder climates; berry patches give less fruit than before; and the fishing isn't as good since the water in the ocean got slightly warmer. "
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"Roe vs. Wade": Ethical Position, 2008.
An examination of the morality of abortion, according to the legal decision in "Roe vs. Wade."
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal decision found in the case, "Roe vs Wade." The paper specifically focuses on the ethical considerations of the ruling with regards to abortion and when the termination of a pregnancy can be considered immoral. It discusses the stages of gestation and how that played a part in the legal decision in this case.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - The Decision
Legal Argument Supporting the Roe Decision
Ethical Argument Supporting the Roe Decision
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Conversely, mere "humanness" by itself does not necessarily give rise to ethical concern either, which is a position already incorporated into medical ethics (and penal law) as pertains to indefinitely comatose patients deemed unlikely to regain consciousness. In fact, in many respects, the unconscious brain-dead patient allowed by law to be disconnected from artificial life support is closely analogous to the situation of the fetus insufficiently developed to experience consciousness, but already capable of surviving outside the womb with intensive medical support. If it is ethical and legal to disconnect a fully developed adult human being by virtue of the indefinite lack of consciousness, then it is unclear how one would justify granting rights to the early-term fetus, based merely on its being human, provided it is not yet capable of sensing pain."
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Terrorism, 2008.
A review of some of the terrorist groups, its leaders and activities.
1,569 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper highlights the insurgence of terrorism and the resultant fears expressed by peoples throughout the world. The paper discusses the characteristics of the leading terrorist organizations and the background of its leaders in an attempt to explain the thinking behind the terrorist psychology.
Outline:
Hamas
Hizballah
Al Quaida
LTTE
Hizb ul-Mujahideen
Terrorists Profile
Usama Bin Laden
Velupillai Prabhakaran
Shoko Asahara
Mullah Mohammed Omar
Ahmed Ramzi Yousef
From the Paper
"Terrorism has expanded into every nook and corner of the world today. A terrorist today, does not appear with a distinctive personality but rather blends with the society leaving security experts with little clue. While organized crimes are mostly economically motivated, terrorism is on an entirely different footing. Religious and cultural fanatism are the main motivational factors for terrorist outfits. [Frank Bovenkerk] Terror networks are in operation with the groups globalized and operating from diverse bases. Because of this, it is not possible for law enforcement officers to operate with existing tools for local crimes. Terrorism management wings need international cooperation and a transparent relationship with their counterparts from other nations."
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Global Warming and Polar Bears, 2008.
An examination of how global warming and increased human contact are affecting the polar bear population.
2,787 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how global warming is threatening the polar bear population. It describes the historical threat of humans to polar bears and how global warming is forcing some polar bear populations to move south and inland in their search for more ample food supplies and therefore into contact with humans. The paper briefly looks at possible solutions to the problem.
Table of Contents:
How Global Warming is Threatening Polar Bears
The Historic Human Threat
Global Warming: Humans vs. Polar Bears
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Protecting the polar bear from the direct and indirect threats posed by global warming is going to require a multi-national effort. First, the nations of the world, particularly those with a stake in protecting polar bears, must become more serious about global warming. For example, the United States can sign and adhere to the Kyoto Protocol, which calls for the reduction of harmful greenhouse gases, among other measures. A decade after this landmark agreement was first struck, the U.S. is still not a signatory, even though it only calls for a 5 percent reduction in emissions by industrialized nations (Hillman, et.al., 168). The U.S. is also the world's largest producer of carbon emissions, as the average American's carbon contribution is five time the world average (Hillman, et.al., 35)."
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| Essay # 109384 |
temporarily unavailable
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Defining International Terrorism, 2008.
A discussion of the lack of a clear image of international terrorism and how it can be better identified.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses international terrorism and the fact that it is difficult to define. The paper suggests that despite the lack of a clear image, terrorism has been discussed and analyzed from various perspectives, political and scholarly alike. The paper looks at some of the conclusions from the literature and discusses how these could point to a more coherent identification of terrorism and a future course of action.
From the Paper
"In today's world, there are certain elements that have influenced modern terrorist movements and the moral support of leaders from abroad is of great importance as a source of inspiration for the terrorist groups. Thus, Leninist extremists have been seen to promote different socialist visions that have been kept from the early beginnings of the centuries; similarly, the influence of the addresses made by certain leaders such as Osama bin Laden via the network cable or the Internet are essential for maintaining the ideological identification of the group with its leader which, in case of fanatics, embodies the essence of the cause they fight for. In such situations, there is little that can actually be done. The war against terrorism has been waged for years now, without a definite result or a prospect for a final outcome. However, the only alternative would be to deny ourselves every possibility of eventually catching leaders such as Osama bin Laden. Inaction or a stop in the quest against terrorist perpetrators would transmit precisely a message of surrender and capitulation in the face of terror."
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| Essay # 109344 |
temporarily unavailable
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