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Women Policing, 2005.
A review of literature that deals with trends in women policing.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how women policing trends have changed over the years. It looks at what directed women into the police force, how the force has developed to include women on all levels, but how the fight for equality is still not complete.
From the Paper
"In fact, the WTCU influence on political and governmental decision-makers in 1890 was significant: chapters of WTCU were active in 46 states, pushing for the ?appointment? of women matrons in police stations. The first law which required the appointment of police matrons had been enacted in Massachusetts in 1887. That law affected cities with 30,000 or more residents, and within three years (15) there were 22 police matrons across the state, including a total of ten in Boston."
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Teenagers and Safe Sex, 2004.
This paper discusses that, despite efforts to educate youth regarding safe sex, the practice of safe sex is still not at optimum levels among teens.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in order to implement effective campaigns to increase safe-sex practices in teenagers, education efforts must be directed to combating the false notion of ?invincibility", safety, and problem-solving skills must be taught. The author specifies that youth must be introduced to strategies for introducing condom use when the situation presents itself. The paper relates that, to reduce the cognitive dissonance between the teenagers? stated intentions and their actual behavior, new methods of influencing behavior change include actively recruiting students to spread the safe-sex message to their peers.
From the Paper
"For the purposes of the first goal of a HIV/AIDS campaign aimed at youth, the education component would ideally be administered in schools. This could be incorporated as part of the curriculum and would reach most teenagers in question. However, education campaigns to date have fallen short of their goals and would need some changes to be more effective. A more accurate assessment of the risks associated with unsafe sex should be included so teens appreciate the data that supports the message. Different delivery media have also proven to be effective. Videos that inform and encourage situational coping skills have been shown to work."
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Infidelity and Couples, 2004.
A detailed review of John Updike's classic novel, "Couples".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the novel, "Couples", by John Updike. Specifically, it presents an informative report on the novel, its author, and its reception by the critics. The couples in this novel fear death, and in an attempt to reduce and cover up their fears, they sleep with their married friends, forming a sort of "infidelity cult." The paper shows how "Couples" does not celebrate marriage; it bemoans it. It does not celebrate adultery and infidelity; it shows how they can ruin marriages and lives. This book is about a changing society and how religion has given way to sex and a sense of loss.
From the Paper
"Freddy Thorne, the dentist in town is also the "thorn" in the side of many characters. He is abrasive and annoying, but he is also deceptively sharp and to the point. He says at one point, "The funny fact is, you don't get better, and nobody gives a cruddy crap in hell. You're born to get laid and die, and the sooner the better" (Updike 255). Freddy is the "devil" in the story ? the anti-hero who makes the other characters think and react, and can read them quite well. He is annoying because he is so critical, but because he is so astute, too. He understands more of what is going on around him more than just about any character, and so, he is the conscience of the book, something that many of the other characters totally lack."
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"Sex in the City", 2005.
A look at the construction of modern heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual identities in the television sitcom, ?Sex in the City?.
898 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the message in "Sex and the City" about heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality and gender and how the show suggests that heterosexual women can engage in equally fluid and commercialized constructions of identity, as do homosexual men.
From the Paper
"Are the ladies of ?Sex in the City? heterosexual women or homosexual men? Although the answer may seem obvious, the rampant sexual play and obsessive quality regarding sexual performance on the part of the women, their love of shopping and definition of themselves through conspicuous consumerism, and the overall aesthetic of the show?s sense of sexual and pop cultural ?camp? might suggest that Charlotte, Carrie, Samantha, and Miranda are in fact drag queens rather than actual Manhattan, urban, female apartment dwellers. At one point, in an episode entitled, ?Boy Girl, Boy Girl,? Charlotte is photographed in drag as a man. In another episode Charlotte attempts to enter the lesbian art mafia. Breathless about her new found discovery of her latent, non-heterosexual drives and the ability to be around intelligent women unconcerned with male, she is brutally informed, in far more blunt and anatomical terms than one would like to quote in this paper, that if she does not consume a particular part of the female anatomy, she remains ostracized from homosexual identity."
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Women in the Workplace, 2004.
This paper investigates the extent to which an environment that is professed to be open to women perceives gender roles and to what extent these still dictate a certain amount of prejudice in the workplace.
2,320 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it does appear that sexism is still prevalent in the professional world today; for example, women seem to be underrepresented in managerial positions, and the type of job is still determined by gender role assumptions. The author points out that the paradigm of greater tolerance within all areas of life today provides a ray of hope for women who find themselves challenged as a result of preconceived expectations and ideals. The paper relates that studies suggest associations of anger and its consequences in the workplace differ for the genders; a woman expects negative consequences within interpersonal relationships when anger is expressed, while a man, on the other hand, finds that status and power are important to maintain through anger expression. Thus, a man?s expectation of the consequences is positive, and he is more likely to express anger.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Conditioned Perceptions of Gender Roles
Gender Roles and Family Obligations
Differences in Male and Female Nature: Anger in the Workplace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cinamon further hypothesizes that family is more important to the women studied in her particular focus group than men. Men on the other rather fit the work than family profile. While women then seem to ascribe more importance to family than men do, women also seem to ascribe a higher importance to work than do men. This then, rather than a particularly higher commitment to family, but a higher commitment to both work and family, is used to explain why a higher conflict between work and family is experienced by women as opposed to men. Professional women seem to not only invest heavily in caring for their work obligations, but also in their families. Thus these women seem unable to make a full commitment to either, and their work commitment (or indeed their family commitment) suffers."
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Workplace Sexual Harassment, 2004.
This paper is review of the book, ?Workplace Sexual Harassment?, by Anne C. Levy and Michele A. Paludi (2001), a legal and psychological overview of the problem.
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the authors of ?Workplace Sexual Harassment? stress that this problem is a complex issue, marrying human psychology and human sexual and cultural assumptions with the daily demands of the business environment in which, to some degree, personal relations are always stressful. The author points out that Levy and Paludi?s text offers case studies centering on the establishment and enforcement of an effective workplace policy statement prohibiting harassment and the enforcement of grievance procedures for investigating complaints. The paper relates that the book emphasizes that the law should not become the first and only recourse for those individuals experiencing forms of sexual harassment in the workforce; rather, companies should have a comprehensive education program for existing employees and a training program for new staff members to prevent sexual harassment even before it begins.
From the Paper
"No CEO worth his or her salary would feel that the company was legally, ethically, or morally off the hook if someone came to his office and was told, ?Hey, I embezzled $10,000 from the company, but I'm planning to put it back in a couple of weeks, so don't tell anyone.? No one got hurt, right, so what?s the trouble, even if the law was violated? However, similar complaints and concerns that raise the red flag of sexual harassment that is occurring in the workplace are often just as readily ignored."
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Sexual Harassment, 2004.
An analysis of sexual harassment, including strategies to curtail this phenomenon.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines sexual harassment as a dangerous weed that needs to be uprooted from our society. The paper explains how this malady threatens our fundamental, constitutional basis of freedom and equality for all. The paper contends that implementing a good sexual harassment policy at the organizational level and strict enforcement of punishments for offenders is the rightful solution to the problem.
Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Ubiquitous Phenomenon
Types of Sexual Harassment
Effective Strategies
Creating Awareness
Managerial Intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sexual harassment is not a new problem but one that continues to haunt our society for a long time. The most common setting where sexual harassment is blatantly obvious is the workplace, which is proved by the ever increasing number of sexual harassment cases being reported over the last few years. Almost all walks of life are infested by this malady and even the noble professions like academia and hospice environment are not spared. In fact it is the hospitals where sexual harassment is more prominent. A recent study conducted revealed that around 69% to 85% of nurses have reported to have been subjected to some kind of sexual harassment in their workplace. Another independent study conducted on 188 intensive care nurses revealed that more than 46% of them had undergone sexual harassment in one form or the other and that in almost 82% of the cases the offenders were the physicians."
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Freud?s Theory of Repression, 2004.
An analysis of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud's theory of subconscious repression, and the response of other psychologists to this theory.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
Sigmund Freud is commonly attributed with creating the theory of the conscious and subconscious, with the concept of the many sexual complexes and drives that run our lives and our subconscious, and with the idea that things, which are not socially acceptable, will be hidden away within the subconscious. This paper provides an overview of this process of burying the unacceptable aspects of life away into the subconscious regression. It is generally believed, though there appear to be exceptions to this belief, that Freud considered all repression to be a subconscious act, a sort of ?defense mechanism? against the uncomfortable or painful facts of life. The paper also examines the response of four psychologists to Freud's theory of repression, namely those of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, B.F. Skinner, and Michael Billig.
From the Paper
"Recently, the idea of ?repressed memories? of a sexual nature has led to what some people consider a witch-hunt, and others a true renaissance: the rise of psychologists aiding patients, and women in particular, to recover memories of sexual abuse which are at the root of their problems. Some debate exists as to whether this is what Freud had in mind when he spoke of repression -- some suggest that he turned away from the reality of incest in order to pursue his ideas of repressed fantasies materializing as memories, others suggest that his very idea of repression validates the recovered memories."
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"Nightwood", 2004.
A review of the novel, "Nightwood", written by Djuna Barnes.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the novel, "Nightwood", by Djuna Barnes. The paper analyzes the book as a postmodern novel in every respect, from the stream-of-consciousness style of writing to the underlying sexual and homosexual themes that could only exist in postmodern writing of the 20th century.
From the Paper
"Author Djuna Barnes was born in 1892 in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York. Her mother was a violinist, and her father was a farmer and painter. Her parents instilled a love of the arts early in her life, and her father's free-spirited enthusiasm also greatly influenced her and her work. Her mother and grandmother were the main caregivers in her life, and she was schooled outside the school system of the time. She attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn and the Art Students League, briefly. Her parents divorced during this time, and she began working as a journalist and freelance illustrator, and moved to Greenwich Village in New York City, where she lived a "Bohemian" life. She began to write poetry, plays, and wrote for several newspapers, too. It was during this time that she began to drink quite heavily, and she was hospitalized several times in her life for drinking problems."
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Gender Stereotypes and Body Image, 2004.
A discussion on stereotypes for body types as presented in advertising in Western cultures.
1,248 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the media?s influence in Western culture is pervasive and how, through magazines, television, and print ads such as billboards, advertisers have consistently adopted gender stereotypes in terms of body image and use these stereotypes to sell their products. It looks at how the stereotypical womanly ideal is slender to the point of looking unhealthy and how men are consistently presented with an overly muscular, perfectly lean physique. It considers the effects of such unrealistic stereotypical ideals and looks at the effects of the female stereotype on men and of the male stereotype on women.
From the Paper
"The presentation of the ideal female stereotype also has effects in terms of eating disorders that are seen in parts of the world where this ideal predominates. Since the ideal presented is so far from normal, and can rarely be attained by healthy means, anorexia nervosa and bulimia rates have risen. The only way most women can approach this stereotype of is through starvation or disordered eating. Research (Botta et al., 2003) has shown that rates of eating disorders may be predicted based upon the magazine reading habits of the women studied. If subjects were repeatedly exposed to images of unrealistically thin models, prevalence of anorexia and bulimia was greater. ?Overall, magazine reading and processing accounted for?28.0% of variance for girls? anorexic behaviors?27.5% for girls? bulimic beahaviors?23.4% for girls? body satisfaction?[and] 41.6% for girls? drive to be thin.? (Botta, 2003). Ironically, men do not see thinness as the same prerequisite for attractiveness in women that women themselves do."
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Women in Medicine, 2004.
An analysis of the problems faced by the working woman in the medical profession.
1,903 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in general, in male-dominated jobs, the conflict between work and family is a part of the message that women receive from society and how they are not always in possession of the required commitment for success in the present-day, male-dominated society. In particular, it looks at how female physicians generally work fewer hours than their male counterparts and discusses the fundamental difference between female and male medical doctors.
From the Paper
"At the same time, it is clear that the number of women doctors is increasing at a very sharp rate. Lynn C. Epstein, MD had graduated from John Hopkins Medical School in 1968 and at that time doctors like her were rare. The ratio of women doctors were then only about 7 percent. After thirty eight years, she is a clinical professor emeritus for psychiatry and community health at Brown University and during this period has seen a lot of change. In today?s world about one quarter of the doctors are women. The position in future is clearer as about half of the medical students are women as per the information available with the American Medical Association. The ratio of women doctors in the total is expected to rise from about a quarter to a third by 2010. The coming in of a lot of women in the profession has changed not only the composition of the profession but also the style of patient care."
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Self-Disclosure, 2005.
Research study on how gender affects the manner in which people self-disclose, particularly in initial interactions.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the extent to which interpersonal relationships evolve from initial interactions between women and, in particular, how these relationships flourish or are influenced by the number of partners and length of the partnership a woman shares with the object of her disclosure. More specifically, the paper looks at what impact, if any, the length of a relationship has on a woman's use of disclosure and whether the number of relationships a woman has had impacts her use of disclosure.
From the Paper
"In general, studies suggest that women have higher levels of self-disclosure than men. When women are observed in interpersonal intimate relationships, their use and level of self-disclosure may be expected to influence variable including their level of communication satisfaction and the number and length of interpersonal relationships they maintain. What exactly however, is the relationship between self-disclosure and the number of interpersonal intimate relationships women maintain?"
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Homosexual Advertising, 2004.
An analysis advertising geared toward gays and lesbians.
3,268 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of advertising geared toward the gay and lesbian communities. Specifically, it discusses advertising in the context of gay and lesbian culture and how particular ad campaigns are significant for the gay and lesbian communities. While society has become more accepting of the gay and lesbian lifestyle, there are still many elements of culture and society that disapprove of the gay/lesbian experience. It shows how, in the last decade, advertising has become more open and how the gay lifestyle has become more accepted.
From the Paper
"The gay and lesbian lifestyle has existed for thousands of years, but it is only fairly recently been seen as a viable advertising market. Many experts and researchers believe gay advertising existed in the 1920s, citing several examples of print ads that seemed to indicate a gay or homosocial relationship between men (Boyce 26). In addition, author Alexandra Chasin cites a 1976 New York Times article that discussed the efforts of gay publications to attract mainstream advertisers, and other early recognition of the growing gay and lesbian marketplace (Chasin 30). Thus, advertising to gays and lesbians seems to have existed in some form for decades, but it is only in the last decade that it has really "come out of the closet." In fact, today there are numerous marketing companies entirely devoted to the gay and lesbian advertising market, and numerous studies have been conducted that indicate this market is profitable, viable, and growing."
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"Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives", 2004.
A review and critique of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent.
4,824 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.
From the Paper
"One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz (?Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences?), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a ?distorted? collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."
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