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?The Boundaries of Blackness".
This paper reviews Cathy J. Cohen's ?The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics?, which discusses the debate regarding the absence of a strong African-American vote.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Cohen challenges the notion of a cohesive African-American vote by noting that African-Americans failed to become a strong political force because their political, business, and church leaders focus on imbibing the values of mainstream, middle-class America. The author points out that Cohen argues that, despite the growing threat of AIDS, African-American leadership failed to galvanize the population around this issue, which affects African-Americans as a group, despite categorical differences. The paper states that the Cohen believes that the attitudes of black leaders resulted in a secondary marginalization of gays and lesbians, who, due to their race and sexual orientation, remained among the most disenfranchised citizens.
From the Paper
"Cohen begins by dispelling the notion of a politically-cohesive African American community, one wherein race supposedly overrides differences spawned by class, gender or even ethnicity. Instead, she maintains that this cohesion is ?being challenged and sometimes replaced by cross-cutting issues and crises rooted in or built on the often hidden differences, cleavages, or fault lines of marginal communities? (9). There is thus no strong ?black vote,? because the African American community is highly fragmented and factionalized."
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Date Rape, 2005.
A discussion about the troubling phenomenon of date rape.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
Date rape is a serious social issue, which must be addressed appropriately. This paper discusses how it is important to first develop a clear and absolute definition of date rape to protect men from false accusations and to protect women from sexual victimization on dates. It explains that this definition is needed so women can realize when things are proceeding in the wrong direction and take some action to stop it, while men can proceed cautiously and shield themselves from false allegations that next morning.
From the Paper
"Date rape is a less technical term for acquaintance rape where offender is identified as a non-relative whom the victim knew personally. However the extent of this relationship may vary from case to case. In some cases, the offender and victim may have been on first date when the incident occurred while in others, they might be in steady relationship. Vast body of research on the subject reveals that date rape is a common social problem that is not limited exclusively to college students. Women of all age groups have experienced sexual coercion by a male acquaintance on a date. Pineau (1989) defines date rape as ?non-aggravated sexual assault, nonconsensual sex that does not involve physical injury, or the explicit threat of physical injury" (Pineau 217). Still date rape is a vaguely defined crime: one factor that has contributed to its growth."
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Fundamentalism and Gay Marriage, 2005.
A position paper that argues that an individual's sexual orientation should not affect his or her right to a legal marriage.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that amendments to the Constitution that attempt to define marriage from a religious and Christian point of view suppress individual rights to freedom and expression. The paper further argues that these types of amendments send the message that only certain beliefs and morals are acceptable, and such a message is contrary to the basic political philosophy of the United States and the U.S. Constitution.
From the Paper
"The overwhelming passage of amendments defining marriage as a union between man and woman is a sign of religious fundamentalism creeping into the back door of the American government. Amendments such as this undermine every citizen?s constitutional right to freedom in a country founded on the principles of democracy and liberty for all. It signifies an end of democracy and the beginning of a movement toward religious fundamentalism that may eventually undermine the American justice system."
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Women and Economics, 2004.
An analysis of sexism in the workplace.
3,486 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon called occupational segregation. The paper explores why the overwhelming majority of women continue to do traditionally female work. The paper presents the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and contends that, despite these laws, women still earn less than men.
Outline
Introduction
History of Equal Pay Initiatives
Reasons for Gender-Based Pay Disparity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1963, the Equal Pay Act was ?the first law to suggest that the pay of women should be equal to men when their positions are equal? (Crampton et al, 1997, p. 335+). The intention behind the law was to eliminate gender-based discrimination and ?the depressing effects on living standards caused by reduced wages for female workers? (Crampton et al, 1997, p. 335+). This was a serious economic impact at the time; it is still serious. Then, women?s pay was estimated at about 60% of men?s. Today, estimates put it at about 70%, and some as low as 68%, meaning there was not much advance in 40 years. In addition, ?About 60 percent of the improvement in the wage gap during the last 15 years can be attributed to the decline in men?s real earnings. Approximately 40 percent of the gap is a result of women?s better earning power? (Newsnotes, 1996)."
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Children and Gender Roles, 2004.
An analysis of how gender-specific behavior is imposed on children.
2,605 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both male and female children in our society are socialized from a very young age to behave in specific, predefined ways that are considered to be appropriate for their genders. It looks at how, beginning with the parents of children and then including many other influential factors in society, many sources define what type of behavior is to be expected from children of each gender. Male and female children of all ages are given guidelines to follow regarding proper interaction with others and acceptable behavior in social situations.
From the Paper
"A reflection of how gender roles are determined and enforced in society can be seen in a number of sources. For one example, research has shown that children?s literature is influenced by gender role definitions, as well as helping to make and encourage those definitions. ? In children's literature, males typically are portrayed as competent and achievement oriented, while the image of females is that they are limited in what they do, and less competent in their ability to accomplish things. Female characters are involved in few of the activities and assigned few of the characteristics or goals that are accorded prestige and esteem in our society.? (Kortenhaus) This separation of the abilities of boys versus girls in something as influential as children?s literature creates something of a self-fulfilling prophecy."
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Human Sexuality, 2004.
An analysis of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning community.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the GLBTQ (gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning) community by the interests and concerns of a number of different members of this group. The paper contends that, while there are a number of issues of joint concern to members of this community, the community is also divided by the unique experiences of several subsets. These include issues of sexual orientation, civil rights, medical concerns, and gender issues. Many of these issues are also shared with other traditionally oppressed groups, such as African-Americans, but many are largely unique to the GLBTQ community.
From the Paper
"Deborah Menkart notes the GLBTQ community shares a commonality with other groups, such as the American Civil Rights Movement. She notes these groups share a desire to "be treated as human beings, to be treated fairly, to enjoy fully the rights articulated in the U.S. Constitution and Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and to exercise the ensuing responsibilities, such as voting" (p. 4). Certainly, the Civil Rights movement and the Gay Rights movement share several similarities. Both movements desire equal treatment for all individuals. Further, both movements have often faced tremendous resistance from larger American society. Certainly, such resistance remains today against the Gay Rights movement, given the often high levels of homophobia in society in the United States (Menkart)."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2004.
This paper reviews the debate around same-sex marriage.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the moral legitimacy of marriage between same-sex partners hinges on marriage being perceived as a religious foundation or as a social, economic coupling. The author points out that, in countries that exclusively have monogamous marriages, some opponents argue that allowing same-sex marriage will promote the legalization of polyamorous marriage or other types of marriage they find objectionable. The paper relates that proponents of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples state that over 1,000 federal rights and benefits are denied same-sex couples by excluding them from legal marriage, which goes against the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which provides for equal protection under the law.
From the Paper
"Same-sex marriage is marriage between partners of the same gender. This type of marriage is currently legal in only a few countries around the world. In the United States, the degree of legality of same-sex marriage varies between different states. In the U.S., the debate over whether or not to make same sex marriages legally binding remains one of the most controversial political debates of this century."
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Gender Discrimination, 2005.
A look at the practice of gender discrimination in hiring practices of a fictitious firm.
827 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This report aims to prove that the hiring and promotional policies in Company X are discriminatory towards females. It presents testimony that details and outlines evidence of rampant illegal discrimination in the company's human resource policies over the course of many years. This information is used to receive remedy from this court of law for the female plaintiffs to rectify this practice of blatant Company X's glass-ceiling policy implementation.
From the Paper
"Although sexual inequality in employment avenues seems to be a universal phenomenon, evidence indicates that Company X represents an extreme case in our nation. Our objective is to prove that throughout the history of Company X, male employees have benefited by receiving higher earnings through salaries and other benefits as well as higher level positional promotions than their female peers. Given the composition of the workforce of Company X, we have determined that despite the fact that the female employees have consistently worked longer hours than the male employees, they do not receive proportionate pay at Company X."
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Megan's Law, 2004.
This paper argues that Megan's Law, which requires persons convicted of sexual crimes to register where they are living after being released from prison, is constitutional.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that critics of Megan's Law, which has been adopted in some version of the original New Jersey statute in all fifty states, contend that the law infringes on the constitutional rights of the sex offenders. The author points out that sexual offenders question the registration requirements based on the fact that the offenders feel they are facing a type of double jeopardy. The paper relates that the problem with Megan?s Law is not its constitutionally, but rather that the legal process for the law may have some flaws because legislatures tend to respond to horrifying sexual crimes through hurried legal responses.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Megan Kanka
First Megan?s Law
Constitutionality
Legal Process
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"?Megan's Law is named for 7-year-old Megan Kanka, a New Jersey girl who was raped and killed in 1994 by a child molester who moved in across the street from her house.? In July, 1994, Megan was sexually molested and brutally killed by a repeat sexual offender named Jesse Timmendequas. Timmendequas had been convicted two times of serious sexual offenses and he lived in a house with two other sex offenders right across the street from Megan Kanka. Timmendequas had recently been released from a New Jersey prison and treatment center for individuals with compulsive and repetitive sexual habits."
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Men in Film, 2005.
An example of the stereotypical manner in which men are portrayed in movies.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that little research has been done about how men are portrayed in films. It looks at examples of the ?man?s man? as portrayed in film, television, and advertisements, with a consideration of how men are portrayed and the reasons for this portrayal.
From the Paper
"The ?Marlboro Man? is an early example of the above trend. A man of few words, he preferred to speak through his actions. And the message was always that he was strong, healthy and well built. He worked best alone. The characters normally portrayed by Vin Diesel share many of the Marlboro Man?s characteristics. He is a typical example of the ?action hero? type of man ? strong and rugged. The characters he portrays are men of few words, who prefer to demonstrate their ideals by means of action, like the Marlboro Man."
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Sex and Gender, 2004.
An examination of gender practices and roles around the world.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the preferential treatment for men has remained a constant in human history. It discusses how this preferential treatment can be discerned in primitive hunter-gatherer societies in pre-history. These differential roles have continued among different nomadic tribes in Africa. The paper looks at the interaction of globalization and traditional sexual values among the immigrant Hmong people in the United States. The paper reflects on how these traditional patriarchal roles continue to affect and, in many cases, restrict the full participation of women in political and economic life.
From the Paper
"Today, the belief in globalism has become the norm. People are more accepting of the fact that as technology continues to bring the world together, we are all recognizing the common aspects of different cultures. On the other hand, we are also becoming more aware of the richness and diversity of the different cultures around the world.
However, an examination of gender practices and roles around the world illustrates how few concepts are as truly global as patriarchy. This preferential treatment for men is embedded in social and political structures all over the world."
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Discrimination in the Workplace, 2004.
An analysis of discrimination in the workplace environment.
1,349 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems of sexism and racism in the workplace. The paper explores methods how to deal with these issues when they occur. The paper contends that, in order to know how to deal with these problems, one needs to understand the mechanisms at work in society as a whole and in the workplace, in particular, that often allow discrimination to exist.
From the Paper
"It is obvious that in today?s world, discrimination of many kinds exists and the word itself carries negative connotations. But it wasn?t long ago that ?discrimination? had a positive meaning, such as defining an individual as having discriminating taste. Discrimination is an unfair practice, whether it is against an individual, a group, a religion, a sex, a race or ethnicity. Today, many people contend with unfair practices in the workplace, particularly when it comes to gender or race. Racism and sexism are two of the major forms of discrimination that are evident in the work place. And at no time, or in any place, is discrimination an acceptable practice."
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Questioning Gender Theories, 2005.
An examination of the validity of gender theories versus sexual theories.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the most important theories posed by gender identity scholars is that the distinction of two sexes, male and female as well as the distinction of two genders, man and woman, is questionable. It points out that the existence of hermaphrodites and other bodies of indeterminate gender calls into question the bifurcation of gender, as well as the division of ?sex? into male and female categories. The writer also discusses how gender roles tend to be solidified fairly stringently in our culture along lines of male and female alone.
From the Paper
"Sex is a biological given. Some animal species have one sex, some have two, and some have more than two. This is interesting to scientists perhaps, in terms of its physical construction. However, gender is what culture ?does? with these distinctions of physiology. Gender is how culture interprets the apparent biological differences between particular human bodies of different sexual anatomy. What does it mean, for instance, that a certain body may be capable of giving birth later in life, and another body may not? It is here, in the distinctions between bodies observed and imposed by our culture, where sociologists and theorists of gender identity find their theoretical interests aroused, poised for deconstructive action."
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Gender Selection Ethics, 2004.
An analysis of the ethical issues involved in gender selection.
1,246 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the pre-conception gender selection techniques along with some other means of choosing the gender of the unborn child and explains how this has come under severe criticism because of the ethical issues raised. The paper contends that this problem is more pronounced in traditional societies of China and India. The paper reviews the beliefs of ethicist John Fletcher who claims that new gender selection techniques result from abuse of advanced medical technology.
From the Paper
"History attests to the fact that couples from Royal families down to rural peasants have shown preference for a male child leading to numerous problems for the girl child and creating a sex ratio imbalance in some traditional societies. When preference for a male child is more pronounced and obvious, any method that can allow a couple to choose the gender of their unborn child is likely to create tremendous potential for gender discrimination and sex-ratio imbalance. Sex-selection or gender-selection as it is commonly known as is one such method that threatens to put female children at risk of being outnumbered by their male counterparts. The pre-conception gender selection techniques along with some other means of choosing the gender of the unborn child has come under severe criticism because of the ethical issues they raise."
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