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Females and Advertising, 2005.
An analysis of the usage of female imagery in advertising throughout history and its effect on society.
20,013 words (approx. 80.1 pages), 124 sources, MLA, £ 178.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the use of female images in the media and particularly in advertising has become a contentious issue in recent years and how numerous studies and articles have been written on the subject. There is a general consensus among academics and researchers that the manner in which advertising uses female images has a profound affect on society in general and the individual consumer. However, whether this effect is entirely negative or positive is a question that is at issue. One of the intentions of the present study is to present these views against the background of the history and function of advertising. A central purpose of this dissertation is to examine the implications surrounding the usage of female imagery in advertising. The implications in both a social and psychological sense are examined in-depth. The study also takes cognizance of the various views and opinions of various aspects of this subject. The overall intention of the study is to present a clear overview and analysis of the historical and contemporary reality of the use of female images in the advertising industry.
Outline
Introduction and History of Advertising
The Function and Functioning of Advertising
Implications: Society and Advertising
Implications: Psychology and Advertising
Conclusion and Summation
From the Paper
"Advertising is an integral part of our social and economic systems. In our complex society, advertising has evolved into a vital communications system for both consumers and businesses. The concepts of buying and consuming have been around since time immemorial and the fact that much of life focuses in this commonplace arena, makes advertising a fascinating subject for anyone who is interested in how people cope with everyday existence. In ancient times 'persuasion through communication' was mainly by word of mouth, yet commercial messages were found in the ruins of Pompeii, a town that was founded in the 7th century BC by the Osci, a people of central Italy."
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?Kill Bill Volume 1?, 2005.
An analysis of the perceptions of male and female viewers regarding women's violence in "Kill Bill Volume 1" by Quentin Tarantino.
3,323 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent, if any, to which male and female viewers perceive the violence of women in Quentin Tarantino's motion picture, "Kill Bill Volume 1," in different ways. In addition, the extent to which the differences in the opinions between male and female viewers contributed to their gender difference is also examined. Finally, the paper seeks to determine if male and female respondents share any opinions regarding violence.
Outline
Aims
Literature Review
Background and Overview
Gender-Based Differences in the Perception of Violence
Methodology
In-Depth Interviews
From the Paper
"In sharp contrast to the criticisms leveled against "Kill Bill," Stuart Klawans admits to "at least being entertained," and then much more. "By now," he says (in 2003), "you will have heard several complaints against Kill Bill, Volume 1. It is drunk on bloodshed. It is infatuated with trash cinema and its own tricks of style" (emphasis added) (p. 32). As noted above, though, both men and women appear to be drawn to these works as moths to a flame, notwithstanding the largely unknown impact of such productions on the national psyche. Perhaps watching movies such as "Pulp Fiction" and "Kill Bill Volume 1" is like pushing on a sore tooth with your tongue; you know it is going to hurt, but the pain is delicious anyway."
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Jean M. Auel?s "The Clan of the Cave Bear", 2005.
An analysis of Auel's fictional novel about human and Neanderthal pre-history.
1,581 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Auel's novel about the co-existence of two species of man and explains how the book illustrates a number of the differences in the two societies that made one species more adaptable and enduring, becoming modern man.
From the Paper
"In addition to this general premise by which all of the members of the clan must abide, the Cave Bear community is extensively spiritual. Conflicts within the spirit world routinely have consequences for the human world: "Illness and accidents were mysterious manifestations of the war of the spirits, fought on the battleground of the body." (Auel 19). So, disasters, deformities, and everything that is the result of providence is deemed to have some meaning derived from the spirit world. Accordingly, in the interest of not upsetting the spirits, Brun concedes to allow Iza to care for the child; inwardly judging that she will grow tired of such a burden. This is the primary conflict that the child, Ayla, presents to the Clan: she is decidedly not one of them, but numerous signs indicate that she is of spiritual importance-specifically what this importance might be is considerably hidden to them. The sympathy Iza initially holds for Ayla is not altogether explained; she herself fails to understand it. Auel writes, "Iza didn't know why she felt such concern for a child so different from the clan, but she wanted her to live." (Auel 19). Some common motherly bond drew Iza to Ayla's side, and the Neanderthals essentially attributed this to her connection with the spirits-which are often irrational."
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The Gender Gap and Science, 2005.
An examination of the issues concerning women and science.
2,236 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the causes revolving around the exclusion of women from science, math, and technology educational programs and looks towards suggesting remedies.
Outline
Introduction
Summary
Evaluation
Mentoring
References
From the Paper
"For quite a number of years researchers have delved deep into the gender equity in science, engineering and technology educational programs. These studies have utilized for interalia raise the consciousness of gender discrimination; convey regarding policy decisions; as also as a drive to tackle instances of gender discrimination. At the moment there is paucity at the national level of computer scientist, engineers and programmers and its effect has fallen badly on USA. The Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development reports which indicate that in spite of the growth in science, mathematics, and technology jobs, the representation of women in both the jobs is less."
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Gay and Lesbian Marriage, 2005.
An examination of whether gay and lesbian marriages should be accepted in all realms of society.
1,212 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
Gay and lesbian marriage has become a controversial debate in contemporary society. There are heated arguments for and against the legalization of marriage between couples of the same sex. This paper explains that the underlying assumption for those in favor of gay marriages is that the central aspects of love, relationship, and understanding should override all other issues. However, this paper argues that the situation is not quite that simple. There are numerous factors that militate against the acceptance of gay marriage as an institution in modern society. The paper points out that gay marriages have the potential to create serious problems with regard to a range of very important social and cultural issues that make marriages of this nature untenable in modern society.
From the Paper
"The argument that I wish to propose is not based on any of these perceptions or views. The central argument against the institution of gay and lesbian marriage has nothing to do with assumptions and judgments about homosexuality, and neither do I wish to deprive people of their intrinsic and inalienable democratic rights. Rather the objection to same-sex marriage is simply based on the fact that it contributes to the downfall of society; more particularly the institution of the family - the foundation of society - and subsequently will impact negatively on the development of children within the society. Therefore, the argument against gay marriage that I propose is based purely on practical and societal considerations."
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Legalizing Gay Marriage, 2004.
A brief analysis of the controversial issue of legalizing gay marriages.
791 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of legalizing same-sex marriages. The paper presents the views of both proponents and opponents of gay marriage, claiming that, while both parties approach the issue in America through the legalization process, the issue touches upon personal and religious convictions as well. The paper contends that like the issue of marriage between different races, it may be that concerns for civil liberties and the children produced by such unions will win out over societal definitions of what morally and historically constitutes the uniquely heterosexual nature of marriage.
From the Paper
"When recently, on February 7, 2005, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that although he supported gay marriage on personal, ethical grounds, but worried that a recent ruling by a New York judge allowing same sex unions might get the city into legal troubles, he was roundly denounced as expressing a lack of political backbone. (Ruttenberg, 2005) Several gay elected officials at City Hall blasted the mayor for what State Senator Thomas K. Duane called cowardice, after the mayor stated that he intended to appeal the decision allowing gay marriages in the city, so that the metropolis could have greater legal clarification in the issue."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2004.
An analysis of the proponents and opponents of same-sex marriages.
2,092 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issues involved in homosexual marriages. The paper presents the many arguments for and against the legalization of same-sex marriages. One of the central arguments examined is that of child-bearing and rearing. The paper contends that whether or not one accepts any or all of the arguments against legalizing same-sex unions, it is impossible not to see the entire question as one that opens up a Pandora's box of other questions regarding the state of society at the moment and its trajectory for the future that we may not yet be ready to answer.
From the Paper
"In May, 2004, the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) released an article on its Web site about gay marriage around the world. It would be safe to assume that the controversy over gay marriage in the U.S., juxtaposed with the vow of President George Bush to add an amendment to the Constitution defining marriage as a union between one man and one woman, played a part in bringing about the BBC's interest. Certainly, the actions of the state of Massachusetts, in the face of Mr. Bush's vow, brought it to a top-of-mind position with United States citizens."
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The Gender Distribution of Sex Offenders, 2005.
Dispels the myth that sexual offenders are exclusively male.
2,948 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
In the last fifty years, there has been a strong shift in the attitudes and beliefs that deal with sexual abuse and sexual offenses. This is particularly true when it comes to female sexual offenders and the rates at which they abuse others. This paper shows that the rates are actually much higher than were first thought and, most alarmingly, the rates of child sexual abuse are also rising. This appears to be the case for female sexual offenders as well as male sexual offenders, but some of this could come from the fact that female sexual offenders are just now beginning to be recognized in larger numbers. In other words, the abuse may have been just as prevalent in the past, but the rates at which it was reported and believed were much lower. The paper shows that, due to this, it was assumed that females did not commit sexual crimes. When most people, even today, think of sexual offenders, they assume that the perpetrator is male and the victim is female. This paper shows that in reality, this is not always the case.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Prevalence
Judicial and Mental Health Decision Making
Formal Culture
Training Initiatives
Organizational Policies
Crime Reports
DSM-IV and Sex Offending
Informal Cultures
Culture of Denial
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Individuals that are female, or 'feminine,' are considered to be nurturing, caring, protecting, non-aggressive, and non-sexual (Denov, 2003). Because of this, the idea that they might harm someone, especially in a way related to sexuality, is almost impossible for some individuals to comprehend, even if their knowledge and training tells them a different story. The sexual scripts that most people live by are not only heterosexual, but gender-based as well. Asking people to suspend this type of 'normal' thinking to say that a women is completely capable of a sexual offense is something that even those that are educated about the issue struggle with frequently (Denov, 2003). This could be part of the reason why so many women that are suspected of sexual offenses or even charged with them escape with little to no punishment by the judicial system and often do not spend as much time in counseling for their 'problem' as their male counterparts."
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Women in the Criminal Justice System, 2004.
An analysis of women in the criminal justice system from female offenders to female criminal justice professionals.
1,402 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the treatment of women and girls in the criminal justice system. The paper evaluates the recommendations of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration Task Force on Women regarding female offenders, female crime victims, and female criminal justice professionals. The paper describes the nature of the changes that have been taking place regarding gender bias and inequality within the justice system.
From the Paper
"The criminal justice system provides training to police and law enforcement agencies, prosecutors and judges (Legal Defense and Education Fund 2004). The New York State Police Academy, for example, trains its criminal justice professionals through a week-long Sex Offense Seminar. They are taught how to investigate sex crimes; collect evidence from crime scenes; interview suspects, surviving victims and other witnesses; obtain expert testimony; gather and present forensic evidence; screen for drug-facilitated sexual assault and similar crimes; observe Departmental protocol for crime investigations; recognize trauma syndrome and the surviving victim's emotional needs and rights; and coordinate with crisis programs, health care personnel and related agencies (LDEF)."
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Gender and Entrepreneurship in the U.K., 2005.
Examines the disparity between men and women entrepreneurs in Britain.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 22 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The woman who heads her own company is no longer something exceptional. This paper shows, however, that there is still a disparity in the number of entrepreneurs and businesses run and owned by men compared to women in the United Kingdom. It also shows that a definition of entrepreneurship does not reveal any logical or innate reason for this disparity.
Paper Outline
Introduction and Definition of Entrepreneurship
Comparison between Male and Female Entrepreneurs
Women as Entrepreneurs
Factors in the Advancement or Retardation of Women Entrepreneurs
Pros and Cons
Bibliography
From the Paper
"One of the main factors that militate against women launching their own business concerns is lack of access to the necessary capital. According to IBM-sponsored research, published by Strathclyde University in collaboration with the National Foundation for Women Business Owners, there are specific problem areas in terms of the financing process. This is especially the case with "raising start-up finance and using guarantees to support external finance as well as obtaining adequate on-going finance." Another area that was pointed out was the development of effective relationships with bankers; "recent research has sought to determine if banks operate unwitting or deliberate differential lending policies with respect to female borrowers.""
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Gender Identity.
This paper applies the philosophy of John Locke's theory of "self" to the issue of gender identity as represented by the legal case of Littleton vs. Prange.
1,685 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Locke argued that everything the individual knows, believes, and entertains is made up of ideas of sensation and reflection and nothing else. This means that individuals are not born "homosexual" or "heterosexual," rather that this is learned behavior. The author points out that the ruling in Littleton vs. Prange contradicts Locke's theory because the court's ruling follows society's incorrect traditional view that one's sexual identity is biological rather than social. The paper relates that Locke held that the perception of ideas through the senses and retention of ideas in memory are passive powers of the mind, beyond our direct voluntary control and heavily dependent on the material conditions of the human body.
From the Paper
"In "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding II", Locke defined the person in terms of function rather than by reference to its underlying nature, maintaining that the identity of a conscious person is independent of the identity of whatever substances happen to compose it at any time. This means that the person's identity is not a result of their "underlying nature," which is if they are genetically born "male" or "female." According to Locke, an appropriate account of personal identity must arise from careful analysis of the concept of the person. What he means by "concept" is comparable to what the person truly "feels" and what they have expereinced."
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Gay Marriage, 2005.
A look at the contentious issue of gay marriage and its sociological and societal implications for Americans and for the world.
2,323 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of gay marriage. Specifically, it identifies the term 'gay marriage' and uses sociological perspectives to describe how it might be explained.
From the Paper
"Homosexuality and lesbianism are still quite misunderstood by many members of modern society. Many people believe that same-sex relationships are created only by choice on the part of the partners, but many gay people say they have no "choice" in their sexuality - they were born that way and cannot change to conform to what society believes is normal. Gays and lesbians enjoy sexual and non-sexual relationships with the same sex, and have little interest in sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex. Most gay and lesbian people agree that they have little choice in their sexual preferences, and most note that they first noticed their homosexual tendencies when they were children. Thus, most experts agree that homosexuality is not a lifestyle that is chosen, but rather it is a lifestyle that is part of the person's physical and mental makeup."
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Sex Differences in Language, 2005.
Examines the difference between the linguistic capabilities of men and women.
1,303 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
Numerous studies conducted over the years have suggested that females are more adept than males with regard to their vocal ability. This paper proposes that females have better linguistic abilities because they are both biologically more suited to language capability and because society has influenced women in a manner that dictates that they should have more linguistic ability.
From the Paper
"For years researchers have sought to explain the sex differences that occur in language and human behavior (Joseph, 2000). Human females time and time again have proven to excel over their male counterparts with regard to language tasks and verbal abilities (Joseph, 2000). Females are generally credited with having more ability to express themselves from a social-emotional perspective and tend to vocalize more often among one another than males in groups or pairs (Joseph, 2000)."
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Human Sexuality, 2005.
Summary and discussion of an article by D. Dyrne and M. Hogben on human sexuality, "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality".
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses an article about human sexuality that emphasizes an approach to studying the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from the perspective of the social learning theory. The paper also explains and analyzes how the theory is applied to the study of human sexuality and behavior and examines contemporary research that supports this approach.
From the Paper
"Dyrne & Hogben (1999) in their work "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality" approach the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from a social learning theory approach. This article is of interest because it presents a new model for exploring human sexuality and the reasons that humans act in a particular manner with regard to sexual behavior." The article analyzed is appended to the paper.
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