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Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood", 2008.
Looks at the symbolic function of homosexuality in Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood".
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Djuna Barnes's classic novel "Nightwood" was one of the few great modernist works to address the subject of homosexuality in such an explicit light. The novel deals with the tumultuous relationship of Nora and Robin, a pair of lesbians, and their circle of friends, most notably Matthew, a gay doctor. The author selects a few passages to examine the symbolic role that homosexuality plays throughout the novel particularly within the symbolic polarity of "night" versus "day". The paper explores the connection articulated by Barnes between homosexuality and death and attempts to unravel the complex implications of such an association.
From the Paper
"The third chapter, "Watchman, What of the Night?" explores this notion of homosexuals as "night people" in great detail. Shortly after Robin has left Nora, Nora shows up at Matthew's house one night around three in the morning in order to discuss her loss. While arriving unexpectedly on someone's doorstep at such a late hour would be considered highly unusual from a "normal" perspective, it seems perfectly natural within the discourse of the "night people" that Barnes has set up in her work. In lieu of consolation, Matthew offers Nora a prolonged discourse on the nature of homosexuality."
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Masculinities in Advertising, 2008.
An analysis of the role that masculinity plays in television beer commercials throughout the Western world.
2,635 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper questions whether feminism has contributed to a crisis of masculinity. It also questions if feminism has failed to bring its goals to the wider populace. In order to address these questions, the paper analyzes the role that masculinity plays in television beer commercials throughout the Western world. It shows how contemporary advertising - one of the key tools of globalization - works to re-enforce gender stereotypes and thus refers to a supposed ongoing crisis in masculinity - and gender performance in general.
From the Paper
"While it is interesting to note that beer commercials effectively enforce stereotypical notions of gender through performance, it could also be said that such forms of enforcement effectively point to a wider crisis in masculinity that feminism has helped bring about. Television commercials present an ideal world, one that is highly desirable to the average consumer. They present a world in which men are always masculine in a way that they no longer really are in the real world. Masculinity - and the performance of it - therefore becomes a sort of caricature. Alongside these depictions, stereotypical performances of femininity are also brought in as a means of re-enforcing the notion of the masculine being depicted on screen. In real life, men are not always so "masculine," nor are women always so "feminine" - each human being is a little bit of both. When we acknowledge this fact, we are naturally confused, owing to the normative ways in which society conditions us to perceive gender. Beer commercials thus help to erase a lot of that confusion - and, in their presentation of a fully normalized, ideal world, they make the product they are offering seem even more desirable than it would otherwise."
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The Female Body, 2008.
This paper discusses the female form, sexuality and society.
764 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in contemporary American society, the two genders are still socialized very differently in many respects. The Women's Liberation movement and civil rights
legislation of the late 20th century greatly improved women's rights in the last fifty years, but in the realm of self esteem, female attractiveness is still overemphasized in importance. The writer maintains that the natural power of the female form on men makes provocative clothes irresistible to many men, but it conflicts with other elements of social learning about sexual morality. The combination of the issue of gender-specific sexual socialization with constant messages to women encouraging them to accentuate their physical appeal and sexuality for social approval exposes women to sexual objectification in the work place and to deceptive misrepresentation within intimate relationships. The writer concludes that the solution lies mainly in eliminating the difference in male and female sexual socialization throughout society, including the mixed messages about the female form and female sexuality.
Outline:
Introduction
Mixed Messages about Sexuality and Attractiveness
The Influence of the Female Form on Relationships
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This mixed cultural message and focus on female attractiveness is further complicated by the fact that men are socialized to seek as much sexual activity as they can and socially rewarded for sexual conquests beginning in adolescence. By contrast, women are taught to withhold sexuality except within emotionally intimate relationships. This discrepancy and the natural power of the female form to draw male interest promotes a predatory relationship on the part of men toward women. Instead of honesty and mutual attraction and potential romantic interest, many social relationships initiated by men are deceitful in nature and motivated purely by a desire to fulfill a physical urge, even if that requires outright deception. To make matter worse, in many cases, the moral rationalization on the part of men is that women who emphasize their attractiveness and sexuality in their choice of clothes and style "deserve" to be objectified and used for their sexual purposes without concern for their feelings."
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Women and Relationships: Evolutionary Standpoint, 2008.
This paper discusses human sexual behavior and mating choices from a female evolutionary standpoint, focusing special attention to how the roles of women have changed in modern society.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of human sexual behavior and human sex differences, which has been approached from many different points and in recent years has been viewed through the lens of evolutionary theory. Evolution tries to explain human bodies, and also human minds and behaviors, and it explains not only vague human potentials and capacities but also things far more specific about ourselves than we had thought possible. However, despite agreement on the evolutionary theories, many writers could not accurately explain the idea of human mating choices. Earlier theorists and writers have adhered to the earlier concepts of mating and choices of men and women while changes developed in their roles. For example, women became more open in their relationships with men instead of being a subdued partner. This paper discusses the way these changes have been seen in the current roles of women.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes & Researches
The stereotypes
Preferences for Short & Long Term Relationships
Attractiveness
The Other Side of Beauty
Working/Powerful Women
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The perception is that males assign so much importance to attractiveness that when constrained they ignore personal attributes that appear to be critical for the viability of a long-term romantic relationship. A major drawback of explanations based on social theories is that they do not specify why people in diverse societies assign great importance to attractiveness in the first place. Because attractiveness signals attributes that are crucial for reproductive success, attractive people are pursued by many as potential mates, inculcating and reinforcing their beliefs about their greater desirability compared to unattractive people. The possession of highly sought-after traits would allow attractive people to be choosy, demanding, and less compromising in relationships. Attractive women were perceived to be vain, dishonest, less moral, to have a lack of concern for others, and to be more sexually provocative than less-attractive females. Such a cluster of negative attributes or the other side of the attractiveness stereotype is difficult to explain on the basis of social theories of stereotype formation. An alternative explanation would be that attractive females do, at least occasionally, engage in behaviors that are not held in high regard, thereby giving the 'darker side of beauty' some basis in truth (Alley & Hildebrandt, 1988). The stereotypical belief that attractive women are not very faithful, although consistent with the findings of the darker side of attractiveness, creates a puzzle as attractive women are also rated as most desirable for a long-term relationship. This shows that the female must offer some other qualities as well."
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Freud and Gender Identity, 2008.
A discussion of Sigmund Freud's research into gender identity.
2,605 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
In this paper, Sigmund Freud's research into sexuality bisexuality, homosexuality, gender issues) is reviewed. The paper holds that Freud is respected for much of the original research he conducted into the differences between the sexes, the personality issues that are affected by psycho/sexual dynamics, dream psychology, gender identity and other areas of psychology. It claims, however, that more than a hundred years after his work, there are more than a few questions about the objectivity of his research, the credibility of his theories, and accuracy of his work. The paper concludes that after examining the events that were happening in his life during the time he conducted some of the research, there is room for some doubt.
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, according to Myths and Mysteries of Same Sex Love (Christine Downing), Freud himself was involved in "perversions" (e.g., homosexual relationships) with other men, namely Josef Breuer, Wilhelm Fliess (beginning in 1887) and later with Carl Jung, his close associate in research - a third gay relationship which was at its most intense period from 1907-1912, according to Downing (24). Knowing this information could possibly have the potential of casting a shadow of doubt on some of Freud's work in the area of same sex relationships and same sex research."
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Transsexual Rights, 2007.
A discussion of the issue of the tolerance of transsexuals in society.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines society's increasing tolerance of transsexual individuals. It discusses the implementation of policies enforcing fair treatment of transsexuals in the workplace. The paper points out that, in addition to the workplace, there is a push for greater tolerance for transsexuals regarding other issues as well, such as when buying a house, renting an apartment, going to a movie or a restaurant. The paper discusses transsexuality as a new class of gender identity. The paper concludes by pondering over the plight of transsexuals in the Middle East.
From the Paper
"Lately there have been some high-profile cases involving the discrimination of transgender people, which have aided in the public understanding of the bias that is to be seen in some workplaces in America. In particular there is the story of the city manager in Largo, Florida, who was fired when she came out and announced plans to have a sex change operation. Her name is Susan Stanton, and she was Largo City Manager; in March, 2007, Stanton let it be known she was switching genders. Quite a bit of fuss was stirred up because of that decision. In fact, Stanton was fired."
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Labor Force Participation Rates in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of the increasing participating rates of women and decreasing participation rates of men in the Canadian labor force.
2,172 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the factors that determine the historical trends in labor force participation rates in Canada. It describes the changes in rates based on gender, race and age. The paper then focuses on women's increasing participation rates and men's dropping participation rates over time. The paper contains graphs and tables illustrating its points.
Table of Contents:
About Participation Rates
Participation Rates across Time
Labor Force in Canada
Women's Increasing Participating Rates
Men's Dropping Participation Rates
The Aging Population
Decreasing Youth's Participation Rate
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Another factor that generated mutations in the Canadian participation rates has a macroeconomic nature and is linked to globalization and market liberalization. Free circulation of products and services between countries has generated immigration to Canada. As such, currently, the Canadian workforce is formed of both locals and foreigners. Future predictions include a general decrease in youth and men's participation rates, a stagnation of women's participation rates and also a stagnation of immigrants' participation rates."
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Alternative Sexualities in Native Americans, 2008.
A discussion on how reading Hugh Dempsey's chapter "
They Acted Like Women" from "The Vengeful Wife and Other Blackfoot Stories" changes our understanding of alternative sexualities in Native Americans.
2,225 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Chapter 5 of Hugh Dempsey's work "The Vengeful Wife and Other Blackfoot Stories" and how changes our perception of homosexuality in Native American tribes. The paper relates that this chapter, entitled "They Acted Like Women", dispels many myths and stereotypes and gives the reader a better understanding of the underlying causes of the various gender roles in Native American society. The paper concludes that Dempsey makes the Westernized reader step out of their world and out of their own biases. He allows the reader to explore gender differences from a much different perspective than other western authors
Outline:
Gender and Gender Roles
Towards an Egalitarian Society
Biology or Sociology?
From the Paper
"Native American culture is much more flexible in its interpretation of lifestyle variations. The focus of Native American society was on the roles that a person played within he tribe and daily activities, than on sexual behavior. Dempsey explores some of the various roles and examples of men and women that deviated from the norm. Native American society allowed for a definition of gender that was neither male nor female, yet encompassed the roles of both at the same time.
"Dempsey examines the variations of gender roles that existed within Native American society. His exploration makes us realize that there are many more ways to define gender roles than our limited Western vocabulary allows. "Berdache" is the word used to describe individuals of a definitive physiological sex who take on the status and role of the opposite sex (Dempsey, 2003). There are a number of sexual preferences out of the norm that fall into this category. This category encompasses homosexuals, transvestites, or simply one who shows strong characteristics of the opposite sex."
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Suicide and African American Adolescent Lesbians, 2008.
An examination of suicidality among African-American lesbian adolescents and the correlation of adult support.
14,140 words (approx. 56.6 pages), 48 sources, APA, £ 170.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the risk factors and reasons for suicide among young people is discussed extensively. The paper also explains how many gay and lesbian adolescents, who commit suicide, leave behind a myriad of unanswered questions for their families struggling with their death. It maintains that suicide does not differ among any social or economic class. The paper concludes that there is a high rate of suicide among African-American lesbian adolescents and a lack of family support, which may contribute to the fatal action.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method
Data Analysis
Discussion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"In recent years, sexual preference has come into view as a leading cause for adolescent suicide. The difficulties of dealing with the stigma of homosexuality might lead to depression and even suicide among gay men and lesbians is commonly known. When emerging sexuality becomes a central issue in young lives, depression and suicide are more likely to happen (Russell & Joyner, 2001)."
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Gender Inequities, 2008.
An overview of gender inequalities over the human lifespan.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews gender inequities from childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, and the elderly with respect to their relationships in school, with family, in relationships and within the work force.
Outline:
Gender Inequalities and Socialization - Overview
Gender Differences in Children and Adolescence
Gender Inequalities at Work
Opposition to Equality Issues
From the Paper
"Other studies exploring gender inequities among young adults and middle-age adults exist and result primarily from lower feelings of self-confidence or the ability to succeed when placed in a competitive environment (Goodman, Cunningham & Lachapelle, 2002). For example, women are more likely to drop out of mathematical or engineering fields not because they are not able to do the work, but rather because society suggests that men are more capable in these fields, and thus dominate these fields, resulting in an indirect discrimination against women in primarily male-dominated fields (Goodman, Cunningham & Lachapelle, 2002)."
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AIDS in Differing Cultural Contexts, 2008.
This paper discusses how AIDS and the HIV virus is viewed in different cultural contexts.
1,917 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the case of sexually transmitted diseases, which includes AIDS, the historical media representation of behavior, causal concerns has been relatively poor, as the initial limitations of who and why people are infected play a part in media coverage as well as lack there of. The writer points out that in the case of the HIV virus, or the virus that causes AIDS the media takes center stage in creating frenzy as well as reducing public concern over the matter as a result of it being a behavior based infection, and what many consider illicit behavior at that. The writer maintains that creating a dialogue where real issues, such as what it means to be gay, what it means to be from the third world, or the first world for that matter and what STDs really are, must replace preconceived notions about the right and wrong of human behavior and even existence. The writer concludes that the human animal is a victim of a naturally occurring epidemic that must be controlled and hopefully someday eradicated, without prejudice.
From the Paper
"The readership and follower-ship of such alternative resources was frequently limited to those who had been personally affected by the disease, until such media grew a voice strong enough to make others understand that they needed to demand from the popular press a realistic representation of the disease and its far reaching potential as a scourge of devastation, not unlike many other epidemics of the past.
"The idea that because a disease is an STD it deserves less attention, was so pervasive that the perception of STDs in general was in need of change, as STDs, had up to this point been seen as annoying but hardly deadly, and created a causal situation, even when the victims where unaware of their own infection and unknown ability to spread the disease. STDs were given little press, and even less public information was developed and accessible, outside health clinics that had been established in a feminist demand for equality in health care."
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"Sex, Lies and Conversation", 2008.
A review of the article entitled "Sex, Lies and Conversation: Why is it So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other?" by Deborah Tannen.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in her article entitled "Sex, Lies and Conversation: Why is it So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other?", author Deborah Tannen examines the complex communication relationship that exists between men and women. Specifically, the paper looks at Tannen's point that, although men talk more in public, women talk more in the house and the result is a genuine communication breakdown which causes distress in marriages.
From the Paper
"However, as the research of Tennan shows, this is not the case. According to Tennan's research, the film What Women Want does nothing more than demonize men as being sexist and incapable of understanding women. In actuality, this is far from the truth. Instead, the feeling of being misunderstood is mutual, with both sides being at fault due to the role that gender upbringing creates. In other words, its not that men don't know what women want or that women don't know what men want, the issue is that men and women don't know how to talk to each other. Until this is understood, such stereotypical movies as What Women Want will continue to draw laughs."
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The Impact Of Same-Gender Grouping, 2008.
An analysis of the impact of same-gender grouping during a benchmark test administration on the performance of sixth grade science students.
4,277 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a research which examines the impact of same-gender grouping during benchmark test administration on the performance of sixth grade science students who have otherwise received instruction in a co-gender classroom context.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Methodology
Key Terms and Definitions
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Literature Review
Summary of the Literature Reviewed
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The work of Thomas S. Dee entitled: "Teachers and the Gender Gaps in Student Achievement" offers an insight into the gender gaps that exist in education in today's schools. It is stated by Dee that: "this study presents new evidence on whether assignment to a same-gender teacher influences educational outcomes. And it uses these evaluation results to discuss how the gender interactions between students and teacher may shape the early evolution of gender gaps across academic subjects." (2006) Furthermore, the educational outcomes examined in this study include teacher perceptions of a student's performance and student perceptions of the subject taught by a particular teacher. These subjective outcomes are useful simply because they are educationally important outcomes that provide a complement to the results based on achievement scores." (Dee, 2006) The following table lists the 1999 NAEP scores stated by Dee in by subject, age and gender."
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Coping with Infidelity and Breakups, 2008.
This paper provides a study of strategies to reduce stress and anxiety in order to cope with infidelity and breakups.
7,064 words (approx. 28.3 pages), 27 sources, MLA, £ 108.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that the issue of stress and anxiety that is linked to relationship betrayal and breakdown poses a particular challenge to contemporary psychological and relationship counseling. The paper presents an overview of the problem of infidelity and relationship breakdown mainly in the context of modern developed countries like the Unites States - while reference is also made to the permutations of the problem in other countries in the world. The central focus of this paper, however, is on the way that stress and anxiety can be dealt with in the two gender groups. This refers to the differences and similarities in the way that stress and anxiety is experienced by men and women; and the way that they cope with the trauma of divorce and infidelity. The last section of the paper deals with counseling strategies and methods of dealing with this issue, as well as some theoretical stances and trajectories that has been found to be useful in this regard.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Extent of the Problem
Psychological and other Consequences
Differences in Gender in Relation to Stress and Anxiety
Coping Strategies
General Coping Strategies and Advice
Coping Strategies for Women
Self-Esteem
Coping Strategies of Men
Counseling and Stress Reduction
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
" The above view underlines a cardinal aspect of the way that divorce in particular, as well as other forms of relationship breakdown, negatively influences a wide circle of people. The effect that relationship breakdown has on the family and on children is a significant factor in determining the extent of the problem, in that these aspects can add to and increase stress and anxiety. In other words, in the assessment of the extent and range of the effects of marital breakdown, the other individuals who are affected beside the man and woman, tend to contribute to the overall situation and to the stress and anxiety factors. For example, children may become disruptive as result of the stress of the relationship conflict, which in turn leads to an increase in the problematics of the situation."
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