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Egalitarianism across Gender Roles, 2006.
This paper examines the traditional roles of men and women and the division of labor according to gender in prehistoric societies, while focusing on two particular primitive cultures, the hunters and gatherers and the pastoralists.
1,378 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper analyzes the great differences between the hunter/gatherer societies and that of the acquisitive societies and questions whether or not they are comparable to today's modern society. This paper details the gender roles in hunter/gatherer societies which are distinguished by the fact that each unit of that society performs essentially the same function as any other unit. Men were supposed to be physically stronger than the women and the more rational of the two. This fitted them for work outside the home in the positions of manual laborer or creative thinker while women were envisioned as being physically more delicate and also decidedly more emotional. Society, therefore, placed women within the confines of the home and family. This paper also examines the culture and traditions that were essential to the acquisitive societies, which are very similar today's modern society, in that wealth, prestige and success were the prime determining factor in the relative egalitarianism, or hierarchical qualities found among these cultures.
From the Paper
"Women were best suited to raising children, being good and attentive wives, and on the whole - when they chanced to work outside that environment - to provide functions that were still regarded as "feminine": nurse, teacher, domestic, etc. In general, however, it has always been the belief of serious students of humanity that these gender roles are even more strictly defined among those human societies that have not yet reached the level most would term "civilized." Primitive man, so called, was represented as being even more completely bound by prehistoric tradition. Within these societies, men and women fulfilled the roles handed down to them by ancient archetypes; life being in great measure an endless reenactment of prior conditions."
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Sexual Harrassment and Arnold Schwarznegger, 2006.
This paper examines the political motives behind the claims of sexual harassment made against actor and future governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger.
1,669 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the timing of an article published in the "Los Angeles Times" during the midst of a recall election campaign in California, which reported alleged sexual improprieties by one of the major candidates. Just five days before the actual recall election, actor Arnold Schwarzenegger was accused on the front page of the "Los Angeles Times" of having groped six women during the period between 1975 and 2000. This paper details the events that transpired after the release of the published article as well as the political motives of the "Los Angeles Times." Reaction from the Schwarzenegger camp was immediate and campaign aides denied the charges. The writer contends that the voters made their decision with all the facts, which is the job of a free press - to provide the public with the facts so that each voter may make his or her own decision.
From the Paper
"Further contributing to the negative perception of the Times' reporting was the timing of the story just five days before the election. Contrasted with this was a 1992 story on sexual abuse allegations involving then presidential candidate Bill Clinton, on the eve of the presidential election, which the Los Angeles Times refused to investigate, calling it "toxic waste." What also didn't help the Times case for impartiality was the revelation that one of the women it quoted was urged to come forward by a woman who was a close advisor to Governor Gray Davis, Democratic activist Jodie Evans. When Times columnist George Skelton was asked why the link to Davis was not disclosed by the reporters, he speculated that maybe they did not know about it. What hurt the Los Angeles Times more than anything was not the publication of the Schwarzenegger story itself, but the perception, based upon past performance, that it was biased. Had it critically covered past indiscretions by Bill Clinton, defenders of the newspaper could have pointed that out as evidence of a consistent approach to covering this type of story. As it was, they could not explain why the Schwarzenegger story was covered, while Clinton received a pass."
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Classifications and Categories: Racial, Sexual, and Twained, 2006.
A look at Michael Omi and Howard Winant's book "Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s" and Siobhan Somerville's book "Queering the Color Line".
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and summarizes Omi and Winant's book on racial differentiation and Somerville's book on sexual categorization. The paper explains that Michael Omi and Howard Winant's work defines racialization while Siobhan Somerville's work take this racial differentiation one step further into gender.
From the Paper
"In order to differentiate the meaningful from the meaningless, human beings establish categories to limit the overwhelming amount of information with which we are constantly bombarded. While categories are necessary and useful, they also result in stereotyping and profiling. In Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s, Michael Omi and Howard Winant describe the process of racialization that provides categories of difference that have an enormous impact on our daily lives and on our society as a whole. Siobhan Somerville takes this racial differentiation to another level in Queering the Color Line and looks at the slotting of homosexuals in the pigeonhole of racialization or scientific racism."
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Homosexuality in "North by Northwest", 2006.
This paper examines director Alfred Hitchcock's practice of inserting homosexual imagery into his films, while focusing in particular on the film "North by Northwest."
2,725 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 0 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Alfred Hitchcock's film "North by Northwest," while detailing the areas in which the director inserted homosexual references, albeit on a sub-textual level. This paper discusses the critical analyses of Robin Wood, author of "The Murderous Gays: Hitchcock's Homophobia" and D.A. Miller author "Anal Rope," who both explore Hitchcock's use of gay images in many of his films. This well-written paper details the manner in which the main character of Roger Thornhill's homosexuality is portrayed as perverse. The writer of this paper clearly describes how Thornhill's character is at first gay, his perception of the perversity of homosexuality which force him to become somebody else, resulting in his being reborn as a heterosexual. This paper also touches on the attitude of the film industry in the 1940s and 1950s regarding the issue of homosexuality, which at the time was considered illegal.
From the Paper
"The scene at Townsend's is a critical situation in Thornhill's character development. This is the first time that Thornhill is introduced to Van Damme, and at this point, Van Damme closes the drapes and turns on the lights. This presents two points that portray a homoerotic meaning. First, drapes in Hitchcock movies are usually portrayed as vaginal symbols. When Van Damme closes the drapes, he is denying Thornhill any kind of heterosexual sex. His turning on the light symbolizes the lighting of Thornhill's passion for Van Damme. The other point is that, with the drapes closed, they are free to do whatever they want without the intrusion of voyeuristic eyes. This is the beginning of the subtextual homoerotic relationship between Thornhill and Van Damme, which will play a major part in the overall context of homosexuality in the film."
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Same Sex Marriages, 2006.
This paper examines the controversial issue of same sex marriages while focusing on the religious and legal implications.
1,173 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the recently passed law in Massachusetts permitting same sex marriages. This paper delves into the basic laws as interpreted in Massachusetts and now a precedent for other states to follow which offers an easy solution to the "heterosexuals only" problem. This paper analyzes the issues now facing same sex couples regarding certain rights and recognition previously accorded to heterosexual couples, including tax relief, hospital visits and real estate purchases. This paper also discusses the various religious views on same sex marriages.
From the Paper
"We need to confront the real issues, therefore, which may have little if anything to do with sex, or "love" (whatever that definition may be) but with recognition of certain rights, the same as heterosexual couples now have, both in terms of tax relief, will right of survivorship, even hospital visits, real estate purchases, and so on. While more and more states, Texas and Nebraska being two, have "legally" had same sex marriages banned by means of an actual constitutional amendment, or the plans for one, in some cases it seems the states, in their zeal, may have gone too far. "On May 12, U.S. District Court Judge Joseph Bataillon of Lincoln, Neb., struck down Nebraska's constitutional amendment that banned same-sex marriage. Bataillon's ruling in Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruningdeals in part with the plaintiffs' argument that the amendment deprives same-sex couples of First Amendment rights, creating 'a significant barrier to the plaintiffs' right to petition or to participate in the political process."
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Circumcision, 2006.
This paper lays to rest various controversial myths regarding the advantages and disadvantages of circumcision in both male and females.
1,088 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the available medical research regarding circumcision in new born male infants. Until recently, parents of newborn males were often faced with a decision concerning their baby that medical experts often promised would have far-reaching consequences. They were told that circumcising their baby would prevent horrible medical maladies, including infections and sexually transmitted diseases. This paper details the advances in medical research which proves that these claims are untrue. The Academy of Pediatrics has actively taken a firm stand against routine circumcision for boys. This paper explores the cultural and religious demands that coerce many parents to continue choosing this particular surgical procedure for their infant sons. This paper also touches on the issue of female circumcision and genital mutilation as well as the related complications.
From the Paper
"Ultimately, based on the medical complications and related consequences of both routine infant circumcision of boys and female genital mutilation of girls, one might wonder why either continues to exist. However, closer looks at both practices indicate that they are similar. Indeed, in the societies where the respective practices exist, problems arising from each are likely to be seen as a normal part of life and may not even be associated with circumcision. The most important reasons, however, probably lie in the social and economic conditions of the lives of those who are subjected to the practices. Still, in considering the complications, sexual hardships and increase of sexually transmitted diseases surrounding both procedures, it is easy to see that both practices are incredibly similar and must be stopped on all humans worldwide immediately."
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Dr. Ruth Westheimer's "Dr. Ruth's Guide for Married Lovers", 2006.
A summary and review of Dr. Ruth Westheimer's book about sex and gender.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly summarizes and positively reviews Dr. Ruth Westheimer's book, "Dr. Ruth's Guide for Married Lovers", explaining that the book, while quite humorous at times, also unveils several fallacies about sex, explains the differences in the sexual drives in men and women, explains why the sexual drives differ, and offers suggestions on how individuals can improve their sex lives.
From the Paper
"In the next few chapters, Dr. Ruth discusses sexual fantasies, and honeymoons. Dr. Ruth believes fantasies are good, and healthy, allow for a person's mind to escape during sex, and helps individuals to relax and enjoy themselves. She then discusses honeymoons, but curiously, only honeymoons for those who are still virgins. She claims there are a good deal of married couples who are virgins when they get married, but it seems more likely, that there are a greater number of non-virgins. However, the chapter is helpful, for both virgins and non-virgins. She discusses the expectancies and problems with new relationships. The man may be overly excited, and the woman may have difficulty getting excited. She suggests patience and understanding from both sides, and reminds the reader, that sex does not have to hurt. Then in a humorous, but also shameless plug of her book, Dr. Ruth suggests giving, Dr. Ruths Guide for Married Lovers, to a newly married couple as the perfect wedding gift."
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Ethics in the Military, 2006.
This paper examines various ethical and moral issues prevalent in the U.S. military including: Homosexuality, racism and sexism.
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the lack of enforcement of proper moral and ethical behavior in the U.S. military. This well-researched paper details various landmark military cases, including the racially biased case involving Jackie Robinson and the Tuskegee Airmen, as well as the Tailhook scandal, in which an active duty lesbian officer was dismissed due to her sexual preference. This paper examines the official "don't ask, don't tell" policy regarding homosexuality in the military. The writer of this paper compares the moral and ethical make-up of the military in the 1950s to the present, while stressing that racism, homophobia and sexual misconduct still exists.
From the Paper
"Because of the election coming on and Wendell Wilkie cutting into the usually Democratic Negro vote, President Roosevelt gave the approval for a Negro air force squadron to be formed and trained at Tuskegee airfield. The story has it that Eleanor Roosevelt stopped by to visit, and told a pilot that she heard Negro men could not fly planes. When one pilot promised to show her, she allegedly got into the plane and took off with the black pilot. All through their training, they were apart from white pilots They were at separate airfields so there would be no "mingling". As the war lengthened and the need for pilots increased, more and more black cadets were brought to Tuskegee. But, they continued to be segregated. And they were segregated when they flew their missions in Italy."
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Sex Between Therapists and Clients, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of sex between therapists and their patients, as well as the potential problems that could arise from such relationships.
1,914 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that the issue of sex between therapists and their patients is not a new one, and that the potential problems that could arise from such a relationship have been considered since the beginnings of the practice of therapy. From the beginning of the modern therapeutic relationship, therapists have themselves recognized the harm that could result from sexual involvement with patients. Such prohibitions within the field of medicine as a whole have ancient roots: The Hippocratic oath, which forbid doctors to have sex with their patients so as to preserve the sanctity of their relationship. This paper details various reports and studies on this subject. The American Psychological Association (APA) suspends or expels 12 of its members each year on average for various forms of patient exploitation, of which almost all are sexual. Studies have shown that a number of specific characteristics make certain attributes of patients more sexually attractive. These include: Physical attractiveness, positive mental or cognitive traits and sexuality. This paper explores the various courses of action to be taken if a client feels exploited in anyway by his/her therapist. This paper also details the potential problems, to the patient that could arise from such a relationship which include: The client having difficulty in trusting future therapists. They are not able to make changes without trusting the therapist. The client may sit huddled, avoid making eye contact, withhold important information or may even cancel appointments.
From the Paper
"It is critical for the therapist to seek help from a friend, supervisor or any one else who can help ensure that the therapist does not act in a manner that will interfere with the client's best interests. The APA had strict guidelines and ethical principles, along with a formal code of conduct, to help its members set boundaries for themselves in Document four. In Document four, it explains how a therapist should conduct himself or herself when they face with a possible sexual relationship with a client. It is obvious that the APA Stance of therapist and client relations is very strict. And, the study that was conducted by Pope Ken Velter in 1972 is very true for the modern society."
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Homosexuality as a Deviance, 2006.
Examines the discrimination against homosexuals under the pretence that homosexuality is a deviance.
1,274 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
Deviance is a behavior that does not conform to social norms, therefore is socially created. Since most people in the United States believe that homosexuality is wrong, society has created homosexuality to be a deviance. This paper argues that since deviance is relative and not absolute to a society, homosexuality is not a universal form of sexual deviance. There are many cultures that accept forms of homosexuality. The Western society is not accepting of it though, and many times this non-accepting view cause discrimination towards homosexuals. Is homosexuality a way for some people to deviate, or is it just the way some people need to live their lives? The paper argues that if it is the way of life for some people, then society has to become accepting towards this lifestyle.
From the Paper
"Instead of keeping their sexuality a secret, they are openly gay at all times. They challenge societal norms in hopes that there will be a change in attitudes. Gay liberationist rose about in the early 1970s, after an event that took place earlier. On June 28, 1969, the police raided Stonewall Inn, a gay hangout. Instead of dispersing as usual, the customers rioted. This incident drew a lot of needed attention to problems of police harassment that homosexuals faced."
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"Wine", 2006.
Uncovers the truth behind intangible relationships in the story, "Wine" by Doris Lessing.
1,389 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 0 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
Wine" by Doris Lessing deals with the differences between men and women as it applies to sexuality, personality and evaluation or understanding of certain situations. It brings to light our societal stereotypes (as they were in the late fifties when this piece was written and even as they appear now), and our failing appreciation of one another as separate genders. The paper shows that with the use of merely one man and one woman, Lessing builds a path, based on both misconception and misunderstanding, that leads to a doorway into what she conceives is the truth about the depth any heterosexual relationship can actually achieve.
From the Paper
"Even later yet, the woman refuses to follow his cue when he raises his glass of wine for a toast, though only the moment before she had loved him wholly. Unlike the couple first seen coming from the hotel, they now seem out of sync, uncoordinated, and almost strangers to one another. First, they had looked at ease and comfortable with each other, now they seem as they are simply coping. However, this is but a tidbit of their true personalities. The main course of their dysfunctional relationship is shown through their parallel memories."
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The Socialization of Gender Roles, 2005.
This paper discusses the socialization of gender roles, especially the trap of gender-typing, which places unnecessary limits on a child's development.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the terms "masculinity" and "femininity" are the most difficult to define because the popular explanation of these terms generally has more to do with gender stereotypes than any definable quality of social behavior. The author points out that many social scientists and psychologists argue that it is healthier to be "process-oriented", by choosing behavior based on what is appropriate to the person's needs and the situation at the time, rather than to be "role-oriented" by choosing behavior appropriate to the role society has given them regardless of the situation. This paper emphasizes, that to break the cycle of gender typing, it is necessary to change the popular conception of gender, beginning with the individual, proceeding through families and affecting institutions such as schools and the workplace.
From the Paper
"In American society, early sexual contact is considered more desirable or at least acceptable for boys than for girls. Thus, in a 1989 study of 16 to 25 year-olds in Los Angeles, the average age for first intercourse among boys was 14.9 years, while girls were a year behind at 15.9 years of age. However, this difference has been narrowing in recent years as more girls become sexually active at a younger age. Men's tendency to be more sexually active is related to the traditional assignment of sexual virility as a quality desirable in men. According to the ideals of Western culture, males are supposed to desire sex and take the initiative in sexual activity. This leads to problems in a role-oriented sexual relationship, where women often report attaining less satisfaction in sex due to society-enforced passivity."
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Sexual Harassment, 2006.
Examines how the EEOC deals with sexual harassment in organizations.
2,240 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
Sexual harassment is a workplace topic that has gained more attention in recent years. This paper examines how the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) has set the guidelines in defining sexual harassment used by the court system and society in general. The paper examines several court cases where this problem came to light in organizations.
From the Paper
"In the case of Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Inc., the Supreme Court ruled same-sex sexual harassment is a form of sexual discrimination under the protection of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The case stems from Joseph Oncale's work on a Gulf of Mexico oil rig with Sundowner Offshore Services. His lawsuit against the company
and three other men alleged that he was sexually assaulted, battered, touched, and even threatened with rape. Oncale said he reported the incident to the highest ranking official at the job site. Apparently no action was taken. He quit because he felt the harassment would lead to rape."
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"Harmful to Minors", 2006.
A review of Judith Levine's book, "Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex."
1,595 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 0 sources, £ 35.95
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Abstract
In her book, "Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children from Sex," Judith Levine puts forth a thought provoking argument that by shielding America's children from sex, America is harming its children. In essence, the protector has become the problem. The paper shows that those hardest hit by Levine's targeted analysis are the very people trusted to protect children.
From the Paper
"Levine dissects kiddie porn and cyberporn, considered by many to be two of the greatest threats invading the family home today. She contends that studies in the 1950s proved that child pornography was a crime led and kept alive by a very small fraction of society. (p32) The problem was not the perverts who traded and sold yellowing photographs, it was the zealous adults bringing it into the open and then sensationalizing it to the point of starting a nation wide panic."
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