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The Gender Gap in Negotiations, 2006.
An in-depth study of the negotiating position of women in the workplace.
10,250 words (approx. 41.0 pages), 29 sources, MLA, £ 141.95
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Abstract
This study examines the gender gap in negotiating positions in the workplace. The paper considers the problem by examining its history, by determining changes that have been made over time regarding the negotiation position of women and by reviewing and researching literature and theoretical perspectives offered by various academics and business persons on the issue. Additionally, the paper looks at trends that can be discerned, how they have been explained, and what trends for the future they might portend.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Context
The Negotiation Process
The Players
Changing the Game
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The role of women in society was conditioned over time by religious attitudes and by the conditions of life that prevailed through much of history. The culture of Europe and America was based for centuries on a patriarchal system in which exclusive ownership of the female by a given male was considered important, with the result that women were relegated to the role of property with no voice in their own fate. The girl-child was trained from birth to fit the role awaiting her, and as long as compensations were adequate, women were relatively content: "For example, if in return for being a man's property a woman receives economic security, a full emotional life centering around husband and children, and an opportunity to express her capacities in the management of her home, she has little cause for discontent.""
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Attitudes toward Alcohol Use, 2006.
This paper is a complete research project to analyze the gender differences in attitudes related to alcohol use in the United Kingdom.
7,980 words (approx. 31.9 pages), 38 sources, APA, £ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the research into the causes and effects of alcohol use and abuse continue, the fact remains that there are some important differences in how the practice is viewed by men and women that can provide some valuable insights into developing effective interventions. The author presents an extensive literature review and a complete qualitative survey designed by the author to understand gender differences in attitudes toward alcohol use. The paper reports that this survey of 30 U.K. university students showed that the male respondents were slightly more likely to engage in patterns of heavy drinking than their female counterparts; however, the responses were relatively equal concerning a particular setting where alcohol had been used in the past. Complete question by question data analysis. Many tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Gender Differences in the Perception of Alcohol Use
Interventions and Initiatives Targeted at Reducing Alcohol Abuse among Younger Drinkers
Methodology
Data Analysis
Demographics
Likert-Scaled Questions
Open-Ended Comments
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendation
Survey Instrument
Table of Raw Survey Results
From the Paper
"Another large study conducted in 1997 (Thun et al.) determined that the death rate from breast cancer was 30 percent higher among middle-aged and elderly women who reported only having one drink daily than among nondrinkers; however, breast cancer in women is not the only health risk associated with alcohol consumption that seems to be hormone related (Hanna et al., 2002). As noted above, women tend to advance to cirrhosis of the liver at more rapid rates than do men when consuming smaller quantities of alcohol. In this regard, Tivis and Galaver (1994) hypothesized that alcohol-hormone interaction may influence the development of alcohol-induced liver disease in postmenopausal women who are moderate to heavy drinkers."
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Gender in Slave Narratives, 2006.
This paper discusses and analyzes two autobiographical novels which focus on the issues of gender and slavery and its subsequent impact on both narratives.
1,778 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes "The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave" by Mary Prince and "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African" by Olaudah Equiano. The writer details the various similarities and differences in both narrative autobiographies which tell the stories of two West Indie slaves, one male the other female. The writer of this paper cites various sections of text from both novels which attest to the obvious differences between the genders. One example citing the differences between the two sexes focuses on Prince's experiences as a slave in which she only briefly touches on the abuse inflicted by her masters while Equiano speaks of it much more openly and in detail. The writer contends and explains that both narratives clearly illustrate the relevance of gender in the slave trade and in the telling of the actual stories which are cited in this paper. This paper details the plots of both novels while also examining the West Indie slave trade during the 18th century.
From the Paper
"While Equiano also made friends with young people and followed his master at his master's whim when he was a boy, his experiences were different. He served one master, and the master treated him more like a pet than a slave. He played with other children, he made lifelong friends, and he began to learn the ways of the seas. Already, the difference between the two children is striking. Equiano has not really seen any hard labor or punishment, and has not really lived the life of a slave as most do, while Prince has already been torn from two families and her mother, and worked hard from a very young age. Equiano's experience is not typical, but had he been a female, he probably would not have had the experience at all. As the slaves grow older, so do their duties and their differences. Prince is sold to a cruel household where she has to do both inside and outside duties such as cooking, farming, cleaning, washing, and nearly all the tasks of a busy household."
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Custodial Abuse, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and impact of custodial abuse in prisons for women.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sexual abuse of female inmates is an issue in both federal and state prisons; abuses against female inmates occur from both male and female corrections officers and from other prisoners. The author points out that one serious problem associated with sexual abuse is the spread of contraband because, often in return for sexual favors, corrections officers provide their victims with drugs and other items that prisoners are not supposed to possess. The paper relates that the most detrimental impact of sexual abuse upon corrections is the inability to rehabilitate; inmates who are sexually abused are more likely to become repeat offenders and return to prison.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Impact
Summary
From the Paper
"The sexual abuse of female inmates also comes from other inmates. Just as in male prisons, female prisoners often prey on other prisoners for sexual favors. In some cases female inmates have even been raped by other female inmates. According to an article published in the "Journal of Sex Research "explains that while this type of sexual abuse is not as common among female inmates when compared to male inmates, it does occur. The research asserts that female inmates are often confronted with the sexual advances of other inmates. The research describes an inmate observer who gave an account of a violent rape perpetrated against her by other female inmates. However, research has found that rape is the least common form of sexual behavior amongst female inmates."
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Third Wave Feminism, 2005.
This paper describes Third Wave Feminism and the way Europe is meeting the needs of women at home and in the office.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Third Wave Feminism, led by the very women who left home for an office in politics seeking the promises of egalitarian family and workplace, has swept the integrated halls of Europe, where "family values" and "workplace equality" are simultaneously projected in government and real life. The author points out that, while the United States sags behind, European leaders proved true to a growing pressure in their workforce, by constructing beneficial social policies that relieve the pressure on working families. The paper relates that the European Union's challenging mandate for members to provide equally for mothers and fathers, men and women. The paper presents the situation in the U.K., France and Sweden, which is the most advanced in this area.
From the Paper
"However, the struggle between family and work remains important for both sexes. France and Britain are at opposite ends of the European sphere, old rivals again facing new arguments as they aim to decipher the call for equality heard internationally. In 2001, the Genisson Law provided for a new equality in the work-place that would insinuate a balance between work and family for the people of the nation. The law introduced an obligation to include occupational equality issues in bargaining at sector and company level, a novel move for the people of France. However, European critiques note the lack of agreements signed making use of the law, indicating the lagging interest in French companies for gender-related work and home-life equality."
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"Dual Attraction", 2006.
An overview of this book on sexuality by Martin S. Weinberg, Colin J. Williams and Douglas W. Pryor.
921 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book "Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality" which was written by three sociologists examining the issue of dual attraction by comparing bisexuals, homosexuals and heterosexuals residing in the area of San Francisco. The paper shows that the book takes the view that studies of sexuality are of interest to the public. Over the past few decades, there has been an ongoing clash between heterosexuals and homosexuals as the latter have become more overt, more visible and more challenging to the earlier customs of society.
From the Paper
"The authors examine different surveys and research reports showing how people come to discover and experience their sexuality. This is a large subject and not at all as simple as some people might believe. Indeed, society makes the topic all the more complicated by imposing ideas about sex and sexuality so that anyone who deviates from the accepted course has to find a justification for doing so and may have to withstand a variety of challenges from those who do not approve."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2005.
A response to the article "Gay Marriage 'Unnatural'" by Rev. Louis P. Sheldon.
819 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In the article entitled "Gay Marriage "Unnatural," the Reverend Louis P. Sheldon presents an argument against homosexual marriage. This paper offers a response to the article and argues that Sheldon's points are flimsy and not convincing.
From the Paper
"First of all, Reverend Sheldon declares that homosexuality "is not generational. The family tree that starts with a homosexual union never grows beyond a sapling." This statement is obviously based on flawed ideas, for much research has been conducted which shows that homosexuality is indeed generational, meaning that it can infiltrate one generation after another."
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Gender Differences, 2006.
A discussion on the differences between males and females.
1,577 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explores, through quoted literature, the differences between the two genders with regards to communication, identity development and sexuality. The paper hypothesizes whether these differences actually exist or a nurtured by society. In conclusion the author of the paper offers a personal opinion and calls for more extensive research in this arena.
From the Paper
"No matter how we encapsulate the entire debate, the one thing that is blatantly clear from each book on gender differences is that both men and women belong to different cultures and their development in widely dissimilar cultures conditions their minds to behave in a unique fashion. "Men's and women's communication styles are startlingly dissimilar...communication is the most glaring of the differences between the sexes." (De Vito, 2002, p. 84). Women are found to be better at trouble talks. This means when a tricky situation comes up, women are more likely to handle it better than men who are believed to be more aggressive and thus less qualified for resolving conflicts."
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Women's Suffrage, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of women's suffrage in the U.S..
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in 1846 when the first convention for Women's Rights convened, women did not even have the right to speak out publicly and demand their rights. The author points out that the arguments, which justified the demand for women's suffrage, were (1) the "natural rights" argument that women were persons and justice was a natural right of personhood and (2) the "expediency" argument that women could carry out their roles more efficiently if they had the vote because their effect on the country would be to purify and lift up society into a more moral state. The paper relates that, between 1910 and 1920, middle-class black women became active in the cause; however, they could never overlook the issue of racism, which, for them, was not just a matter of being women because their color was a major cause of oppression.
From the Paper
"Anti-suffragists argued that changing women's roles was a danger to society and to the stability of the family. They argued that because the family was the basic unit of society, women didn't need to vote because their husbands cast a vote for the whole family, a household vote. If women had the vote, they might vote against their husbands. This would destroy home and family and create anarchy. Women were not emotionally or mentally suited to the responsibilities of voting. They were sentimental and childlike and prone to hysteria. Women should be excused from the vote because it might ruin their purity and moral superiority."
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Male and Female Historians, 2006.
An essay looking at whether history would be viewed differently if women played a greater role in recording it.
1,229 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the many factors that influence how history is recorded with particular focus on how the different genders interpret and therefore record events in history. The paper sites Julie Des Jardins' book, "Women and the Historical Enterprise in America", as a resource supporting the view that the interpretation of historical events is affected by not only culture and personal bias but by gender as well, and points out that these differing influences must be kept in mind when reading about history.
From the Paper
"What if more women either had more opportunity or were more recognized to write about equality between men and women in earlier days? Susan B. Anthony is the name long associated with the right for women to vote. However, there are many other women who pushed this cause whose names have not become well known. A History of the American Suffragist Movement by Doris Weatherford relates much of the information not known about this topic. For example, in 1637, way before the actual Suffragist Movement, a woman named Anne Hutchinson went against the male leadership and exercised her right to free speech. The theocrats who ran the newly founded colony of Massachusetts tried and convicted her of treason because her religious and feminist ideas did not agree with their strict theology. She was exiled with her 12 children, most of whom were killed by the Algonquins."
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Exotic Dancing, 2005.
This paper discusses the profession of stripteases also called inter alia strippers or, the expression chosen by those in the profession, exotic dancers.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that exotic dancers can be well-paid working as house dancers and feature dancers, who have an independent name as a starlet and move from town to town, providing "feature appearances". The author points out that male strippers dancing in front of female audiences, have become widespread; male and female strippers perform for gay and lesbian spectators respectively and both sexes perform together in pan-sexual contexts. The paper stresses that exotic dancing training has more to it than learning to dance in a sexy manner; the trainee needs to learn how to go into the greater fathoms within oneself, locate their own hidden beauty and grace and mingle it into a sensual movement.
Table of Contents
What the Career is
What Training is Necessary and how is it Essential to the Field of Dance
The Insights of Persons who have Chosen this as a Career
From the Paper
"Essence, another local dancer who is a graphic designer with Pima, replied that the negative typecast concern her. 'They're simple, they're sluts'. However, things do not unroll in that fashion; simply it is about girls who are at ease with their bodies. According to Essence regarding the striper's current earnings that there is nothing called as average income, you end up either winning or losing. While at school, she would not truly talk about what her performances were until the topic came through, which she states that never happened very frequently. She stated that her advisor had full knowledge regarding it. In the education environment, it crops up as a discussion in some type of women's studies class; these matters do not crop up."
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Gay Marriages, 2005.
This paper discusses the constitutionality of gay marriages.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that most religious and conservative people believe that marriage was created for the purpose of procreation; whereas, proponents of gay marriages believe that the U.S. Constitution provides for a strict separation of the church and the state and as such religious arguments do not have a legitimate place in the debate and that the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right of private consensual sex and as such the prohibition of gay marriages is a violation of such rights. The author points out that the gay marriage issue came to the forefront of national debate in 1996 when several Hawaiian gay couples sued for the right to marry legally, which resulted in the passage of "The Federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)" in 1996. The paper relates that, in May 2005, a U.S. Federal District Judge struck down sweeping provisions of the Nebraska constitution that defined marriage as only between a man and a woman and banned same-sex civil unions, domestic partnerships and other similar relationships as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Table of Contents
Marriage, Gay Marriage and Same Sex Unions
The Controversy
The Constitutional Debate
The Federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
State Laws Recognizing Same Sex Unions
Conservatives Propose Constitutional Amendment
Federal Judge strikes down Nebraska Gay Marriage Ban
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The passage of DOMA did not deter gay-right activists in their campaign for the legal recognition of gay marriages and in 2000, Vermont became the first state to allow gay partners to join in a civil union with the same rights enjoyed by married heterosexual couples under state law. Maine, Hawaii, California, New Jersey, and Connecticut have also enacted laws that give some degree of rights to gay civil unions and partnerships since then. On November 18, 2003, in Goodridge v.Department of Public Health, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial ruled that: "barring an individual from the protections, benefits, and obligations of civil marriage solely because that person would marry a person of the same sex violates the Massachusetts Constitution." Implementing the Court's decision, Massachusetts made same sex marriage legal in the state on May 17, 2004; it is thus far the only state to do so. Most other states have enacted constitutional provisions that define marriage as a union of one man and one woman."
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Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs, 2006.
This paper examines the effectiveness as well as the controversy surrounding adolescent pregnancy prevention programs.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the crucial role that teen pregnancy prevention programs play in adolescent sexual education. The writer of this paper, details the observations and results attained from a field placement study with the Girls Inc. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy program. This paper, written from the writer's personal point of view, discusses the controversy surrounding the effectiveness of various programs geared towards preventing teen pregnancies. The writer examines the main goals of these programs, which provide helpful intervention in the lives of the participants, yet stresses the need for improvements. This paper delves into the effectiveness of the Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education program, which was designed specifically to address various features missing in existing prevention programs. These programs generally supply the participants with the knowledge and skills necessary to address educational and career opportunities. This paper also details the findings and results of several articles and research studies pertaining to this particular topic.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Field Placement Observations
Article Reviews
Synthesis of Article Reviews and Field Placement
New Study
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Overall, my experiences with my field placement agree with many of the points in Lederman and Mian's article. The Parent-Adolescent Relationship Education (PARE) curriculum in their article shares similarities with my practical experience at the Girls Inc. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy program. For example, both programs focus strongly on the participant's social well-being, rather than simple sex education. My practical observations at the Girls Inc. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy program validated Lederman and Mian's assertions that such social training can be effective in helping young girls. While Lederman and Mian's article validated my experiences at an academic level, it did not give me with a real understanding of the experiences of children."
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Enforcing Statutory Rape Laws, 2006.
This paper examines the current laws regarding statutory rape while stressing the need for stricter implementation and enforcement of these same laws which prohibit sexual relations between adults and minors.
739 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the growing problem of teenage pregnancies in America, which, can, in some part, be attributed to sexual relationships between minor females and adult men. The writer of this paper examines the argument, which states that enforcing these rape laws will result in a reduction of teenage pregnancy rates. The writer contends that if teen pregnancy rates are reduced, the existing burden on the welfare system will be substantially relieved as a result. This paper explores the current statutory rape laws, in which relations between adults and minors are referred to as rape, sexual abuse and unlawful sexual conduct. The seriousness of the charges vary, based on the age of the victim, or the span of years between the victim and the perpetrator. This paper explores the strategies of various states, such as Delaware and California, that are leveling civil penalties against the perpetrators of crimes against minors.
From the Paper
"While all states currently have laws forbidding sexual activity between adults and minors, the variation in laws and application are enormous. The relations between adults and minors are referred to as rape, sexual abuse, unlawful sexual conduct and other epithets. The seriousness of the charge can vary, based on the age of the victim, or the span of years between the victim and the perpetrator. It should also be noted that most of these laws are not gender neutral and are usually applied solely to young women and girls. Even so, the laws are notoriously difficult to prosecute. The women involved are often, understandably, unwilling to give testimony against their partner. Several states are looking to recoup the cost of the teenaged pregnancy to the social service system by leveling civil penalties against the perpetrator."
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