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Gender Wage Gap, 2008.
This paper discusses gender differences in wages in Canada.
3,558 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the female-wage differential in Canada by focusing on the empirical research and methodological structures used to explain what accounts for the wage differential. More importantly the paper focuses on the literature that has explained this trend and how the literature has changed or incorporated analytical tools that are useful to the overall theoretical framework of female-wage differentials in Canada. The paper is organized to present empirical studies that differ in terms of modeling frameworks and with a focus on methodological differences throughout the literature. The writer concludes that even though as time progresses the female-male wage differential narrows in Canada, it is still a persistent problem and the literature will continue to change and use new methods to estimate and understand the female-male wage differential.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review: General Overview
Empirical Studies and Development
Comprehensive Analysis from Drolet
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many studies that focus on the Canadian labor market focus on the factors that affect the human capital investment in that environment, but the theoretical development is still based on the human capital explanation.
"There is extensive literature that uses the auspices of the marginal revenue productivity theory to explain how differences between men and women as it relates to education, experience, hours of work, occupation, and other institutional or structural factors affect the female-wage differential. This type of analysis has been used to explain country or region specific wage differentials because of the use of large cross-sectional data sets that can determine differences in the labor force composition within that particular country or region."
"Typically the female-wage differential models have focused on estimating different functions for males and females."
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The Failure of Technology to Induce Gender Equality., 2008.
A discussion on how gender can be defined in terms of technology.
2,554 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, rather than than serving as a force of gender equalization, technology seems to feature gender distinctions, and can be applied too, to reinforcing further distinctions of the kind. The paper relates that, if the technology of a society helps to reveal some of its principal activities and shines light on social values, beliefs and activities, one comes to see much in post-industrial North American society that does point to differences in women's expected concerns, activities and abilities, what they need that men do not need so often, and how time is spent. The paper concludes that women still have not received gender equity by way of technology.
Outline:
Introduction
Observations of Gender & Technology in a 24-Hour Period
An 'Archaeological' Reflection
Discussion
Gender as a Social Construction
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"If technology is understood as a machine replacing or easing human An effort, as in different kinds of mechanization, one assumes gender neutrality, but in an urban North American environment, everyday technology can seem gender specific. The following examples were encountered in one day.
"A supermarket revealed an entrance geared to persons in wheelchairs or 'mothers' with prams, the symbol of a sign indicating this wider entrance referring to a female with pram and children who would obviously use this convenience. In a hairdresser's supply shop, no fewer than twelve electric appliances were counted in a few minutes, all promoted in ways to show different curling irons, crimping irons, rollers and particular blow-dryers, as products used by women. A mechanic then noted that the car I drove had a standard transmission, commenting that many women preferred automatic transmissions. He seemed to believe that the latter had been invented for women. At a computer supply shop, a salesman took time to understand that I wished to know about software for architectural drawings. The packaging of two products happened to feature male models as though architectural drawing was not a female interest. An apartment building's power-assisted entrance was used by disabled persons and women, though there might just as easily have been two entrances featuring power-assisted doors. Similarly, a business that sold vacuum cleaners stressed light-weight canister vacuum cleaners on sale that were said to appeal to many woman customers. Lastly, two people with whom I spoke complained that female members of their households spent "hours yacking on the Internet" in reference to Email or MSN communication."
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"The Fall of Manhood" by Robert Sibley, 2008.
A review of an article in the 'Writer's Weekly' entitled "The Fall of Manhood", written by Robert Sibley.
946 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Robert Sibley perceives the role of the male in society, in his article "The Fall of Manhood". The paper explains that Sibley blames feminism for having confused male roles towards unwanted results in society. The paper looks at how this pattern prevails through the entire article through to a conclusion suggesting that women enjoy unfair advantages in society and that the result is none other than male violence. The writer then suggests that Sibley seems to feel that this male violence is to be expected, if not justified. The writer concludes the paper with the following question: If a gender neutral society and altered roles for males are to blame, then why has male violence been rather a constant force affecting women and children?
Outline:
Introduction
Paragraph Analysis
Conceptual Essay
For Further Exploration
From the Paper
"One explores violence against women, in terms of the way of thinking of a battering male and learns that the individual in question is not a 'fine' example of manhood, in the least, but a cowardly, usually insecure person who attempts to control a spouse or other women in his life in compensation. Whereas Sibley criticized eased divorce laws in Western societies, he does not reflect on why these laws have been pioneered in the later 20th century, in greater understanding of women who do need to leave violent or otherwise abusive marriages and who were not served by previous laws that made divorce difficult to obtain. Indeed, Sibley does not consider how prevalent male violence may have been in the past, though asserting that it is extremely common in the present and a result of social change that has removed male traditional roles and functions."
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Women, Men and Unpaid Work, 2008.
This paper discusses the housework and unpaid domestic work that is mainly completed by women.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that although women are today more present in the workforce than in the past, women are still responsible for much of the unpaid household work as well as the raising of children. This paper examines this 'second shift' most women face everyday. The paper argues that although the domestic labour is undervalued and considered a 'labour of love', it is crucial in today's society and plays a large and important role in economic development, the free market and capitalism. The paper also shows that women's paid and unpaid work are connected and impact one another as well as the continuing gender inequality in our society.
From the Paper
"Partly at fault for this is the society in general and in particular the family, as a basic unit of any society, because they send very specific sex-stereotyped messages about what the roles of men and women are in the society. Although the view on what the typical gender roles are has somewhat changed, both women and men are still expected to fit a certain stereotype. First, there is the traditional division between the public and the private sphere. Men are expected to be more inv9olved with the public sphere while women are to concern themselves with the private sphere, mainly within the domain of the households. Across the great majority of cultures, women are considered to be the 'gentler gender' and more 'suited for the nurturing and caring tasks of childcare. Traditional male and female family roles are still very present in society today and society and the media continue to encourage them."
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Gender and Technology Theory, 2008.
An essay arguing that modern technology is not contributing towards closing the gender gap between men and women and that it is the social constructs that encourage gender specific technology that must be changed.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, rather than being gender neutral, modern technology is actually quite gender specific. The paper then sites several examples of technology that support this contention and suggests that the technology also seems to imply that women are less competent or less able to operate technology as well as men and need adapted technology. The paper concludes that technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject and that, if we want to advance the prospects of women, we must first create cultural change, as technological advances do not automatically promote gender inequality .
From the Paper
"The creation of gendered technology has continued at a strong pace, no longer a domain of household gadgets or curling irons but a realm that includes reproductive technologies serving women, as technology supporting child-bearing women. Women are unwittingly helping a new technology sector from which males profit in the growing numbers to have children later in life, to engage in sex selection, or to demand children through relatively to very high risk cases. This technological enterprise can perhaps be seen as post-industrial child-bearing as a new industry carrying on from the industrial era. In sum, technology has not 'liberated' women in that technology remains a gendered subject. Those who expected something different are advised to trace the much longer history of gender as a socially constructed phenomenon. Cultural change must be created to alter ideas of gender, as opposed to hoping that technological advances will progress the prospects of women."
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Media, Sex and Teens, 2008.
This paper discusses how the media affects adolescent girls, in particular as it relates to the subject of sex.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that the media affects adolescent girls by making them more interested in sex and sexuality. It also affects the choices that teen adolescent girls make about sex and sexuality. The writer discusses that the messages that all types of media are sending out to our youth is shaping a generation whether we want to believe it or not. The writer notes that media's original purpose was to inform and entertain. As the technology in media grew so did society's dependence on the media. There was a time that media was a teacher and in many ways it still is. However, the writer questions whether the message being taught is what we want our children to learn. This paper examines some of the messages that media is sending out to teenage girls about their bodies and their sexuality.
Outline:
Introduction
How Teens Choose and Use Media
Selection
Interaction
Application
Television
Television Talk Shows
Teen Girls and Women Magazines
Movies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sexuality and sexual action is another area that when it is portrayed in the media as having no consequences is not a reality and has serious societal ramifications for teenage girls and boys. The media in any form whether it be music videos, computer games of advertisements can provide a good or bad message. Who is in control of determining if the message from media is good or bad? Just like watching what their children eat parents are responsible for the message teen girls hear from the media."
"During prime-time the televisions shows teens watch most frequently are full of talk about and depictions of sexual activity. Most of the sexual content on television is from characters discussing their own or others' current or future sexual activity. The idea of sexual risk or responsibility, however, is almost never talked about or shown."
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Divorce and Female Children, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of divorce on adolescent girls.
1,959 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at how children are affected by divorce and focuses on the effects on girls. The writer notes that in many instances female adolescents are adversely affected because of conflict in the divorce process. The writer points out that when this conflict occurs the female youth can react by becoming sexually active, abusing substances or having thoughts of suicide. These circumstances are the result of anxiety and/or depression that must be treated in order for the child to overcome her ordeal successfully. The writer maintains that the most effective manner of treatment is cognitive-behavioral therapy, which may be used in conjunction with prescription medications, to aid the adolescent in dealing with the devastation of the life situation. The writer concludes that this treatment, coupled with support systems through family, friends and education, can allow the youth to gain new insight into the situation and once again become a self-confident and fully functioning individual.
Outline:
Introduction
The Issue
Mental Disorder
Treatment Recommendations/Interventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In these cases, instead of the child becoming overly socially active, the child closes herself off from the world, to include peer groups, family members and teachers. The longer that the conflict exists and is elevated, the more deeply into depression the youth becomes and the greater the risk there is of suicidal thoughts.
"This information indicates that when conflict exists between parents involved in divorce female adolescents are adversely affected. The degree to which these youth respond to the conflict will depend on the extent that the child is drawn into the issue and how long the conflict occurs. What is known, however, is that anxiety and depression can create scenarios in which teen females risk disease, pregnancy and death. The severity of these risks calls for an examination of the appropriate mental disorders that are cited and the treatments that will assist this population for the future."
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The Evolution of Sexual Attraction, 2008.
This paper discusses the motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction.
1,637 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that successful copulation and reproduction has been propagated by the human species for millions of years. The writer points out that this process has been studied and researched for centuries to determine the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction. The field of evolutionary psychology has attempted to do so, and derives evidence from psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, comparative zoology, sociology, behavioral genetics, and many other fields. The writer discusses that through such studies, more insight may be gained as to sexual attraction, mate choices, and social decisions regarding sex and relationship between men and women. The writer maintains that there is no doubt that human beings will continue mating and reproducing, yet the whole process continues to have a mysterious aura surrounding it. The writer then concludes that although study after study has been conducted, the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction are still elusive.
Outline:
Introduction
Evolutionary Function of Orgasms
What Men and Women Find Attractive
Social vs. Sexual Attraction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This modern day psychology of the human male is no doubt an offshoot from his male ancestors who were physiologically urged to over-reproduce to insure survival of the species.
"Women, on the other hand, do not appear to have such a physiological or psychological need to procreate with multiple males, as women do not compete with other female ova during sexual encounters. Therefore, short-term sexual partners for women may function only to evaluate possible long-term mates, and serve more of a social function whether than a sexual or reproductive one."
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Boys' Education and Feminism, 2008.
A critical examination of the debate over masculinity and the underperformance of boys in public education.
1,660 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper refers to Michael Kimmel's analysis of the debate over gender stereotyping and its relationship with boys' underachievement in academic studies today. The paper provides a critical examination of this debate and reveals that this problem actually pre-dates the modern feminist movement, thus proving that the greater access and performance of girls in the education system is actually not related to underperformance of boys. The paper contends that this critique of feminism can be seen as an agenda-driven effort by conservative forces to both undermine the gains of the feminist movement and also obscure the reality of the negative impact of gender stereotyping upon boys' academic performance.
Outline:
Introduction
Background in the Debate
Backlash Politics and the Issue of Masculinity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In "What About the Boys?" Michael Kimmel explores a number of facets of the complex debate over gender stereotyping and the contemporary education system. Proceeding from an initial focus upon the current concern over the apparent decline in academic performance of boys in recent years, Kimmel develops a wide-ranging interrogation of not only issues and agendas in the current debate, but also of broader social gender conditioning and stereotyping in our culture and how this is negatively impacting generations of males."
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Sexual Harassment on Television, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of sexual harassment and focuses on NBC's television show "The Office".
1,544 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer notes that in 2005 the NBC series "The Office" based an entire episode around the subject of sexual harassment. The writer discusses that although quite funny, the episode entitled "Sexual Harassment" was a glaring example of what is unacceptable behavior in the workplace. The writer then points out that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made sexual harassment a form of sex discrimination that applies to employers with 15 or more employees. The wriiter also points out that the show is blatantly politically incorrect and was intentionally so in the episode entitled "Sexual Harassment. The writer concludes that the hope is that the incidence of such behavior will be less and less as supervisors and managers are educated on the subject, and as programs are implemented in the workplace to train all employees on the unacceptable practice of sexual harassment.
Outline:
Introduction
Sexual Harassment
"The Office" and "Sexual Harassment"
Dealing with Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stanley looks at Michael in disgust indicating the picture is of his daughter who goes to a catholic girl's school. Because Michael made this sexually oriented statement in front of other employees, this would constitute another form of verbal sexual harassment.
"Even the meeting on sexual harassment does not escape becoming sexual in nature. Darryl, an employee at the meeting points at the monitor where a training video is being shown and indicates he "banged" the girl in the video. Darryl is guilty of telling rumors about a person's personal sexual life and therefore has committed verbal sexual harassment."
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Caribbean Female Sex Work, 2008.
Looks at female prostitution as sex work in Caribbean countries.
2,530 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in various Caribbean countries, women have very few ways of supporting their families and thereby capitalizing on their sexuality through sex work is within their conformist respectable cultures. The author points out that most North American and European female prostitutes are motivated by their heroin and crack cocaine addictions; whereas, Caribbean prostitutes or sex workers are prompted by the opportunity to make a livable wage. The paper stresses that these Caribbean sex workers recognize their right to political activism as women to be taken seriously in tourist economies, which require their labor.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Victims versus Survivors
Sex Economics
Gaps between Sex Trade Workers and Observers
Caribbean, not Western Sex Work
Race and Caribbean Sex Work
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Caribbean prostitution points to more than differing ideas on sexuality's importance in the Caribbean culture zone and can remind of a "racialized relation of power and resistance" at local as much as global levels. Caribbean women are absolutely aware of the obstacles of sexism, racism of different kinds, and bleak economic prospects. Observers tending to pit respectable Caribbean cultures and their expectations of women against women of classes involved in prostitution need to explore again for women who take up sex work see very clearly local social and political orders divided by class."
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Sexuality in "A Passage to India", 2008.
A look at how E.M. Forster's book, "A Passage to India", demonstrates how sexuality influences relationships and situations in society.
1,039 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper is an examination of the meaning of sexuality, the mystery that surrounds it in behavioral situations and the type of people involved, as ascribed to the characters in E.M. Forster's book, "A Passage to India". The tender subject of inter race relations with respect to sexuality is also clearly demonstrated in this review.
From the Paper
"Aziz also manages to develop a casual platonic friendship with one of the main female characters, Adela, because he finds her not only sexually unattractive but even plain and ugly. A telling scene is one between Aziz and protagonist Fielding, who discuss whether they are attracted to Adela. Aziz rejects her soundly based on her physical plainness, whereas Fielding dislikes her priggish intellectual interest in India. (Aziz is sexually motivated; Fielding is not.) Aziz moreover feels he can talk to Adela as a man - not a common attitude of men towards women at the turn of the last century, but one Aziz employs because of his tendency to equate femininity with sexuality and beauty. However, Aziz is not socially insensible, and he realizes that a proposed visit to Marabar Caves with Adela would be problematic, he being widowed and she being engaged. This attention to social mores indicates how sexually frigid people were in the early 1900s, regardless of race. A man and a woman who are not married should not be seen walking together in public; social mores are so strong on this matter that even Aziz, who can barely see Adela as a sexual object, realizes this. "
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The Chinese Imperial Eunuch, 2008.
Looks at the Chinese Imperial eunuch's biological, cultural and spiritual origins.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Chinese eunuch, the traditional figure of the Imperial palace, and the ways in which he has been understood at various points in history by various scholarly and historical works. The author suggests that the eunuch was not a merely utilitarian figure but one who occupied a position, which allowed a certain kind of traversing of boundaries between material and spiritual worlds. The paper relates that eunuchs sometimes became actors and singers as well as a select few who filled the roles of lamaist priests. The author points out that one of the more fascinating things about the role of the eunuch in Chinese society involved the emphasis on bodily wholeness so important in the culture.
From the Paper
"Eunuchs were believed to be disinclined to seek power or wealth for themselves, since they could not father children, and therefore would not be able to pass any success on to their sons. In his capacity, then, of witness to the women's lives, he was expected to make sure that any children born were actually heirs to the emperor, legitimately sired by him and no one else. In a time of high infant mortality it was especially important to the emperor to make sure that he sired as many sons, or potential future heirs, as possible."
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Civil Rights, 2008.
This paper describes the history of civil rights in the United States for blacks, women and gay men and women.
992 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how great strides have been made regarding civil rights in the US since the inception of the idea in the 1940s. The paper relates that although racism has not been totally eradicated, in the eyes of the law today every race is equal and constitutionally protected. The paper then focuses on the 1960s as a decade that interests the author in terms of issues, events and experiences and on the 1980s as a decade that least interests him. The paper also discusses how the United States has experienced the most change in its culture, becoming more gender equal.
From the Paper
"Civil rights became an issue of concern in the 1940s when President Harry S. Truman made it the main focus of his fighting liberal program and even championed a bill that would end racial discrimination in the military. However, Truman backed down from this platform after he endured a wave of political backlash from those who feared the program: mainly southern politicians.
"In the 1950s, the National Association of Colored People (NAACP) emerged, led by Reverend George W. Lee. The group was formed to encourage blacks to use their voting power and their civil rights to enact change in society. However, at the time, fervent opposition and violence met the NAACP and Reverend Lee was murdered in 1955 Mississippi because of his efforts."
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