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Female Entrepreneurship: A Review of Web Site Sources, 2008.
A review of web site sources on female entrepreneurship and feminism.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews eight web site sources which provide valuable information with regards to female entrepreneurship and feminism. It offers an annotated bibliography and two-paragraph summary of each source as well as a paragraph outlining how this source will be utilized in the author's upcoming work on the phenomenon of female entrepreneurship and feminism around the world.
From the Paper
"This site, administered and sponsored by the Education Foundation, features interesting articles on how to be a successful young entrepreneur. The article I have reviewed provides information on where young women should look when seeking entrepreneurial opportunities; similarly, a rough profile is presented of female entrepreneurs and what characteristics they possess (in truth, they are ordinary people who simply have the courage to pursue their passions). Lastly, the site contains a link to Seton Hall University's National Education Center for Women in Business."
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"Men Want Something Else", 2008.
A critique on David Buss' article "Men Want Something Else".
1,557 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper argues at length that Buss' article, while well-written and generally well-researched, fails to contemplate a number of issues which spring up around the topic of mate selection. It looks at how because of this, Buss appears to offer simply a rationale or even an "excuse" for a social construct that does, indeed, reduce women to a reproductive role and little more than that; he also unwittingly gives credence to the fairly superficial nature of our society vis-a-vis sexual relations between the genders.
Outline
Critique and Transition
Buss' Treatment of Environmental Factors
Buss' Discussion (or Non-Discussion) of Disability Hierarchies
Buss and the Politics of Reproduction
Political Implications Raised by each of the Aforementioned Issues
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Turning momentarily to environmental influences, it is evident that Buss cleaves to the position that biology and not society (for the most part) shapes who we wed and who we choose not to wed; for instance, the male desire for physically attractive, nubile and healthy women extends across all cultures. However, he acknowledges that factors such as chastity and the desirable "plumpness" of a potential mate are determined to some extent by cultural or societal factors such as the relative availability of food in a particular community. The strength of Buss' article, in the view of this reader, lies in his ability to illustrate the persistence in certain trends across cultures - while conceding, where necessary, that cultural externalities can play some role (Buss, 2003). "
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Homosexuals in the Military, 2008.
This paper discusses homosexuals in the military and looks at the United States Constitution as it relates to this issue.
803 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer eplains that "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) is a military policy where gay, lesbian and bisexual members are required to keep their sexual orientation private and not engage in any sexual activities or conduct that would purport a homosexual lifestyle. This paper analyzes how this policy has failed to integrate homosexuals in the armed forces and has instead exacerbated the issues surrounding the gay ban in the US armed forces. The writer maintains that the DADT, irrespective of whether it had good intentions, has failed. The writer concludes that there is a need for changes in the United States Constitution if gays, lesbians, bisexuals, or transgender are to be integrated in the armed forces, since Congress has the power to deny individuals these rights.
Outline:
Introduction
A Brief History: Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass
The Failure of the DADT Policy
From the Paper
"The United States is considered one of the most economically advanced countries in the free world; however, they are lagging when it comes to changing policies that stand to benefit the overall economy. As stated by Belkin, increasing amounts of countries are allowing gays and lesbians to serve in the armed forces. Belkin shows that Australia, Canada, Israel, and Britain reversed its gay ban and have transitioned into countries that now have service members that are integrated into the armed forces, irrespective of sexual orientation. Unlike popular anti-gay individuals speculated there was no mass upheavals or unstable periods, when the gay ban was reversed, in fact many homosexuals still preferred not to share the fact that they were gay. With the DADT policy in place, it is unlikely that the United States will ever come close to the removal of gay bans in the armed forces as these countries have."
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Feminism and Classical Music, 2008.
This paper discusses the feminist roles of composers Amy Beach and Clara Schumann in the Romantic era.
2,379 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how Amy Beach and Clara Schumann helped to advance the greater participation of women in a patriarchal music culture of the Romantic era. The paper discusses the parental influences of both Beach and Schumann as well as their innate talents. The paper looks at how their pioneering efforts on the touring circuits would pave the way for other female performers to be able to compose and perform.
From the Paper
"Although the term feminism was not present in the time of Amy Beach, her family often supported her desire to become an accomplished musician when she was a young girl. In a modern sense, Beach's father was considered "progressive", since he wished to see her learn and be able to perform music as a major part of her educational development. Amy Beach (1867-1944) was a woman that beheld many talents, and when she was younger, she was considered a childhood prodigy. Her main instrument was the piano, on which she had already written her first song at the age of four. The obvious signs of her talent were noticed by her parents, who were supportive of her musical training."
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Cultural Anthropology Critique, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of three articles: Richa Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Faranak Miraftab's "Can You Belly Dance?" and Oyeronke Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects".
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This critical review comments on the themes, methodological challenges, suggestions and perspectives in the three articles: Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Miraftab's "Can you Belly Dance?" and Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects". The writer maintains that these articles all fall within the tradition of feminist contributions to the re-evaluation of difficult challenges that arise within the fields of social anthropology and ethnography. Each adopts a very different approach, but all are thought-provoking, especially because none of the authors is a typical social anthropologist. The writer concludes that all three articles offer different insights and advice. However, the three are welcome voices, in that they smash the typical stereotype of white, Western, usually male cultural anthropologists.
From the Paper
"This traditional situation is subverted by the women researchers in these three articles. For example, Nagar is a young, unmarried woman, from a lower-middle class Hindu family in India, who has affiliations with Western universities, as well as a white boyfriend in the USA. She is multilingual, well educated and a part of the elite in the sense of being globally mobile and funded to do research. In that sense, she is entirely different from the people she researches. On the other hand, when she researches the Asian community of Dar Es Salaam, she has sufficient common ground with some of them - e.g. being Asian, being Hindu, sharing languages, ability to adopt approved clothing styles, such as salwaar kameez, or a sari, depending on context - that she can frequently be accepted by these communities as an insider. This positions her vis-a-vis the communities she studies in an utterly different position than if she had been a white, American man, who quite obviously could not simply don a sari and blend into a social group of Asians in Dar es Salaam! This unusual situation on the one hand puts her in a much less powerful - for example, the American male would probably not be sexually propositioned by an interviewee. However, her entree into these communities must surely enable her to gain more understanding of the communities."
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Gender and Sexuality Differences, 2008.
This paper studies the book 'Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps' by Barbara Pease and Allan Pease and looks at the gender issues raised.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in 'Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps', Barbara Pease and Allan Pease contend that these commonly observed social idiosyncrasies actually stem from profound differences between the sexes going as deep as brain chemistry. The writer points out that despite the obvious humor in their title, Pease and Pease have a serious message: men and women are different, in very regular ways. The writer notes that most men have a much better spatial orientation than women. They can translate the abstract lines and symbols on a map into a clear understanding of where they are going. By contrast, the writer points out that women are oriented to multi-dimensional cues such as landmarks that men often overlook. The writer concludes that while this book is intended for the general reading public rather than being a narrowly scientific treatise, there is a good deal of information, and the humor involved makes it a highly readable, genuinely enjoyable study.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, women's approach to language is indirect and based on suggestion rather than the blunt, yes-and-no style that men favor. Unfortunately, because most individuals assume that their own communication style is consistent with what everyone else does, men and women often fail to communicate.
"Pease and Pease begin by addressing a difficult issues they must confront, the conflict between their research and current social movements. They state bluntly that they are addressing issues of science, not social or political questions."
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"William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry", 2008.
An analysis of chivalry and the treatment of women in Georges Duby's "William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry."
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the 1984 text by Georges Duby entitled, "William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry." In so doing, the paper reviews two significant themes which emerge time and again in the text: the concept of chivalry (as it pertains to the notions of fealty, honor and loyalty) and the theme of how women (and children) are treated as subordinates.
From the Paper
"As well, the honor of William Marshal manifests itself in how braves extraordinary dangers in combat to prove his righteousness as a knight while still a young man. When accused of infidelity to his king and of adulterous conduct, "He says he is ready to confront the three most valorous champions that can be found, one after the next. If he fails to vanquish all three, he is more than willing that the suspicious husband put him to death by hanging" (Duby, 52). His fealty to his lord is complete (at least in his eyes) and he will not tolerate aspersions cast upon his honor and character. Ultimately, a reified society wherein duty is demanded and obligations honored is preserved and this reification would remain a substantial part of western culture, informing its martial and aristocratic values, for generations to come."
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"Men Want Something Else", 2008.
An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of David Buss' arguments in his chapter "Men Want Something Else," within "The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating."
1,516 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques the chapter, "Men Want Something Else," within "The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating" by David M. Buss, in which he writes about the criteria men apply when choosing a mate. The paper shows how Buss brings together the two areas of research, the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies and conflict between the sexes. The paper also looks at the strengths and the weaknesses of Buss' arguments.
From the Paper
"Thus, when Buss (1994) can find evidence of all men liking similar things, then that is biology. When he cannot, then that is social - but it is linked to biology in a way that men are unconscious of. But whichever way you cut it, it is all about having as many babies as possible. Men in western cultures like slim women because slim women have higher status, which in turn gives higher status to the man who has her on his arm, and which in turn enables him to better protect his children, thus better passing on his genes. This is simplistic, and ignores many realities of our society. For example, take the stereotypical "deadbeat dad." What biological impetrative is he following when he runs off with his secretary, leaving his children living in poverty? How has his gene pool made it through the centuries?"
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Crack Prostitution in the United Kingdom - A Feminist View, 2007.
An examination of crack prostitution in Britain, where girls and women are completely dehumanized by the phenomenon.
3,515 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how British feminists feel about crack prostitution in Britain. It explains how Britain's proliferation of crack prostitution should be a lesson to Canada and seen for its complete subjection of women. The paper looks at how British feminists want to know why the sex industry has normalized and they demand better help for women trying to get off drugs, demanding tougher laws against those exploiting or abusing prostitutes, including references to mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat procurers. In conclusion, the paper shows that Britain's feminists paint a clear picture of crack prostitution as a male problem, arguing in favour of punishing those who victimize women, as a step forwards.
Outline:
Introduction
Crack and Sex Work
Lessons for Canada
An Intensified Problem
Cultural Myths
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"In January of 2006, Britain toughened up enforcement of anti-prostitution laws due to better insight into a changed sex trade with prostitution for most something other than a job of choice but a cash-based industry like any other that preyed upon vulnerable women. Preparing this paper, from a Canadian point of view, has brought new insight into the naivete of saying that prostitution should simply be legalized, that this would remove its related abuses, implying that women have choices who engage in the sex trade."
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Women as Objects, 2008.
This paper examines the social orders in Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" and Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet".
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how in Henrik Ibsen's 20th century work, "A Doll's House" and in the Shakespearean play, "Romeo and Juliet" conflict and tragedy occur when women deviate from social expectations. The paper highlights the prices paid by the women who did not conform to what social rules dictated. The paper discusses the social orders where men are leading subjects and women are accompanying or supporting objects. The paper points out that even today women face what are new conventions in terms of how they are expected to participate in the waged economy and perform domestic duties. The paper concludes that "A Doll's House" and "Romeo and Juliet" remain stimulating in the present as they address human scenarios that can prove eternal.
Outline:
Introduction
A Doll's House (1879)
Romeo and Juliet
Reflection - Female Objects and Subjects
Last Remarks
From the Paper
"Western civilization has ascribed traits and virtues differently to men and women, as one would expect, however much in the 21st century we assume that reform has been achieved and men and women have absolute personal choice. The plays discussed in this paper refer to very different centuries but perhaps owe their longevity to themes that are quite timeless. Examining Henrik Ibsen's 20th century work, A Doll's House, and the very familiar Shakespearean play, Romeo and Juliet, one finds that conflict and tragedy occur when women deviate from social expectations. The idea of gender freedom or female individuality seem very threatening to those who witness deviation. In fact, women who depart from convention are prone to tragedy, or create tragedy for others. These phenomena are usually discussed in relation to women's unsatisfactory status under patriarchy. They are interesting in the light of ordinary social conventions and the prices paid by people who do not conform to what social rules dictate."
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Women, Work and Equality, 2008.
A look at the the argument that women still have a long way to go in order to gain equality in society.
2,276 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
Although many things have changed for women in the last century, the full equality between the genders has not been achieved. This paper l argues that this is because women are still paid less then men for corresponding jobs, that they are underrepresented in certain professions and in more prestigious positions with power, and that they often do the 'second shift' of housework which is undervalued. The paper looks at how women still form the major part of part-time and temporary workforce, and women and men are occupationally segregated, with women concentrated in jobs stereotyped as "women's jobs" (nursing, clerical child care, retail). The paper also examines how women are poorly presented in science, computer science and engineering occupations, which are often very prestigious and well paid and how this job inequality is rooted in the broader social inequality, which separates boys and girls from an early age, and which still sharply defines male and female roles with the family and society at large.
From the Paper
"One of the biggest indicators of the lack of equality between men and women is the fact that women are still paid less then men for corresponding jobs. Women earn about 30% less than men do in corresponding full time jobs (Nelson, 2006). The figures are similar according to Statistics Canada (2000) "Women generally have lower incomes than men. In 1997, the average annual pretax income for women aged 15 and over from all sources was $19,800, just 62% the figure for men". On the other hand, Davies et al (1996) show that the wage gaps are smaller among younger age groups, nevertheless, "Women earn between 62% and 65% of what men earn" (Wilson, 2005) and "the gender wage gap is widespread and exists in all occupational categories" (Nelson, 2006)."
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Marxist, Feminist and Liberal Approaches, 2008.
This paper provides a comparison of Marxist, feminist and liberal approaches to social policy in Canada from the First Nations period to the present
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. However, the writer discusses that although these approaches are similar in certain respects, they are basically quite distinct in their identification of which social and economic needs are to be given priority, their proposed solutions to social problems, and in implementation of solutions. The writer points out that the liberal approach is especially distinct from the other two approaches since the term 'oppressed' does not so adequately fit. This paper focuses on the socioeconomic context and salient issues in New France in order to apply and illustrate those three approaches.
From the Paper
"The Marxist approach would also maintain that the state operates as a means for social control and that it serves he purposes of emerging commercial capitalism. In addition, creating a program of social services may be somewhat empowering but it also oppresses people. Another Marxist criticism of the liberal approach would be that the liberal goals of social security would impose a severe burden on habitants who were already paying a tithe to the Church. As far as the Marxist approach is concerned, the work by religious orders and especially by nuns served to promote and reinforce the class system. Nuns' origins ranged from the nobility to wealthy backgrounds, and class differences were also observed in school programs which conformed to a social hierarchy."
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Same-Sex Marriage, 2008.
A look at the argument against same-sex marriage.
729 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how in a modern world, those who argue for or against same sex-marriage often fail to realize that marriage is about creating life. It contends that human beings must protect the creation of life as a natural process, lest the scientists that are developing clones and test tube babies acquire the power to control existence on the earth and how for this reason same-sex marriage cannot be acknowledged as comparable to traditional marriages.
From the Paper
"Leslie supports this philosophy by contending that the purpose behind traditional marriage is primarily for the man and woman to create life (sec. 1). Leslie argues that many people within society today view marriage as a means of finding personal gratification only and that this belief is a minor detail in comparison the reality that married couples have the ability to continue the existence of the human race (sec. 1). By focusing on personal pleasure as the reason for marriage to exist, society is failing to understand the significance of marriage as it pertains to the future of the world and those that will lead it. "
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Feminism Defined, 2008.
The paper examines the articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Angela Miles, Goli Rezai-Rashti and Lisa Byrn Rundle and the article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Ruth Liste
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at two articles with the goal of finding a workable definition of feminism. The paper examines "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti and Rundle and "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Lister. The writer concludes with a definition of a feminist.
From the Paper
"At first sight, the two articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists, and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti, and Rundle, and Lister's article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal," seem to be very different. However, I found that in the course of reading the two articles I was able to make considerable progress towards answering a key question that is of acute importance to me, i.e. "What is feminism?" This might seem like a facile question, but in fact it is not. For it goes to the very heart of why one would choose to be a feminist at all. Unless the term "feminist" has some real meaning in today's world, there would be no point in being a feminist. I am frequently confronted with this question, when friends ask me why I am a feminist."
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