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Pornography - A Violence Against Women, 2006.
A look at the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual risk of pornography.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual risk of pornography to women, children and perhaps society at large. This paper also reviews the passionate debate over pornography in contemporary society, the issues of which center on its permissibility, violence, moral significance, and impact on social beliefs and behaviors.
From the Paper
"Since pornography is a pervasive and persistent social phenomenon which generates eight billion dollars per year in the United States alone (Dworkin 28), there can be no doubt that it colors--at least to some degree--the beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors of its consumers, the overwhelming majority of which are males. Pornography consistently portrays sexual activity within the context of male power, supremacy, and oftentimes violence. Those who recognize this systematic and negative image of women are naturally concerned that it limits female roles and importance in all societal realms. They assert a connection between sexual subjugation in the bedroom with sexual inequality in the office, market, political arena, etc.
As an illustration of this, consider the social stigma attached to rape. Some claim victims deserve it or in fact want it; this is statement is typically uttered by men. It is plausible these reactions to rape have been fostered in part by exposure to pornography; the sexual nature of rape makes the association to pornography quite palpable. However, reflect on the existence of sexual discrimination in the workplace. Despite the fact that change is underway, it is common knowledge women are frequently paid less than men for the same position, all other variables equal. Following the current theme of the discussion, an explanation for gender-based income discrimination stems from the notion that pornography engenders within men a holistic perception of women as inferior beings. Said differently, since men are the powerful figure in pornographic material and given that many men are exposed to it (in one form or another), the subordinate female role is extended into the workplace."
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School Counselors, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of ethical dilemmas faced by school counselors.
6,372 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 43 sources, MLA, £ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates what sorts of ethical dilemmas are currently being faced by school counselors and also what sort of approaches to solving them they have been trained to use. It examines the issue in terms of how it relates to school counselors, students and parents and considers the immense potential for harm vs. the immense potential for abrogation of civil rights.
Table of Contents:
Chapter One--Introduction
Statement of The Problem
Purpose of The Study
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Rationale of Study
Limitations of Study
Definitions
Chapter Two--Literature Review
Definitions of Ethics and Morals
The state of The Research on Counseling Ethics
Most Common Ethical Dilemmas and Failures
Confidentiality and Minors in Counseling Situations
Chapter Three--Methodology
Research Questions
Hypotheses
Participants
Data Collection
Data Analysis
From the Paper
"Mehrhof, Hawes and Ermler (1996) surveyed middle school and secondary school physical education teachers in Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska concerning the educators' perceptions of assistance needed by students and sought from the physical education teacher. Mehrhoff, Hawes and Ermler's results indicated that the most frequent requests for counseling were in the areas of student conflict (98 percent), boyfriend/girlfriend issues (87 percent) and conflicts with parents (87 percent). The three least likely areas for students to request help were with birth control methods (58 percent), criminal behavior (58 percent) and suicidal thoughts (56 percent)."
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Rosa's Ethics, 2006.
Examines what drove Rosa Parks to defy state law and refuse to give up her seat in an Alabama bus in 1955.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
Ever since December 1, 1955 there has been considerable discussion regarding precisely what prompted Rosa Parks to refuse to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus and what the lasting impact upon society has been. Overall, the only context within which such a debate carries any weight is in ethics. The paper shows that if we are attempting to discern whether Parks was justified or not, then we are routinely forced to consider the roles of her motivations and the consequences. It is upon these competing criteria that the notions of consequentialism and nonconsequentialism teeter. The paper shows that it is possible to analyze Parks' actions based upon why she behaved as she did and it is possible to analyze her actions based upon the end results. The paper ranks her actions on an ethical scale based upon precisely who benefited, or upon her individual purpose for refusing to move. It considers the many differing points of view of Rosa Parks' act of defiance.
From the Paper
"Nevertheless, a universal egoist would also have to take into account the benefits that the Civil Rights Movement at large allowed for Rosa Parks. It is permissible that her life was happier because of the achievements of the movement. After all, she may have been harmed or even killed in other racial uprisings. So once again, the universal egoist is plagued by the same problem all consequentialists must address: how can one history be measured against an alternative that never happened? Since it is possible to imagine an infinite number of dreadful courses that Parks' life could have taken, other universal egoists could assert that her action was ethical."
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Case Analysis: Gonzales vs. Oregon, 2006.
A written analysis of the case of "Gonzales vs. Oregon".
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
A written analysis of the case of "Gonzales vs. Oregon", which is currently being debated at the Supreme Court level. This case stems from the 1994 passage of the Death with Dignity Act, which allows terminally ill and mentally competent individuals to obtain drugs that could be utilized in the state of Oregon. The current debate questions administrative law and whether the former Attorney General John Ashcroft's interpretation of the Federal Control Substance Act to outlaw these drugs is valid and if the Justice Department is overstepping its boundaries.
From the Paper
"Oregon voters approved the legalization of physician assisted suicide (PAS) in November, 1994. After being legally challenged the Oregon PAS law became effective in the latter part of 1987. Since 1998 and through 2004 there have been a total of 208 PAS deaths in the State of Oregon. There are existing concerns with the legalization of physician-assisted suicide and there has been a great debate about the legality and morality of this practice. All levels of American society look harshly upon the thought of the use of drugs or other means to hasten the death of someone even though they may be in excruciating terminal pain however, healthcare modernization has changed the very "character of death and dying." (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 2005) The case of Gonzales v. Oregon has arisen out of the debate which is one that is morally charged in nature as well as being the focus of lawsuits in relation to end-of-life decisions. However, this case has been subject to technical legalities and statutory interpretation."
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Medicare Prescription Drugs, 2004.
A review of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003.
1,476 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 in the USA. This paper shows that the aim of these reforms is to balance the government's need to protect Medicare recipients and save money, with recipients' needs to receive appropriate treatment. But, as this paper reflects, the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs is now a heated debate.
From the Paper
"In recent years, the high cost of medical care in the United States has led to new and heated debate about the need for government intervention in the pricing of pharmaceutical drugs. Pharmaceutical spending has increased perhaps the most of all health care costs, marking about 11% of total health care spending in 2002. That same year, prescription drug spending increased a substantial15%, while other health care spending increased only 9 percent (Kaiser Family Foundation).
Government intervention in the area of pharmaceutical drugs increased with the passage of H.R. 1, The Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003. The Act was passed on December 8th of 2003, and established a voluntary prescription drug benefit under Medicare. In addition, the Act requires an "initial preventive physical examination", and covers a variety of tests, including those for prostate and colorectal cancer, and diabetes. In addition, mammography, pap smears, and vaccinations are covered, among other services (Office of Legislative Policy and Analysis). "
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Ethics and Multinational Marketing, 2006.
A look at ethical multinational marketing, the new approach.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the trend of U.S. and Western companies adopting more ethical marketing tactics and discusses these practices. This paper also reviews the effect this is having on foreign interests who are being forced to follow suit by doing business without bribery and corruption.
From the Paper
"These are particularly important considerations today as companies from one country attempt to project a new presence in a foreign market. During this process, they are inevitably confronted by a number of considerations involving powerful cultural and social differences that might not be readily discernible, but which nevertheless play an important role in how the company's product or service sells and how its business practices are perceived. If a U.S. telecommunications company, for example, wants to establish a presence in the burgeoning Chinese market, or take advantage of the opportunities represented by the increasing affluence of Eastern Europe and Russia, they must conform to all applicable legal and regulatory requirements to legitimately do so. Unfortunately, though, the requirement for doing business in a foreign country does not stop with merely securing all of the legal authority required, it also entails doing business in a locally acceptable fashion. According to a recent article by Peter Wonacott (2005), "In a system lubricated by money, U.S. companies often face pressure to play along. Boston Scientific Corp., a Natick, Massachusetts, medical-devices company, used outside distributors for years even though it suspected them of providing unethical incentives to doctors" (Wonacott, 2005, p. A1). If this means that bribes must be paid in order to land an account, or secure an important import permit, or obtain permission to construct a building, the U.S.-based company is indeed confronted with a dilemma. "
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Unborn Victims of Violence, 2006.
A case study of the death of an unborn baby in relation to the "Unborn Victims of Violence Act".
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper comprises of a case study of a victim of violence, Heaven Lashy, the unborn baby girl of Shiwona Prince, Arkansas 1999. This paper researches the history and evolution of the law "Unborn Victims of Violence Act" and explains how a course of debilitating efforts and ironic incidences led to its evolution.
Contents:
Abstract
Case Study
Evolution of Unborn Victims Violence Act
Legal Issues Arising From The Violence Act Against Unborn Victims
What The Future Holds
From the Paper
"Fortunately, a month before this incidence the state of Arkansas had adopted a new State Law by the name of Unborn Victims of Violence Act August 1999. This law recognized unborn children as crime victims and thereby gave a status of living human being to fetuses. Thanks to that law, Shiwona's boyfriend, Erik Bullock and the men he hired were duly prosecuted and convicted for their murder of Heaven along with assault on Shiwona. The law was meant to protect all such Heavens who are unable to protect themselves.
But many women have not been as fortunate as Shiwona. As the March 21, 2001 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association reveals that after doing away with age and race, homicide is the leading cause of death among pregnant women in Maryland while the same is fifth leading cause of death among non-pregnant women. This indicates that the fatal and non-fatal assaults on pregnant women - including those who are attacked knowingly and intentionally "with child", are far more common than most people presume. "
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Teaching Theories and Nursing, 2006.
A case study of nursing students being taught to apply a specific learning theory.
3,107 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to apply a learning theory to an actual educational case study and scenario, as seen from the point of view of the nursing student. Nurses are faced with moral and ethical issues every day especially when it comes to building a relationship of trust with the patient. Therefore, this paper reviews the everyday challenges faced by nurses attempting to make the right moral decision.
Contents:
Introduction
Case Study: A Nurse's Dilemma, Challenging Scenario
Events and Indications of a Challenging Scenario for Student Nurses
John Dewey's Teaching Theory and Nursing
Possible Interventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From the case study proposed by Joan Callahan (1988), imagine now that you are a nurse on a medical/surgical floor in a large private hospital (p. 4). A woman is admitted on a Sunday for a series of medical tests you are assigned as her primary nurse. The testing begins on Monday and you are off for the next few days. You return to work the following Saturday and resume your duties as the woman's primary nurse. When you arrive on the floor, you go over her chart and find that the tests have revealed that she has chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is being transfused in an attempt to put the disease into remission. As you approach her that morning she greets you happily and asks you if you know when she will be able to return to work given her diagnosis you are a bit puzzled by her exuberance and you judiciously reply that you have not seen her physician since her return to work but that you will talk with the physician about her d/c from the hospital."
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Detecting, Documenting and Reporting Incidents of Elder Abuse, 2006.
A study of the detection, documentation and reporting incidents of elder abuse.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a background of the problem of elder abuse followed by a review and discussion of the relevant literature. The study uses a retrospective review of adverse patient incident reports in selected Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) and domiciles in the United States. The paper determines what controlling legislation is in place and the associated responsibilities for healthcare practitioners. It notes that the next step involves detecting and substantiating cases of elder abuse when they occur or are suspected of having occurred. The paper further discusses what should be done when abuse has taken place. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion, where it is noted that virtually all sources suggest the rates of elder abuse are on the increase. However, the definitions of elder abuse have been sufficiently codified in recent years that such incidents can be identified and, when appropriate, reported, investigated and actions can be taken to prevent such abuse in the future.
From the Paper
"Today, there are more elderly than ever before, and their numbers are expected to increase as a percentage of the population in the coming years (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004). Based on this increase in numbers of elderly citizens, it is also reasonable to assume that there will be a concomitant increase in the incidence of elder abuse as well. In fact, in recent years, elder abuse by family members has been identified as a growing problem in Western societies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003; Litwin & Zoabi, 2004); however, it is difficult or perhaps even impossible to know whether elder abuse is actually increasing or decreasing because there is a paucity of national prevalence studies (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004; Johnson, 1991; Ebersole & Hess, 1998). The data that is available, though, suggests that the incidence of elder abuse is on the increase, particularly among those aged 75 years and above (Pritchard, 1993). According to the National Elder Abuse Incidence Study, the most accurate national estimate is that a total of 449,924 elderly people, aged 60 years and over, were the victims of abuse and/or neglect in domestic settings alone in 1996 (p. 6). Furthermore, of that number, just 16 percent or so, or approximately 71,987 cases, were actually reported to elder protection agencies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003). This means that across the country, there were approximately 380,000 cases of elder abuse in the home that went unreported - which is not to say undetected - during that year. Moreover, the National Center on Elder Abuse estimated the number of elder abuse cases across the country in all settings to be from 820,000 to 1,860,000 (cited in Ebersole & Hess, 1998). In reality, though, it does not matter whether elder mistreatment is increasing or decreasing because the fact that some elder citizens continue to experience unnecessary suffering is adequate to warrant attention (Johnson, 1991)."
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Teaching Skills Required in a Medical Ethics Course, 2006.
An analysis of the methods and skills required to effectively teach a medical ethics course.
1,959 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This work examines and investigates all available peer-reviewed literature in relation to medical ethics teaching and most specifically in terms of the skills required of a teaching assistant in this initiative.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Methodology
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Specialized skills are required of the teaching assistant if they are to be effective in their effort in a course of medical ethics. Effective teaching skills of a teaching assistant begin with knowledge of the area of study as well as being informed of the curricular goals in that study. The study of medical ethics is an area that is critical in obtaining correct and up-to-date knowledge in order to avoid medical malpractice which is a costly mistake should it occur in the physician's practice."
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Media Manipulation, 2006.
A review of media manipulation, focusing on the various methods of manipulation.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and reports the opinions of experts and journalists who have analyzed the issue of media manipulation of the news. This is not a paper that is predicting a "big brother" conspiracy that is trying to take over America or brainwash all the TV-watching, Internet surfing and newspaper-reading citizens. But there are many issues that the average American should be aware of when trying to read, hear, watch and digest "news" as presented by the media today, and this paper addresses those concerns.
From the Paper
"It's very clear from reading through research material on today's media that most Americans get their evening news through half-hour TV programs specializing in dramatic, entertaining video and "sound bites" from politicians, entertainers, and the "man in the street."
Those news shows - from cable, local, and network productions - are often more concerned with ratings (which drive the profitability of television) than with full coverage. That is not a positive trend in American life, and this paper addresses that dynamic as well.
The significance of media manipulation can be seen even more dramatically with a look back at the way television journalism was presented to the public in the recent past. Reporters had guts, and went after government; that is depicted in a new movie, "Good Night and Good Luck," written and directed by actor George Clooney. The movie features the professional life of former CBS television interviewer, Edward R. Murrow, who boldly took on U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy at a time when McCarthy was attacking many well-known people with baseless accusations that they were "communists." An article in the Los Angeles Times (Goldstein, 2005) refers to Murrow as "a real hero" who, like other journalists in his era, "once pursued greatness, not just ratings and ad linage."
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Economics and Health Care, 2006.
This paper discusses the use of economics in the world of health care, despite the differentiation of health care products from that of normal goods and services.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the application of economic principles of addressing competition, understanding costs and becoming aware of the real value of the goods and services in the field of health care. It reports how even in the not-for-profit hospital setting, there still exists a necessity to maximize the revenues and to reduce costs. It shows how it is the goal of the managers and health care providers to devise methods so as to become low-cost providers without being forced to lower the quality standards. However, the paper discusses how the relationship between the patients and doctors is quite different from the normal relationship between buyers and sellers. The paper concludes with the role of the pharmacist who, while applying economic evaluation methods, must also use humanistic evaluation techniques.
From the Paper
"Common people, from the common sense perspective, believe that it is not possible to buy and sell health care like other goods and services. Economists, however, analyze and differentiate the health care and market from a theoretical perspective, with use of the market failure theory. The economists visualize that markets fail due to lack of perfect information on right goods at the lowest possible cost. In case of health care severe information problems are being confronted that makes the rational purchasing decisions difficult. It is to be noted that is not always effective and possible that the patient is in a position to explore all the possible available ways of treating oneself and hence finds it really difficult to choose from amongst the most cost effective approach which would be most appropriate. The medical information is technically filled with complexities that it is not possible to be understood by a layman and this is made worse by the fact that several illnesses do not repeat again. Besides the health care has strong externality influences than that of other goods and services. The cost of caring a sick person may entail heavy financial burden on the patient's family."
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Job Market Prospects for the African-American, 2006.
An analysis of familial and environmental influences on job market prospects and quality of work life reported by African-Americans.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the quality of work life as reported by African-Americans to be "plagued by inequality and lack of opportunity or stability" and examines the relationships that exist between familial influences, job market prospects and the environment. This paper intends to evaluate the impacts family rearing and environmental influence have on African-Americans' perceived job market opportunities and self reported quality of work life.
Contents:
Introduction
Need for the Study
Preliminary Review of the Literature
Methodology and Research Design
Discussion/Conclusions
From the Paper
"Many African Americans report their work life includes less than optimal working conditions, meager earnings, little autonomy and much instability which often results in decreased job satisfaction and perceived job opportunities (Riley, 2005). Still other research related to social psychology suggests "quality of work life may have pervasive consequences on one's sense of worth and sense of control" and that perceived job satisfaction can "spillover and influence behaviors in other spheres of life" (Riley, 1) Hence social psychological outcomes are affected by job related perceptions and self evaluation as well as general life satisfaction (Riley, 1).
The purpose of this research proposal is an evaluation of the impacts family rearing and environmental influence have on African American's perceived job market opportunities and self reported quality of work life. As an aside the researcher will also evaluate whether familial and environmental factors impact African American's perceived self esteem and subsequent success on the job and at home. To accomplish this the researcher will evaluate the following questions: (1) what if any familial influences determine job satisfaction and employment opportunities, (2) what if any environmental influences are likely to contribute to job status and perceived quality of work life, (3) whether other factors contribute to job status and self reported measures of self worth and self esteem and whether (4) self esteem directly or indirectly influences job status, environment or familial relationships among African American adults. "
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Privatization of Correctional Facilities in the United States, 2006.
This paper considers the reasons for privatization of correctional facilities and its results.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the current trend toward privatization of certain services provided in correctional institutions in the United States. The author approaches his research from an historical and financial perspective. Also considered heavily are human rights issues.
Introduction
Background and Major Players
Legal Issues
Other Considerations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Those who advocate and go against private involvement in prison handlings make different arguments in its favor. Many say that past trend and analysis have shown that government has been largely inefficient in this area. So, people look for better inefficiency in the private sector but the absence of market forces pose a problem. one group of American researchers concluded "From a purely economic perspective, there are so many elements of the profit mechanism missing from correctional industries that its implementation is at worst unfeasible, at best elusive" (Gandy & Hurl, 1987). Different studies conducted show that there is not a market difference in the efficiency and profitability between private and public sector. Majority of analysts hold the view that if economy and efficiency are considerations then private sector does not offer any major benefits rather state prisons, as a more politically viable option should try to work on improving its own efficiency by different means."
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