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The Use of Supplements by Athletes, 2007.
This paper discusses ethics issues relating to the use of supplements by athletes.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the use of supplements by sports athletes is only viewed as an ethical problem when the supplement becomes illicit or banned or when an athlete dies and focuses most of the time on the competitive advantage instead of the ethical question. The author presents a classical discussion of ethics and concludes that the use of performance-enhancing drugs and supplements by sports players is clearly a violation of ethical behavior. The paper states that no supplement or drug should be used or should be advised by the educator or coach to the athlete without being approved by the FDA, the sports league in question and prescribed by the attending physician of the athlete. The paper includes a table and many embedded quotations.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Ethics - Theoretical Framework
Ethics - Differentiation among Theorists
Discussion
Responsibility of Educators and Coaches of Athletes
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Milton's ethics principle was based on the 'end result' or the moral rightness of an action being determined based upon consequences having been considered. Kant believed that ethics were based upon 'rules' and that the moral rightness of an action is based upon laws and standards within society and business. Rousseau held to the social contract theory in ethics believing that the moral rightness of an action is determined through the norms and customs in the existing community and Ruber held a personalistic notion of ethics believing that the moral rightness of ones' actions can only be determined through ones' conscience."
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Nursing, 2007.
This paper examines the nursing profession from a personal standpoint.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a detailed examination of nursing philosophy. The paper explores several elements of nursing including illness, personal beliefs, and patient care. It then provides a blueprint of the writer's philosophy when it comes to the field and practice of nursing. The writer notes that historically nurses have been caregivers, but in recent years that element of human compassion and science has become mixed with scientific demands and knowledge. The writer points out that whether it is easing a terminally ill patient into death, helping another patient recover, or celebrating the joyous gift of life through birth a nurse is usually on hand to be part of the process. The writer concludes that nursing is a profession with meaning and ethics and one that the writer is proud to be a part of.
Outline:
Introduction
My Definition
Principles
Conclusion
From the Paper
"My definition of nursing has been derived from professional definitions combined with my personal experience in the field and in life. When the American Nursing Association first developed a definition of nursing in 1980 in covered many of the basic beliefs and standards that the profession is expected to follow and practice. However, in the two decades since that definition was publicized and accepted many things have changed within the industry and society thereby creating the need for additions to the definition."
"While it has always been important to keep our fingers on the pulse of society, it has recently become a multiple pulse community given diverse cultures, races, and society members."
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Abortion in the United States, 2006.
A review of the history of abortion in the USA.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how abortion has evoked considerable debate and controversy throughout history. In the United States, it has been a subject of heated debate through most of its history. The paper reports that in recent times "pro-choice" and "pro-life" movements have taken diametrically opposite positions on the ethical, legal and medical aspects of the issue. The paper presents an overview of abortion's history in the US and discusses the legal decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue from Roe onwards.
Outline:
Early History of Abortion in the United States
Following the Common Law
Lenient Attitude
Upsurge in Abortions
Physicians Lead Anti-Abortion Campaign
Turning of the Tide
Roe v. Wade (1973) and Subsequent U.S. Laws on Abortion
Pro-Choice v Pro-Life Arguments
Does Life Begin at Conception?
Right of Woman Over Her Body
Fetus as a Parasite
Scientific Argument
The Religious Belief
The Feminist View on Abortion
Public Opinion
The Pros and Cons of Pro-Life & Pro-Choice Arguments
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Over the next decade and more, the US Supreme Court struck down several attempts by the state to restrict abortion. For example, in 1983 the Court found it unconstitutional to require a woman seeking abortion to be given information about risks or consequences of the procedure and to wait 24 hours after receiving information before having the abortion. Similarly, in 1986 the court struck down a Pennsylvania law requiring that state-developed materials about abortion be offered to women undergoing the procedure. (McGee and Merz, 2004) However, since 1989, the Court has permitted several state-imposed restrictions to stand. In its decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), the court upheld a Missouri law that prohibited the use of public facilities or public employees for abortion and required a physician to determine the viability of a fetus older than 20 weeks before performing an abortion. In Rust v. Sullivan (1991), the court upheld a federal policy that prevented health care providers who received federal funding from engaging in any activities that encouraged or promoted abortion as a method of family planning (Ibid.)"
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The Ford Pinto, 2006.
This paper evaluates the ethical behavior of the Ford Motor Company as the manufacture of the Ford Pinto automobile.
1,735 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that the Ford Motor company quickly developed and manufactured the Ford Pinto automobile and knew that the gas tank on the Pinto was defective and could potentially cause fires when accidents occurred. The author points out that the company acted in a manner that was unethical when it allowed the continued manufacturing of the Pinto and did not recall Pinto cars already on the road even after there were several deaths, which occurred as a result of these problems. The paper stresses that the company acted unethically in its decision to use a cost/benefit analysis involving human life.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Ford Pinto
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to the aforementioned case, Ford was also the subject of a criminal case after the death of three teenagers. In this case, the company was prosecuted for reckless homicide and criminal recklessness. The author explains that in this case the company was being held liable for its refusal to recall the vehicles even thought they were aware that the placement of the fuel tank could result in serious accidents and had already resulted in several fatalities. In the opinion of the prosecutor the company was responsible for criminal recklessness and reckless homicide.'
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Sweatshops in China, 2006.
A discussion regarding the labor practices in Chinese sweatshops.
2,518 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of labor in China, focusing specifically on sweatshops and unions. The paper explores what a sweatshop is, why they still exist in China and what the American labor movement is doing to try and stop them.
Outline:
Introduction
The Outcry
Defining the Term
Focus on China
American Union Response
Chinese Worker Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While her case brought international attention to the issue there are hundreds of thousands of identical sweatshops throughout China employing many millions of men, women and children who are trapped in a cycle that they cannot break. The pay is so substandard that they often find they have to live with dozens of other people in a single home so that they can afford to buy food. Even given this effort the food that they can afford is often substandard therefore the nutritional needs are not being met. This cycle is difficult to break as they do not make enough money to provide for their families while they begin new jobs or careers. "
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Illegal Immigration, 2006.
An analysis of illegal immigration in the United States today.
1,836 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant literature demonstrating several reasons why illegal immigrants who are already in the United States should be allowed to remain. According to the paper, approximately 12 million illegal aliens are already in the United States.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Positive Economic Contributions of Illegal Immigrants
Exorbitant Costs Associated with Identifying and Deporting Illegal Immigrants
Migration is a Natural Survival Technique
Adverse Impact on Nation's Consciousness
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In reality, though, the vast majority of these jobs are either low-paying and menial jobs that many Americans would be reluctant to accept and even fewer would be willing to keep over the long-term, or the illegals involved have managed to survive in the U.S. sufficiently long to secure decent employment. In either case, these workers are contributing to the local tax base, and all of them are consumers. "Guest worker" programs and other half-measures fail to recognize these economic realities and will inevitably compel policymakers at the state and federal level to come to grips with these issues. In this regard, a recent cover story in Business Week (July 18, 2005) emphasized that, in spite of the growing discontent over illegal immigration, American businesses have continued to hire undocumented workers with little concern for federal regulations designed to stop them. Moreover, while the politicians, business owners and pundits argue about how best to handle the illegal immigrant problem, the same folks are hiring these workers as domestic employees and otherwise ("Embracing Illegals" 3).
More importantly, these same interests are also making money from the illegal immigrants in this country. One authority points out that, "In the past several years, big U.S. consumer companies -- banks, insurers, mortgage lenders, credit-card outfits, phone carriers, and others -- have decided that a market of 11 million or so potential customers is simply too big to ignore. It may be against the law for the [illegals] to be in the U.S. or for an employer to hire them, but there's nothing illegal about selling to them ("Embracing Illegals" 3)."
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Human Justice, 2006.
An argumentative essay regarding the ability to achieve human justice.
1,762 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issue of human justice. The paper uses the health care system as an example. The paper argues that human justice never be achieved in a health care system that gives patients less quality of care based on the patient's race or ethnicity, socio-economic class, gender or personal morality.
From the Paper
"Further factors that create inequities throughout the health care system are issues dealing with morality. A primary example of this is that gay men and lesbians receive less adequate health care. Twice as many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered American citizens are without health insurance compared to the general population. (Quittner 2004) Although the overall availability of domestic partner benefits has increased, most health care benefits are not available to domestic partners, and health insurance through a spouse or family member is the most common way people get health insurance. Since homosexual couples are not allowed to get married, health insurance benefits are not available through these means. Additionally, gay and lesbian patients face particular prejudice from "homophobic" health care providers, and may avoid seeking health care if they suspect that they will encounter such prejudice (Quittner 2004). Furthermore, some health care practitioners may actually refuse treatment of some patients based on religious or moral objections, and in some states doctors' rights to do this may soon be protected by law. Bills have been introduced in Arkansas, Michigan, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and West Virginia that would give health care workers, from doctors to pharmacists, the right to refuse treatment or medication to any patient based on ethical, moral, or religious reasons, while in Georgia health care professionals are already legally allowed to discriminate based on their own moral or ethical beliefs (Kuhr 2005). "
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Legal Business Environment, 2007.
This paper explores the legal business environment and looks at the connection between ethics and law.
2,762 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that modern businesses have to operate under a variety of laws and regulations. The writer explains that the business manager has to ensure that all federal and state mandate laws are followed to avoid litigation and penalties. Further, the writer points out that in addition to the laws on the books the businesses also have to be sensitive to the public opinion and ethics. The writer also notes that some of the ethical issues are covered by law but others may be related to the public image of the company and may be of equal importance to some businesses.
Outline:
Interaction between Ethics and Law
Comparison of Intangible, Real, and Personal Property Laws
Intangible Property Rights
Impact of Tort and Criminal Law on Business Operations
The Employment-at-will Doctrine and Exceptions
Application of Agency Principles in Business
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Ethics are learnt from the society and are often imposed upon an individual by the norms of that society. What is permissible ethical behavior in a society is determined by the society; the family, the company or even the law which incorporates the ethics of the society into the legislation. The motivation to follows ethics, which are not a part of the law, comes from within. Even if the law contains a matter which we may also consider ethically correct, the motivation to follow the law comes from outside the individual in the shape of compliance with the state law. Most people knew that slavery was unethical but as it was not sanctioned illegal, it continued until it was declared illegal."
"Our morals tell us the ethics, we know now as we knew before, that discrimination on the grounds of race, color, sex and religion in business transaction is ethically incorrect but the force of law was required to curb the selfishness that is present in all of us."
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Business Ethics, 2007.
This essay explores the issue of business ethics and employee behavior in the workplace.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses that many companies have rules requiring that employees do not date or marry fellow employees. The writer explains that companies have a variety of reasons for this. The writer then points out that some companies believe that when employees date each other, it distracts one or both from the work they should be doing, resulting in lowered work efficiency. There is some concern that dating or attempts to date another coworker can contribute to sexual harassment complaints, and it raises concerns about favoritism, particularly if one of the dating couple has authority over others. However, the writer maintains that a business' concern should be with its bottom line, not managing people's private lives. The writer concludes that a business has a responsibility to keep running as smoothly as possible and such rules can contribute to maintaining an atmosphere that encourages productivity.
Outline:
Introduction
Reasons for the Rules
Ethics of Workplace Romance Rules
Bibliography
From the Paper
"For instance, a romance where the two people hold different positions in the company's hierarchy may reflect badly on the person in the higher position. The person in the lesser position may wonder if his or her advancement is based on personal competency or on the special relationship with a more powerful person. Others may wonder the same thing. If the general culture of the company looks down on office romances, the two people may find that they receive negative feedback from others."
"Business managers look at the issue of office romances and see a variety of potential problems. The existence of the romance could make difficulties for the two within the workplace as they connect with the larger organization. Suspicion by others of favoritism in all sorts of ways, including allocation of resources, may be common. It may negatively affect cooperation among other workers, and raises the question of whether everyone is being treated fairly."
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Abortion, 2006.
A justification of abortion.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the issue of abortion from a supportive perspective. According to the paper, there is no middle ground when protecting a woman's fundamental right to have agency over her own body. The paper also reviews the article by Marian Hillar "Philosophers and the Issue of Abortion".
From the Paper
"However, the lack of persuasiveness of this point of view for anti-abortion advocates is evident, as Marian Hillar counters English quite caustically that the only reason first-trimester abortion seems less horrific is because the embryo is smaller and looks less like a baby. "The fact that pro-abortionists do not see any moral harm in abortion during the first two and a half months of gestation is based only on our psychological conditioning--the embryo does not look yet like a human, therefore intuitively and psychically we feel less objection to destroying it. The same psychological mechanism prevents us from destroying the new born--since, as I indicated previously, there is no difference in 'personhood' between these stages of human life." (Hillar, 1997) Hillar makes this assertion because the cells of the fetus are distinct from that of the mother's, genetically speaking, without taking into consideration such factors as the woman's right to choose to not become pregnant (which differs abortion from infanticide, even if one accepts that a fetus is a person), the fetus' ability to live without life support outside of the womb, or simply the legal enforcement problems of creating a right for the government so it may physically compel a woman to continue a pregnancy for a cluster of differentiated cells that have the potential to become a baby."
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The Patients' Bill of Rights, 2007.
This paper discusses the the history and future of The Patients' Bill of Rights.
5,770 words (approx. 23.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the present state of the Patients' Bill of Rights, as well as its history and future possibilities. Also explored are the issues of political support, arguments for and against, and major pitfalls in getting this legislation passed into law. The paper attempts to further explain general intentions of the Patients' Bill of Rights. The most pertinent bills specific to the Patients' Bill of Rights are presented and analyzed.
Outline:
Introduction
Arguments For and Against Patients' Bill of Rights
History of the Patients' Bill of Rights
Why the Patients' Bill of Rights has Failed
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Before exploring the more complex issues involved, it is necessary to understand the general intentions of the Patients' Bill of Rights. Numerous bills involving patients' rights have been presented to the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Discussed in this paper are the most pertinent bills specific to the Patients' Bill of Rights: the 1998 Patients' Bill of Rights, H.R. 3605 and S. 1890; the Bipartisan Patient Protection Act of 2001, S. 1052, S. 872, and H.R. 526; and the 2005 Patients' Bill of Rights, H.R. 2259, H.R. 2650, and S. 1012. In general, federal legislation that safeguards patients' rights is supported by both major political parties and the President, and also has considerable public appeal (Chavez, 2001, 606; Chaddock, 2001, 1)."
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Animal Rights, 2007.
This paper explores the subject of animal rights and looks at the debate over animal experimentation.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the nature of animal rights necessarily converges upon the modern debate of animal experimentation. After all, the writer points out, if it is morally acceptable to experiment upon animals, then one has said something important about the extent to which non-humans can have rights within society. Additionally, the writer notes that one can make further claims as to the type of experiments that are morally justifiable and precisely which animals may be afforded any rights. Overall, the writer maintains that the case for animal rights must center upon what types of organisms can reasonably be protected under the law -- if they can voluntarily act under the confines of law.
From the Paper
"First, it must be established that human societies have been formed for the mutual advantages of those within them. Each person, as a member of society, is required to contribute something to its overall functioning, and in doing this, they are allowed to receive the contributions of others. So, the criterion for becoming a legal member of a society is that you are able to freely choose to make a contribution or not. So, despite the observation that animals may be able to contribute something to human life that is mutually beneficial--like a puppy providing us with happiness and us providing it with food--it is irrational to assert that animal species should be allowed to choose whether to enter into this bargain or not. Society is not designed, and cannot be designed, for animal benefit in general; only specific examples of mutual advantage can be found. Therefore, not all animals can have legal rights as citizens."
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Abortion and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses both sides of the abortion debate.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the underlying ethical arguments of both sides of the abortion debate, using Ronald Dworkin's "sanctity of life" principles. In this article, the writer includes all forms of abortion, from early fetal abortion through the RU46 drug to late-term abortions, from abortions out of "convenience" to abortions in cases of rape and incest. The essay evaluates how the anti-abortion crusade has framed its campaign on the personhood and the rights of the unborn fetus. The second part looks at the pro-abortion movement, which has framed its issue as a campaign for women's rights to privacy and reproductive freedom. The writer concludes that both pro- and anti-abortion factions have a common interest in seeing a society with no abortion, where the stigma and economic concerns attached to unwanted pregnancies no longer apply.
Outline:
Abortion and Ethics
Anti-Abortion Arguments
Pro-Abortion Arguments
Works Cited
From the Paper
"All these scientific arguments about fetal heart rates and brainwaves serve to tie abortion to a greater and more clear-cut moral issue - murder. At issue is what Ronald Dworkin terms people's belief in "the sanctity of life," a multidimensional value measured in several factors. First, life itself has an instrumental value, because everyone's life can contribute to the interests and well being of society as a whole. Second, life has a personal value, a good or personal worth to the living individual. Finally, beyond the instrumental and personal, life also has an intrinsic value. This intrinsic value exists independently of other people's valuation, regardless of the beliefs of its possessor or other observers."
"By proving that a fetus has a heartbeat, distinct DNA and brainwaves, through graphic films showing how a fetus reacts to shock and pain, the anti-abortion camp is focusing on what Dworkin identifies as the intrinsic value of life."
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"Day Without Immigrants", 2006.
A review of U.S. immigration policy.
2,268 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history of U.S. immigration policy. The paper reviews the problems associated with previous immigration policies and the essential tenets of the proposed program. The paper then takes a look at the viability of the proposed policy being considered in Congress.
From the Paper
"The implementation of either bill, or a similar revision regarding immigration policy, will be a difficult one both socially and politically for many of the individuals involved. The employers who have illegal workers on their payrolls will have to admit to paying foreign workers, and will definitely feel an economic effect from having to pay these workers a fair wage. Additionally, politicians face a lack of public support for either decision they make on this issue; the public nature and the controversial subject matter will make the immigration bill an important factor in the midterm elections. Cultural and social support for the measure will be counterbalanced in many areas with the anti-immigrant sentiments seen in the House bill, especially in areas where the focus on national security and protectivist economics are more popular than the civil rights and free trade movements are. Actual implementation of immigration reform, once passed in the legislature and approved by the President, will require social activism on the part of communities to encourage compliance with the measure, much in the way that the civil rights movement of the 1960s still required individual communities to demonstrate support for the measures implemented by the federal government before they became policy and standard behavior locally. The immigration reforms will require the same mixture of social and public awareness as well as the executive powers of the government (especially with regard to the business aspects involved) to effectively implement reform."
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