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Oregon DWDA, 2007.
This paper looks at the Death and Dignity Act in the state of Oregon.
5,628 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 93.95
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Abstract
The writer notes that today, with advanced technology and medical care, most terminal cases in hospitals, and greater involvement of legislation with privacy issues, dying has become complicated. In this article, the writer discusses that Oregon with its Death and Dignity Act (DWDA), permits terminally-ill state residents to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. The writer maintains that this issue presents a valuable opportunity for individuals to decide while they can how to react to end-of-life issues before they become too prominent. The writer concludes that it is hoped that people can be objective and look at both sides of this issue for themselves and others to determine what is best for most people in the long term.
From the Paper
"Implementation of the Oregon "Death with Dignity Act" was delayed by a legal injunction. However, after proceedings, which included a petition denied by the United States Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals lifted the injunction in October of 1997. In retaliation, at the upcoming November elections, the voters were asked to repeal the act through a general ballot. This time, when they rejected the repeal of the law by a wide margin of 60 to 40 percent, Oregon became the only state allowing legal physician-assisted suicide."
"The Death with Dignity Act permits terminally ill Oregon residents to obtain and use prescriptions from their doctors for self-administered, lethal medications. Under the Act, ending one's life in accordance with the law does not constitute suicide."
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End of Life Issues, 2006.
A discussion regarding end of life issues, a major focus of today's psychological community.
3,816 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses end of life issues. According to the paper, modern technology has made complex things that were once simple and straightforward. The paper goes on to say that to continue life-sustaining care in the face of certain eventual death, or to allow nature to take its course sooner, rather than later, is an extremely difficult decision. The paper reports that psychologists play a vital role in helping those responsible for care to make informed decisions; decisions that fit with their own moral sense, and which are in accord with general notions of what is ethical, and what is not. The paper notes that the American Psychological Association (APA) has formulated a code of ethics that addresses the full range of professional and moral concerns that a practicing psychologist is likely to encounter.
Outline:
Introduction
The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2002)
The Ethical Challenges of End of Life Issues
Current Regulations and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The definition seems to satisfy the needs of autonomy - the reference to "one's" choices, as opposed to those imposed from the outside, while at the same time elucidating the concept of "being a burden on one's family." The statement also distinguished between suicide, and a legitimate decision to end pain and suffering, even if that decision results in death. Understanding such religious sentiments, or being able to translate them into the formulations of other religions, or even atheistic philosophies, can go along way toward helping the psychological counselor in his or her mission to aid caregivers, and to help them assuage the pain and trauma of making such difficult decisions of life and death."
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Doctor Assisted Suicide, 2007.
This paper discusses doctor assisted suicide, including the legal aspects.
906 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that California once again has written a bill to legalize assisted suicides. The writer points out that the proposed law is modeled after the one that passed in Oregon, which in 2006 resulted in 46 residents, most of them suffering from cancer, killing themselves after their physician gave them a prescription for a lethal amount of drugs. The writer discusses whether such a law should become national. Given the Supreme Court's recent ruling and some of the studies that have been conducted, the writer argues that people should have the right to decide if they one to have an assisted suicide, but it is necessary for the patient to talk with more than one doctor when making the decision.
From the Paper
"The issue of assisted suicide became newsworthy in 1990 when Dr. Jack Kevorkian helped Janet Adkins, a 54-year-old Alzheimer's patient, take her life. He met Adkins in a Volkswagen van he had outfitted with a "suicide machine" consisting of three chemical solutions fed into an intravenous line needle. Dr. Kevorkian is not the only one who supports doctor assisted suicide. The Hemlock Society is a group committed to promoting the legalization of euthanasia. In 1994, Oregon passed the "Death with Dignity" act, which allows the terminally-ill to end their lives through the voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician."
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Sports Ethics, 2007.
This paper explores various ethical issues related to sports and entertainment.
3,088 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the widespread use of steroids by high-profile athletes for boosting their performance and discusses whether it is morally acceptable to use performance enhancing drugs in sports. The paper looks at patterns of use of steroids by athletes; are they being used across the board or are certain groups by sex, class or ethnicity more prone to its use? The paper also examines whether it is ethical to use animals for sports and entertainment and discusses the history of cockfighting in the United States.
Outline:
Sports Ethics
Sports History and Performance Enhancing Substance
Pattern of Use
Why is Steroid-use in Sports Considered Unethical?
Is it Ethical to Use Animals in Sports?
The Barbaro Case
Cockfighting
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sport is an ancient human activity as cultural relics provide evidence that some form of health-building activities existed in China as long ago as 4000 BC (Qinfa, 2007). A number of sports are also known to have been played in ancient Egypt, and the Greeks of course organized the ancient Olympic Games as far back as 776 AD. With the advent of industrialization in the 19th century and the increased availability of leisure time, sports have become phenomenally popular in most parts of the world. The development of mass media and communication technology such as the radio, television and the Internet in the recent past have further added to the popularity of sports as spectators can now follow the exploits of athletes and star performers from afar."
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Police Ethics, 2007.
This paper examines the portrayal of police ethics in the film "The Untouchables" and the media portrayal of ethical lapses among police officers in Los Angeles' elite Rampart division.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the feature film "The Untouchables" that involves the police officer Jim Malone during Prohibition-era Chicago. The paper describes how Malone turns a blind eye to his fellow officers' corruption and the crimes of the most significant gangster of the time, Al Capone. The paper also examines widespread corruption in the Los Angeles police department's Rampart division. The paper maintains that the high moral standard to which we hold police officers must preclude such ethical lapses.
From the Paper
"Because they are charged with enforcing the law, police officers are held by society to a high moral standard. Unfortunately, police officers sometimes commit serious errors in judgment and their actions fail to meet that standard. Such ethical lapses are regularly portrayed in communications products, such as feature films, and in the news media. One prominent example of an ethical dilemma faced by a police officer in a feature film involves the character of Officer Jim Malone in The Untouchables. Malone is working as a cop in a corrupt police force during Prohibition-era Chicago. However, before meeting with Eliot Ness, Malone largely turns a blind eye to his fellow officers' corruption and the crimes of the most significant gangster of the time, Al Capone."
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Egoism, 2007.
This paper discusses ethical and psychological egoism.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer identifies and describes the theories of ethical egoism and psychological egoism. This work identifies and explains the fallacy of psychological egoism. The paper also discusses the strong and weak version of ethical egoism. Furthermore, the differences that exist between ethical egoism and psychological egoism are discussed and the doctrines of motivation for each theory are contrasted. This work concludes with a brief discussion on the differences between selfishness and self-interest.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Egoism and Psychological Egoism Defined
Strong and Weak Version of Ethical Egoism
Identify and Explain the Fallacy of Psychological Egoism
Contrast of Doctrines of Motivation
Discussion on Difference between Selfishness & Self-Interest
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The hedonistic view is that only intrinsic pleasure is really desired while the eudemonistic view is that the only intrinsic good is derived from happiness. Finally, the pluralistic view is that a requirement for achieving intrinsic satisfaction that is good is that these things are comprised of a variety of good things. Psychological Egoism holds that in order for an individual to act on a voluntary basis then the individual's motivation must come from personal desires and that the individual's satisfaction is solely through fulfillment of those desires. This view holds that the individual actions are at all times driven by personal achievement of pleasure that is centric upon self."
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Kant and Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics.
762 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Immanuel Kant's theory of ethics is grounded in deontological principles. In such theories, rules are of utmost significance in deciding a moral dilemma. However, the writer points out that Kant was not an ordinary deontologist and he was in fact highly critical of ethical theories and moral philosophies that preceded his work. His theory is known as critical theory because of the errors that Kant identified in theories presented by previous thinkers. Kant's ethical theory begins with the definition of good will. The writer agrees with Kant that one must be autonomous in his moral decisions and act only if he feels that such a law is universal in nature.
From the Paper
"Moving ahead with this, he explained that good will was not bound by duty. In other words, while duty might compel many people to have a good will but a genuine good will should never be dependent on duty. When something is dependent on something else, there is always room for personal desires, prejudices and biases taking over. But a genuine good will is something that stays closely connected with one's personal sense of morality and is neither governed by a sense of duty nor by conventional morality. However since man has his limitations and is often moved by his personal desires, duty is the only thing that would force him to act on good will and good will alone. This is an interesting paradox but one that is largely based on reason. Ideally, good will should be free of duty but man cannot attain good will without having some law or sense of duty binding him to act on it."
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Ethics Behind Stem Cell Research, 2007.
A review of the history of stem cell research, and a discussion regarding the ethical implications of this controversial topic.
1,588 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses stem cell research. The paper provides a brief background of the history of stem cell research and goes on to discuss how oocytes, originally obtained specifically for human embryonic stem cell research and not for reproductive or medical purposes, create an object of ethics research. The paper reports that the National Research Council-Institute of Medicine in the United States has set guidelines that are exemplary.
From the Paper
"Stem cell research dependant upon somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) presents risks for donors and so the women donor's welfare is a concern, but in actuality, the risks faced by these healthy women are equal to the risks other clinical research subjects face. If other research were to be scrutinized as much as these are and are to be found acceptable, then stem cell research donors should be able to fulfill the same scrutiny and find equal footing. The concerns of inducing service and recruiting where women are vulnerable, as well as reimbursing donors sufficiently should be considered, controlled, and informed consent be guaranteed. (Mertes 629)."
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The Right to Die, 2007.
This paper discusses why patients should be able to control when and how they die.
1,136 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during their last few months of life, but they have no right to do so because the practice of euthanasia is illegal in America. As a result, the writer maintains that they are robbed of their dignity during their final days as unspeakable pain renders them helpless. The writer notes that the medical community cannot adequately manage older Americans' pain. The writer points out that in most circumstances, the courts protect the patient's right to decide about medical treatment, but they draw the line with euthanasia. Unfortunately, there is a religious majority that wields great political pressure at the expense of the critically ill. The writer argues that this is a situation that needs to change.
Outline:
Introduction
Why Patients Should Be Able to Control When and How They Die
It is Immoral to Subject Dying Patients to Unnecessary Pain and Suffering
The Medical Community Can Not Adequately Address Pain Management
Personal and Religious Beliefs of a Few Should Not Impede an Individual's Right to Decide How They Die
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during this time with many wanting euthanasia, physician assisted suicide, as an option. Data from the American Psychological Associate verify the tremendous pain endured by the terminally ill while the National Institutes of Health acknowledge that this pain is often impossible to manage. Even so, most Americans do not have the ability to determine their own destiny; they have to endure needless pain and suffering because of the influence of the personal and religious beliefs of others that it is somehow more humane to let people suffer than it is to end their pain and suffering."
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Ben and Jerry's, 2007.
This paper assesses the business ethics associated with Ben and Jerry's Inc.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Ben and Jerry's Incorporated that has become a famous name in the world of ice cream throughout the world. The writer notes that the company is well known for its innovative array of ice cream flavors and for the unique way in which the company conducts business. The writer describes the values of the company and looks at employees benefits. The research indicates that the company is extremely committed to employees and the environment. The writer concludes that the company is also committed to ensuring that employees have health benefits, paid leave and a myriad of benefits that are not available to employees of many other corporations. In addition, the writer points out that the company has an extremely ethical approach as it relates to environmental issues.
Outline:
Introduction
Ben and Jerry's Values
Ben & Jerry's Treatment of Employees
Environmental Policies of Ben & Jerry's
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to the living wage the company also offers employees certain benefits. Theses benefits include paid leave, tuition reimbursement, a room for nursing mothers, a pension plan, health, dental and life insurance, $1000 incentives to purchase hybrid vehicles, health club memberships, a nap room, a work environment that is pet friendly, 401K plain that features automatic company contribution and company match, and three pints of ice cream each day."
"In addition, the company has a community service benefit that is available to all employees in the Central Support. This benefit allows employees to take 40 hours of paid leave to volunteer with any non profit organization. This benefit was introduced in 2005 in the wake of Hurricane Katrina when eight employees form the company went to assist in the recovery effort."
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Nursing Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses the DNR (do not resuscitate) order as an important ethical issue faced by nurses providing care to terminally ill patients.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper overviews ethical concerns and the nursing practice standards in palliative care settings. The paper focuses on the ethical implications of the DNR (do not resuscitate) order from the nursing perspective. The paper maintains that good palliative care is all about reducing the distress of the patient as much as possible and helping him attain a peaceful end. The paper asserts that this can sometimes demand a sense of moral detachment.
Outline:
Introduction
The DNR (Nursing Implications)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The DNR (do not resuscitate) order is a request which advices against the use of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for revival of the heart function of the patient who has a cardiac or pulmonary arrest. Typically, the request for DNR is given as an advance directive by the patient, but in cases where the patient is in comatose state the physician discusses it with the family before recording the DNR order. [Hanna Mari Hilden et.al, 2004] The DNR order in effect takes away the obligation on the part of the attending nurse or the physician to revive the failed heart using CPR. Nurses in palliative care have to face cases where the DNR is applied consistent with the patient's autonomy."
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Ethical Issues, 2007.
This paper looks at ethical issues within the medical field, focusing on do not resuscitate orders.
1,869 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses difficulties with do not resuscitate orders (DNRs), advanced directives and medical power of attorney. The writer notes that decisions regarding these issues are often left to the nurse to make, as a great deal of discretion is afforded the nurse, especially in the triage aspect of emergency room care. The writer points out that emergency room care requires quick thinking and logical judgment utilized to make the best possible decisions for a critically ill patient, that has not yet been medically stabilized. The writer claims that it is the job of the emergency room nurse and other staff to err on the side of caution and withhold any treatment that might further compromise the patient.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Issues
Ethical Issues
Discussion
From the Paper
"The work expresses the problem, as it is associated with the view of palliative care as doing nothing. It is clear that palliative care is a viable medical response to end of life scenarios and should be utilized in cases where it is indicated, by the wishes of the individual and his or her legal voice. Palliative care being a set of treatments that focus not on life saving techniques but on those that impart comfort and treat uncomfortable symptoms, such as acute pain. The author indicates that the problem lies in the fact that this society, and especially the medical industry (here sighting new doctors) are consummate death deniers, seeking life saving options above all others. In the case specific to this write up the treatment change has certainly not gone to the point of a complete denial of patient wishes, as the denial of one form of palliative care, erring on the side of caution does not constitute full application of life support, though without patient advocates, as are seen by the present family, there is a danger of just such an occurrence."
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HP Pretexting Scandal, 2007.
This paper discusses the Hewlett-Packard ethical dilemma.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when looking into how a big corporation should properly conduct its business behind its own brick and mortar walls, a good place to begin would be to examine what mistakes have been made by big corporate players. The writer points out that there is no better place to begin than by studying and investigating the drama that continues to unfold at the Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company. In this case, there was pretexting at HP, and the use of this unethical, illegal procedure allowed certain persons to obtain phone records of reporters and board members who were possible suspects in the leaking of inside HP information to the media. The writer discusses the ongoing power and legal struggles associated with the Hewlett-Packard scandal in Silicon Valley.
Outline:
Introduction
The New Yorker Article
From the Paper
"The true background of this confusing and twisted tale of corporate ethical lapses is becoming a must-read for students in Ethics classes around the country. Indeed, when David Packard and Bill Hewlett launched HP in a Palo Alto garage in 1957, little did either of those men realize what a giant and powerful technology corporation HP would turn out to be - with revenues in excess of $90 billion annually."
"Nor did they, or could they, have known that corporate leaks from power-hungry insiders would lead to an embarrassing and very public scandal in 2005 and 2006. Certainly they couldn't know that the corruption inside HP would be so serious and have such enormous implications for the company (and the technology world) that it would require congressional hearings to delve into its mysterious and evil plots and subplots, along with the willing and innocent participants. "
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The Just War Theory, 2007.
The paper discusses the factors necessary for a war to be considered just and moral.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the just war theory is based on the ideal that war should be "restrained, made more humane and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice." The paper discusses how in order for a war to be considered "just," it must fit a set of predefined criteria. The paper discusses President Bush's declaration of war against terrorism, the Vietnam war and the American Civil War. The paper reveals that the difficulty with forming a "just war" is that there is no person capable of applying the criteria; which person can impose a definition of harm versus good?
From the Paper
"While humanizing war efforts is effective in minimizing cost, trade damage, and loss of life, it also has another significant advantage: by agreeing upon certain conventions for war, the two enemies have established that the war is between two rational parties that, despite their irresolvable conflict or conflicts, understand that war is an ends to a means and not a trend to be set and never revoked. "It is only when the enemy is seen to be a people with whom one will do business in the following peace that tacit or explicit rules are formed for how wars should be fought and who they should involve." "
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