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The Right to Die, 2007.
This paper discusses why patients should be able to control when and how they die.
1,136 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during their last few months of life, but they have no right to do so because the practice of euthanasia is illegal in America. As a result, the writer maintains that they are robbed of their dignity during their final days as unspeakable pain renders them helpless. The writer notes that the medical community cannot adequately manage older Americans' pain. The writer points out that in most circumstances, the courts protect the patient's right to decide about medical treatment, but they draw the line with euthanasia. Unfortunately, there is a religious majority that wields great political pressure at the expense of the critically ill. The writer argues that this is a situation that needs to change.
Outline:
Introduction
Why Patients Should Be Able to Control When and How They Die
It is Immoral to Subject Dying Patients to Unnecessary Pain and Suffering
The Medical Community Can Not Adequately Address Pain Management
Personal and Religious Beliefs of a Few Should Not Impede an Individual's Right to Decide How They Die
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during this time with many wanting euthanasia, physician assisted suicide, as an option. Data from the American Psychological Associate verify the tremendous pain endured by the terminally ill while the National Institutes of Health acknowledge that this pain is often impossible to manage. Even so, most Americans do not have the ability to determine their own destiny; they have to endure needless pain and suffering because of the influence of the personal and religious beliefs of others that it is somehow more humane to let people suffer than it is to end their pain and suffering."
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Ben and Jerry's, 2007.
This paper assesses the business ethics associated with Ben and Jerry's Inc.
1,326 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses Ben and Jerry's Incorporated that has become a famous name in the world of ice cream throughout the world. The writer notes that the company is well known for its innovative array of ice cream flavors and for the unique way in which the company conducts business. The writer describes the values of the company and looks at employees benefits. The research indicates that the company is extremely committed to employees and the environment. The writer concludes that the company is also committed to ensuring that employees have health benefits, paid leave and a myriad of benefits that are not available to employees of many other corporations. In addition, the writer points out that the company has an extremely ethical approach as it relates to environmental issues.
Outline:
Introduction
Ben and Jerry's Values
Ben & Jerry's Treatment of Employees
Environmental Policies of Ben & Jerry's
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to the living wage the company also offers employees certain benefits. Theses benefits include paid leave, tuition reimbursement, a room for nursing mothers, a pension plan, health, dental and life insurance, $1000 incentives to purchase hybrid vehicles, health club memberships, a nap room, a work environment that is pet friendly, 401K plain that features automatic company contribution and company match, and three pints of ice cream each day."
"In addition, the company has a community service benefit that is available to all employees in the Central Support. This benefit allows employees to take 40 hours of paid leave to volunteer with any non profit organization. This benefit was introduced in 2005 in the wake of Hurricane Katrina when eight employees form the company went to assist in the recovery effort."
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Nursing Ethics, 2007.
This paper discusses the DNR (do not resuscitate) order as an important ethical issue faced by nurses providing care to terminally ill patients.
1,157 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper overviews ethical concerns and the nursing practice standards in palliative care settings. The paper focuses on the ethical implications of the DNR (do not resuscitate) order from the nursing perspective. The paper maintains that good palliative care is all about reducing the distress of the patient as much as possible and helping him attain a peaceful end. The paper asserts that this can sometimes demand a sense of moral detachment.
Outline:
Introduction
The DNR (Nursing Implications)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The DNR (do not resuscitate) order is a request which advices against the use of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for revival of the heart function of the patient who has a cardiac or pulmonary arrest. Typically, the request for DNR is given as an advance directive by the patient, but in cases where the patient is in comatose state the physician discusses it with the family before recording the DNR order. [Hanna Mari Hilden et.al, 2004] The DNR order in effect takes away the obligation on the part of the attending nurse or the physician to revive the failed heart using CPR. Nurses in palliative care have to face cases where the DNR is applied consistent with the patient's autonomy."
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Ethical Issues, 2007.
This paper looks at ethical issues within the medical field, focusing on do not resuscitate orders.
1,869 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses difficulties with do not resuscitate orders (DNRs), advanced directives and medical power of attorney. The writer notes that decisions regarding these issues are often left to the nurse to make, as a great deal of discretion is afforded the nurse, especially in the triage aspect of emergency room care. The writer points out that emergency room care requires quick thinking and logical judgment utilized to make the best possible decisions for a critically ill patient, that has not yet been medically stabilized. The writer claims that it is the job of the emergency room nurse and other staff to err on the side of caution and withhold any treatment that might further compromise the patient.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Issues
Ethical Issues
Discussion
From the Paper
"The work expresses the problem, as it is associated with the view of palliative care as doing nothing. It is clear that palliative care is a viable medical response to end of life scenarios and should be utilized in cases where it is indicated, by the wishes of the individual and his or her legal voice. Palliative care being a set of treatments that focus not on life saving techniques but on those that impart comfort and treat uncomfortable symptoms, such as acute pain. The author indicates that the problem lies in the fact that this society, and especially the medical industry (here sighting new doctors) are consummate death deniers, seeking life saving options above all others. In the case specific to this write up the treatment change has certainly not gone to the point of a complete denial of patient wishes, as the denial of one form of palliative care, erring on the side of caution does not constitute full application of life support, though without patient advocates, as are seen by the present family, there is a danger of just such an occurrence."
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HP Pretexting Scandal, 2007.
This paper discusses the Hewlett-Packard ethical dilemma.
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when looking into how a big corporation should properly conduct its business behind its own brick and mortar walls, a good place to begin would be to examine what mistakes have been made by big corporate players. The writer points out that there is no better place to begin than by studying and investigating the drama that continues to unfold at the Hewlett-Packard (HP) Company. In this case, there was pretexting at HP, and the use of this unethical, illegal procedure allowed certain persons to obtain phone records of reporters and board members who were possible suspects in the leaking of inside HP information to the media. The writer discusses the ongoing power and legal struggles associated with the Hewlett-Packard scandal in Silicon Valley.
Outline:
Introduction
The New Yorker Article
From the Paper
"The true background of this confusing and twisted tale of corporate ethical lapses is becoming a must-read for students in Ethics classes around the country. Indeed, when David Packard and Bill Hewlett launched HP in a Palo Alto garage in 1957, little did either of those men realize what a giant and powerful technology corporation HP would turn out to be - with revenues in excess of $90 billion annually."
"Nor did they, or could they, have known that corporate leaks from power-hungry insiders would lead to an embarrassing and very public scandal in 2005 and 2006. Certainly they couldn't know that the corruption inside HP would be so serious and have such enormous implications for the company (and the technology world) that it would require congressional hearings to delve into its mysterious and evil plots and subplots, along with the willing and innocent participants. "
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The Just War Theory, 2007.
The paper discusses the factors necessary for a war to be considered just and moral.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the just war theory is based on the ideal that war should be "restrained, made more humane and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice." The paper discusses how in order for a war to be considered "just," it must fit a set of predefined criteria. The paper discusses President Bush's declaration of war against terrorism, the Vietnam war and the American Civil War. The paper reveals that the difficulty with forming a "just war" is that there is no person capable of applying the criteria; which person can impose a definition of harm versus good?
From the Paper
"While humanizing war efforts is effective in minimizing cost, trade damage, and loss of life, it also has another significant advantage: by agreeing upon certain conventions for war, the two enemies have established that the war is between two rational parties that, despite their irresolvable conflict or conflicts, understand that war is an ends to a means and not a trend to be set and never revoked. "It is only when the enemy is seen to be a people with whom one will do business in the following peace that tacit or explicit rules are formed for how wars should be fought and who they should involve." "
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Effective Leadership, 2007.
This paper analyzes the film "Remember the Titans" by Gregory Allen Howard.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 0 sources, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Remember the Titans", explaining that it demonstrates leadership styles, leadership ethics and leadership frameworks using the example of a high school football team. The paper describes how both of the coaches in the film, coach Yoast and coach Boone, become effective leaders who deal with change, uncertainty and hardship. The paper shows how the coaches exemplify ethical and practical principles of leadership in their daily lives and not just on the field.
From the Paper
"Remember the Titans demonstrates leadership styles, leadership ethics, and leadership frameworks using the example of s high school football team. Gregory Allen Howard's 2000 film starring Denzel Washington and directed by Boaz Yakin offers an entertaining but insightful glance at the challenges leaders face and optimal means of overcoming obstacles and interpersonal conflicts. Remember the Titans takes place in Alexandria, Virginia in 1971, during the integration of public schools. The ensuing racial tension creates volatile situations for the team, its coaches, and the community."
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Ethics Policies, 2007.
A comparative analysis of the ethics policies of Microsoft, Nokia and Intel.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how current ethics policies are the outcome of years of debates as to what should define morality and fair and appropriate behavior. Nowadays, most institutions in the fields of economy, politics, medicine and law guide their activities by a set of morals rules concentrated in their internal code of ethics. To better understand the concept of ethic policies, this paper analyzes the code of ethics of three major organizations from the same industrial sector, electronic engineering. The companies are Microsoft, Nokia and Intel.
Outline:
Memo of Transmittal
Executive Summary
Ethics Policies within Companies
Microsoft Corporation
Nokia
Intel Corporation
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Aside from the previously mentioned policies, the Intel ethic code also contains reference to intellectual property, gratuities, reciprocity, publicity, small and minority suppliers, controlled substances, environment, health and safety. The intellectual property right protection policy states the fact that Intel completely respects the rights of all business partners, suppliers and competitor companies. However, the publicity policy mentions that business partners are denied the right to sell their own products by associating them with Intel products. "
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Termination Process, 2007.
This paper looks at the debate regarding total parenteral nutrition treatments.
3,009 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that when there are patients receiving treatments or interventions that keep them alive, one may face the decision of whether to discontinue treatment. The writer offers the example of an adult male patient at the HIV Treatment Center on dialysis for acute renal failure and mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. The writer notes that in this case the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) treatments are no longer of benefit, even though the patient's family wants them continued. The writer maintains that if life expectancy can be prolonged with additional chemotherapy, it may be reasonable to give TPN to allow the patient to enjoy that benefit. However, the writer concludes that in the case where additional chemotherapy offers no substantial increase in quantity or quality of life, TPN could become another burden for the patient without any meaningful benefit, and ought to be withheld.
Outline:
Transference and Counter transference
Futility Judgments
Debating Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation
From the Paper
"Transference and countertransference are both normal phenomena that may arise during the course of the therapeutic relationship. Transference is the tendency on the part of the patient to "transfer" past feelings, conflicts, and attitudes into situations, circumstances and present relationships. According to psychoanalytic theory, transference evolves from unresolved or unsatisfactory childhood experiences in relationships with parents or other important figures. From a behavioral orientation, patients may have developed habit-forming patterns in how they relate and interact with others. These habits involve development of attitudes and ideas based on the learning and retention of information from past relationships. The habits learned from past relationships may create behavioral and thought patterns in subsequent relationships, even though the actions and attitudes may be inappropriate for the current relationship. As caregivers have frequent contact with patients, the potential for caregivers to be objects of transference is significant."
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Free Will, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical considerations surrounding the existence of free will.
1,091 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper challenges the naturalists' critiques of free will. It begins by describing the naturalists' arguments against the existence of free will. The paper then discusses the opposing position that free will does exist. The paper also discusses the opposite end of the philosophical spectrum from free will which is fatalism, or sometimes determinism. It discusses these concepts from an ethical standpoint and particularly focuses on moral responsibility.
From the Paper
"It would seem, then, that free will is not only necessary from an ethical standpoint, but that it is entirely consistent with the world that we experience around us. Free will can be influenced by the outside causes, but these causes are not the end to the story of choice and volition as the naturalists would claim. Rather, the individual possesses the ability to interpret and choose based on those influences--and any other internal or external factors--and make decisions wholly independent of the world. That is the basis for free will, which will remain the core of ethical and moral responsibility for human beings."
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"Good Night, and Good Luck", 2007.
This paper discusses media ethics in the movie "Good Night, and Good Luck."
999 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the film, "Good Night, and Good Luck"
takes place in the hostile environment of the "Red Scare" in 1950s America. The paper relates that "Good Night, and Good Luck" tells the story of the CBS broadcast team who overcome immense pressure from sponsors, owners and even the government in an attempt to broadcast the truth to America. The paper examines how the characters face three ethical dilemmas that are a reflection of the difficult ethical choices that exist in the media.
From the Paper
"There are numerous ethical issues facing the characters in "Good Night, and Good Luck." The primary ethical issue is Edward Murrow's quest to maintain what he believes his right from wrong in his reporting of the news. A second ethical issue is Joseph McCarthy's apparent unethical decision to use lies to get his point of view across. He calls anyone that crosses or dares oppose him a Communist. A third ethical decision involves the CBS Studio who decides to turn a blind eye to the in house marriage which is against company rules and regulations."
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Aristotle and Ethics, 2007.
This paper studies Aristotle's views on virtue and ethics.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the second book of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines the relation between character and virtue as being mediated by or depending on the two antagonist feelings of pleasure and pain. The writer then points out that Aristotle's proposition that virtue is about pleasure and pain implies that goodness is inevitably related to the feelings that accompany an action. In this way, one sees that, for Aristotle, the optimal actions of a certain human being are the result of the virtuous character, which is in fact, a state of the soul. The writer notes that the virtuous character is in its turn, determined by the other states, or the feelings of pleasure and pain experienced in a certain situation or when performing a particular action. The writer concludes that Aristotle's implication is that no action is good of itself, unless supported by the proper feelings, and that this would be the essence of ethics.
From the Paper
"Thus, it is imperative to discriminate between, for example, an individual who abstains and enjoys abstaining, and an individual who is equally abstinent, but does this with great pain. The distinction between these two apparently identical and good actions is, according to Aristotle, precisely one of virtue of character."
"This is why, in his view the reaction of either pleasure or pain to a certain situation or state of facts always determines the character of a certain person. However, to attain virtue is not at all simple, given the fact that, as Aristotle asserts we are used to indulging in wrong actions that provide us with pleasure."
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Servicing Children in Need, 2007.
An analysis, including the writer's reactions, of the ethical theory and how it could be applied in a school setting to assist children from lower income areas.
1,188 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a service learning project based on the writer's experiences while volunteering at a small elementary school. The paper details the writer's emotional reaction to her experience while working in the school, where there were many children from lower income families, many of whom were neglected or have little in the way of social support from their family. The paper also describes the application of the ethical theory to the concept of "serving others in need."
Table of Contents:
Ethical Theory
Reaction To Setting
Conclusions
From the Paper
"I am grateful for this learning experience, which while shocking, clearly demonstrated the idea that children's basic needs must be met, as must anyone's. This is especially true for disadvantaged children. There seems at least in the environment I worked within a lack of attention to servicing the needs of children who fall into defined categories, such as those who are abused, those who may suffer emotional problems, those who might be neglected or lack adequate resources to live well and prosper emotionally and physically. I feel a strong need to service others, and feel this could be easily accomplished through more interpersonal involvement with those who clearly demonstrate a need for support in basic life functions."
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Hedonistic Act-Utilitarianism, 2007.
An examination of the various types of utilitarianism, particularly hedonistic act-utilitarianism, and their applications to life.
3,128 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses the concept of hedonistic act-utilitarianism. It discusses the importance of morality in society and how the theory of morality changes depending on how one defines one's social obligations. It then describes the utilitarian theory and how a Utilitarian may view an act. The paper goes on to discuss rule utilitarianism and the various types of utilitarianism, such as hedonism and egoism. The paper concludes by exploring the concept of hedonistic act-utilitarianism and its applications.
Table of Contents:
Heroism and the Call to Duty
Utilitarianism and Justice
Hedonism and Egoism
What, Other Than Pleasure, Is Valuable?
Issues of Utilitarian Impartiality
From the Paper
"According to Hurka and Copp (pp. 357-380) utilitarianisms affects the groups, more so than the individual. Therefore, the same dilution effect can be seen in the division of the greater social good. When one considers the group, everyone receives a smaller piece of the pie. The plausibility of hedonism in a utilitarian act depends on one's definition of pleasure and how the group dynamics work as far as spreading the rewards and punishments to their members. It is plausible to have hedonism and utilitarianism together. However, one must be careful to qualify their definitions. One can speak of the hedonistic acts of an individual or the hedonistic acts of a group. It is plausible for a group to have hedonistic act-utilitarian. However, this is more difficult for the individual because of the differences in perception. The answer to the question lies in which microscope one uses to examine the issue."
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