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Nuclear Weapons and Moral Choices, 2008.
An exploration of the moral beliefs held by the scientists instrumental in developing the nuclear atomic bomb.
2,871 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that the physicists instrumental in the design and development of the nuclear atomic bomb held a level of pride in their accomplishment as well as regret for its potential for destruction, death and war. The paper describes the Manhattan Project and examines the personal moral standards of the scientists who developed it. The paper shows how regrets were certainly held by Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber and other scientists and physicists sharing in the atomic energy and weaponry projects.
Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
The Manhattan Project
Moral Responsibility of the Physicist
Hans Bethe
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The work entitled: "Invisible: Atomic Bomb Efforts in the US, USSR and National Socialist Germany" relates that governments and physicists both came to realize "simultaneously...that their discoveries had military potential. If any nation could harness the energy of nuclear fission in an explosion, a super bomb would be possible." (Open Society Archives, 2007) The second World War erupted in Europe in 1939 and the publications concerning nuclear subject matter "disappeared from scientific journals and the race to the nuclear bomb was on." (Open Society Archives)"
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Relationships between Doctors and Drug Suppliers, 2008.
The paper examines the relationship between doctors and medical suppliers and the ethical questions arising from such relationships.
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper is a report from a medical supply company regarding the responsibility of physicians who work in close association with pharmaceutical companies to put the well being of their patients at the forefront of their professional work. The paper states, that whilst cooperation between doctors and pharmaceutical companies is essential for the development of new treatments, the doctor's prime consideration is, and must always be, the well being of his patient. The writer states that there have been cases where doctors have put their association with a pharmaceutical company before the good of their patients but, in the vast majority of cases, the exact opposite is true.
From the Paper
"There have been exceptions to the above, where physicians have, in the opinion of their peers, overstepped their boundaries and represented the medical suppliers' interest more than their patients or the value of their science. A recent case, involving Dr. Martin Leon of Columbia, was particularly egregious. Dr. Leon revealed evidence from a clinical trial prior to its 'unveiling' date, which caused a significant movement in the stocks of several medical device companies. The response of the medical community was immediate and severe. Dr. Leon was suspended from editorial boards of the Journal of the American Cardiology Society and the New England Journal of Medicine for at least five years (Wood 2007). Dr. Leon's reputation as a clinical trials clinical investigator and participant was therefore permanently disadvantaged."
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Hershey's and Outsourcing, 2008.
An examination of how globalization and outsourcing are affecting business ethics at Hershey's.
3,041 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how globalization has impacted almost very aspect of organizational discourse. It specifically focuses on how access to cheaper labor has prompted intense competition between organizations, forcing many US companies to seek better financial outcomes through outsourcing. The paper focuses on the case of Hersheys and its recent outsourcing of jobs and how this affects business ethics.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Current Operations at Hershey
Evaluating the Organization's Operations
Discussion/Conclusion
From the Paper
"When all of the issues are examined from both sides, the true complexity of business ethics is elucidated. Even when organizations attempt to develop policies that meet the best interests of stakeholders, the end result is the development of policies that meet the real world conditions of operations. Unfortunately, as organizations begin to expand their operations into the international arena, the scope of conditions that are necessary for operations becomes much wider, creating considerable challenges when it comes to assessing the ethical validity of specific decisions. Although Hershey may appear to be engaging in unethical practices according to US standards, the reality is that the organization is simply taking the steps needed to ensure that the organization produces profits for its stakeholders. In the end, one could argue that this is the central focus of organizational operations."
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Consequentialism as a Moral Theory, 2008.
An analysis and discussion of the objections to consequentialism and whether they render the theory unsuitable as a guide to criminal justice practice.
3,851 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an overview of consequentialism and outlines the central objections to this philosophical and theoretical stance in the context of criminal justice practice. The paper analyzes the extent to which this moral philosophical perspective is relevant to modern criminal jurisprudence. The paper presents the position that while this theory is limited, it also serves some important legalistic purposes and therefore this theory should be integrated with other philosophical points of view.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of the Philosophy of Consequentialism
Objections to the Theory of Consequentialism
Consequentialism and Criminal Justice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Substantive moral theories in modern philosophical discourse typically fall into the categories of consequentialist or deontological. Consequentialist theories, which derives from the ethos of utilitarianism, state that, "...agents must always act so as to produce the best available outcomes overall" (Scheffler S. review). In contrast to this position, deontological moral theories stress that the best overall outcomes are not of primacy significance. In the context of modern philosophical and moral theory, it is generally acknowledged that the consequentialist view is inadequate in terms of a comprehensive and inclusive moral theory."
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Government Agencies and Ethics, 2008.
This paper argues in favor of the statement "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule."
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer analyzes the following statement on two grounds: "Any agency which works in secret can behave in a scandalous manner, and the CIA is no exception to this rule". The writer first discusses whether it is true that agencies which act in secret behave in a scandalous manner and then if so, whether the CIA is an exception or a demonstration of this rule. The writer then makes the argument that all agencies, throughout history and in whatever country, region or empire, that act in secret are inherently prone to dishonesty and unethical acts. Next, the writer maintains that the CIA must act, to some degree, in secret with some of its operations. Finally, the paper argues that the CIA will always be prone to dishonesty and unethical actions, which requires more regular oversight.
Outline:
Introduction
First Hypothesis: There has been an ethical agency in history
Second Hypothesis: The creeping moves toward professionalism have reduced ethical inhibitions
Ethics, the CIA and Recent History
Politics by Innuendo: Contributing to Unethical Conduct?
Conclusion: Is the CIA Inherently Untrustworthy?
From the Paper
"All agencies throughout history and across nations are prone to act in a dishonest and unethical manner. The proof to this hypothesis is the null hypothesis: that is, if the author has been unable to find a government agency which acts in secret, which over time has not acted in an unethical manner. A second null hypothesis would be to find a spying operation which has operated in an ethical and honest manner over a long period of time, therefore disproving the above statement.
"One can argue that any government agency requires power in order to be effective. Power comes through the purse--ability to fund, through coercion--ability to force, or through persuasion--ability to convince. None of these methods is, in and of itself, inherently unethical. One can persuade, coerce or bankroll activities in an open and above-board way."
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E-Business Integrity, 2008.
A look at Lockheed-Martin's best practices in online ethics and integrity.
710 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the many strategies of Lockheed-Martin with regard to ensuring ethical business behavior, in addition to legal and regulatory compliance. The paper examines the stance of the company on intellectual property rights and the ethical use of online data collected from employees' use of e-mail and Web browsing. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for improving these policies within the Lockheed-Martin company.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Lockheed-Martin's Defining Best Practices in Online Ethics
Intellectual Property Rights and Ethical use of Online Data
Opportunities for Improvement
From the Paper
"For many companies in the Aerospace and Defense (A&D) industry the ethical challenges of selling to foreign governments and winning contracts over competing vendors located in these host countries leads to bribery and unethical offers of assistance in an attempt to win new business. The many ethical lapses of Boeing including their many harassment scandals (Atkins 2006) have become common knowledge, with extensive U.S. government of the entire A&D industry occurring as a result."
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Ethics and the Justice Department, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of ethics and the justice department,
noting that justice and ethics are often experienced as vastly different concepts.
2,418 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study to illustrate how justice and ethics in the US are often experienced as vastly different concepts, depending upon an individual's perception of a particular situation. The paper describes a case study revolving around a Muslim man who wanted to travel by airplane from Los Angeles to Florida on 31 July, 2004. The paper contends that this case study demonstrates that a lack of adherence to commonly accepted ethical conduct as perceived by the public leads to general disrespect by the public, as well as an outcry for justice, particularly if a specific group of people has been disadvantaged by the unethical action.
Outline:
Introduction
Case Study: Achmed Radu
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Problematic ethical issues within the Department of Justice have increased exponentially since the 9/11 attacks. Constitutional issues such as freedom of the press, and human rights issues such as freedom of religion have particularly come under the spotlight. After 9/11, the Department of Justice has begun to take increasingly extreme measures to limit the freedom of American citizens in the name of protection and security. One of the basic rights that have continually been invaded is client/attorney privileges for detainees. In addition, citizens of Arab or Middle Eastern origin and those adhering to the Muslim faith have been targeted for surveillance, while some have even been detained indefinitely without an explanation of the reasons or the detainee's rights."
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Information Systems in Business Management, 2008.
This paper researches the ethical, legal and cultural ramifications of information systems on managing both business practices and employees.
3,397 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 27 sources, APA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to assess the impact information systems have had on managerial processes in business. The paper hypothesizes that interaction through use of information systems alters legal, moral or cultural perceptions, creating an environment where an individual may conduct activity that typically would not be done in a face-to-face meeting. The paper also attempts to demonstrate that some individuals in management use information systems as the sole form of communication with subordinates, resulting in poorer quality products and services. The paper concludes that information systems are excellent complimentary business tools, but cannot replace basic human interaction.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Research
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Information systems have changed the world. From communication to education, information systems have increased the availability of information and the speed of communication forever. Information systems can convey a myriad of messages from simple quick reminders via text messages to the most complex technical messages.
"The effectiveness of messages transmitted via information systems relies on more than just the communication itself. Understanding the meaning behind the communication requires specific efforts from both the sender and recipient of the message. This raises certain important questions and concerns. Is it possible for a sender to convey complete concepts via information system communication without personal contact? Are recipients as receptive to messages transmitted via information systems compared to messages presented in face-to-face meetings?"
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Ethical Practices in the Business World, 2008.
An explanation of how business people need to create new guidelines for ethical practices in light of recent business scandals.
4,016 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how ethical issues in the business world have changed since the demise of companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Andersen. According to this paper, several different approaches have been suggested for businesses today to cope with the issue of ethics and for corporations to develop ethical guidelines.
Outline:
Introduction
Ethical Issues
Ethical Grounding
Leadership
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The issue needs to be considered from the smallest infraction to the major ones. The latter, of course, are what get a company into trouble, while the former often lead to the latter. However, business people seem to have a number of rationales for why certain behaviors that might be unethical in everyday life are not in business. Carr (1993) argues that there is an agreement among people in business that bluffing is accepted and that, in the words of British statesman Henry Taylor, "falsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood on all sides that the truth is not expected to be spoken" (Carr, 1993, p. 143). Carr argues that bluffing is not unethical in this context. It is not lying because while both bluffing and lying would be meant to deceive bluffing in business is accepted as part of the price of doing business and so cannot be considered lying."
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Illegal Downloads, 2008.
A review of the problem of illegal downloads and the effect it has on the recording industry.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of ethics in American business. Specifically, the paper discusses who should be punished for downloading illegal music. The paper argues against the practice and contends that downloading music online is illegal unless one pays for the music. The paper also contends that "down loaders" know the act is illegal, and choose to do it anyway, making it both legally and ethically wrong. The paper further contends that illegal downloads harm record companies and recording artists and violate the intellectual property rights of the individuals who created the song. The paper concludes that stealing music is like stealing someone's special creation, it is simply wrong, ethically, morally, and legally.
From the Paper
"In addition, stealing music is a known crime, and music companies have been filing suit against people for many years, making it common knowledge that downloading music is a crime. The Minnesota trial was the first lawsuit to make it all the way to trial, however. Downloaders paying thousands of dollars in fines to recording companies have settled all the other suits. In one case, recording companies sued the parents of two under-18-year-olds, and the parents eventually settled with the record company. In this case, since the children were not of legal age, the companies went for the people who owned the computers. However, in most normal cases, these would not be the people responsible, because anyone who owns a computer knows that you cannot control family members and friends 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when they are on the computer."
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Sham and Shame, 2008.
This paper explores the impact of the Enron scandal.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the strict regulatory and corporate policies that were undertaken in an effort to recapture public trust and confidence after the Enron scandal. The paper looks at the scandal's effect on healthcare securities regulation, on lawyers' ethics and on the assessment of records and their integrity. The paper also discusses the lesson learned that, in a world of predators, all the parties participating are already at least partly corrupt. Finally, the paper explores ethics for America after Enron and explains the concept of fiduciary duties.
Outline:
The Story of Enron
Impact
From the Paper
"Enron began as an intestate pipeline company from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth of Omaha (Canadian Broadcasting Company 2006). The former chief executive officer of Houston Natural Gas, Kenneth Lay, became the merger's CEO and later its chairman of the board. From a regulated natural gas company, it ventured into new fields and eventually became one of the world's biggest energy businesses. In 1999,. Enron opened its broadband services and Enron Online, its website for trading commodities. Ninety percent of its overall income came from businesses conducted through the website. Business was swift. The following year, its annual revenue was $100 billion. It became the seventh-biggest company in the Fortune 500 list and the world's sixth largest energy company (Canadian Broadcasting Company)."
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Drug Testing in Nigeria, 2008.
An investigation into clinical trails carried out on children in Nigeria.
3,669 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper describes work carried out by researchers, Debora Spar and Adam Day, with regard to a clinical test of an experimental drug, Trovan, conducted in a Third World country under suspect conditions, with shoddy supervision and for questionable reasons. The paper relates that, though the Trovan trial was perhaps exceptional, it is also considered an example of what can happen when pharmaceutical corporations conduct research on humans in poor countries with bad supervision.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Analysis
Operational Analysis
Strategic Analysis
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"A nervous system infection, Meningitis can kill a child in a matter of hours if left untreated. It killed more than 12,000 children in six months in and around Kano, a mostly Muslim city. Pfizer, a pharmaceutical giant drug company saw this scenario as an opportunity to do clinical research on 200 live humans, while possibly helping sick people. Half of the 200 children received Trovan and the other half received a "proven meningitis treatment," ceftriaxone, though they administered a dose lower than recommended. Pfizer has maintained its records demonstrate that not one of the deaths could be linked to Trovan or to substandard treatment, and that the clinical study shows there is a better survival rate for patients on Trovan than for patients who receive the standard drug. Survivors sometimes sustain brain damage or other complications from the disease, even if they are "cured" (AP, p. 1)."
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Normal Saline Usage and Pneumonia, 2008.
This paper analyzes the controversial practice of using normal saline during suctioning.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper assesses the issue concerning whether or not to use normal saline during suctioning, and most especially when the patient is an infant or a very weak and compromised adult. However, this question does not deter nurses and other medical practitioners from using the normal saline technique for suctioning, and the practice is still widely used. Furthermore, the paper looks into the issue of whether this procedure actually helps the patient, or if it is unnecessary. Specifically, the paper discusses the prevalence, the benefits and disadvantages, the purposes of using the procedure and the risks and negative consequences of using normal saline for suctioning purposes. Lastly, the paper looks at one specific illness associated with the procedure, called ventilator assisted pneumonia.
From the Paper
"A Survey was conducted a few years previously, on a number of nurses and medical practitioners who were working in adult ICU's in a large teaching hospital facility, in order to make an accurate and clear assessment of the advantages and the disadvantages of using normal saline during the endotracheal suctioning of an adult. It was found that while about fifty one percent of those surveyed reported that they rarely used normal saline for the suctioning procedure, about thirty three percent had routinely used saline for the same purpose. While fifty five percent of the nurses used saline to remove and retrieve secretions that would perhaps block the airway, about forty five percent used the same procedure to stimulate a cough in the patient. There was a lack of understanding of the usage of saline for suctioning among the nurses: while sixty four percent reported rarely using saline before suctioning, respiratory therapists reported using normal saline for suctioning. Respiratory therapists seemed to exhibit more awareness than nurses about the benefits or disadvantages of using normal saline for suctioning purposes and to induce a cough in the patient. Evidence was able to prove that when nurses used saline for suctioning, there were more adverse effects in the patient than when a respiratory therapist used it, among them being that of greater oxygen desaturation, and other, a greater risk of cardio pulmonary infections. (Schwenker; Gift, 1998)"
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Adam Smith, 2008.
This paper outlines the philosophies of Adam Smith, the economic and political visionary.
873 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Adam Smith's background and his moral and economic philosophy. The paper looks at how Smith perceives the nature of work and the relationship between working people and society at large.
Outline:
Background and History
Smith's Moral Philosophy
Adam Smith's Economic Philosophy:
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Adam Smith (1723-1790), was a professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University and a visionary economic political theorist who pioneered a capitalist theory that was to become known as laissez fair economics. His most influential written works were An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which he authored in 1776, fittingly, the same year as the birth of the United States, where his approach to economics was to be embraced and implemented more extensively than any other nation."
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