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Hispanic Parenting, 2008.
A review of the literature on the Hispanic community and the unique parenting conflicts it faces in a new culture.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
Through a review of relevant literature, this paper discusses how parenting guidelines are particularly beneficial to members of immigrant communities, as these communities face the unenviable task of maintaining old and beloved family traditions while simultaneously borrowing and adapting the methods and practices of the new culture. In particular, the paper examines the immigrant Hispanic community in the US and attempts to prove that a setting down of concrete parenting techniques (communication, conflict resolution, and the like) will benefit this community enormously and help alleviate the tension that arises when two cultures meet. The articles and books reviewed are arranged thematically.
Outline:
Summary of Research Problem, Purpose and Thesis
General Books and Studies on Parental Discipline
Books and Studies on Hispanic Parenting Issues and Techniques
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This compilation of articles (all authored by prominent social scientists) attempts to arrive at an understanding of the mammoth topic of Hispanic psychology. Some of the topics are irrelevant to the thesis, but the studies in part one are crucial, as they (like Vasquez' study) study the process of Hispanic acculturation. Buriel and Rueschenberg's "Mexican American Family Functioning and Acculturation: A Family Systems Perspective" is particularly useful here, as the article, through a series of case studies, analyzes the internal structure of the Mexican family and its interactions with the new culture. Like Vasquez, the two authors conclude that success at acculturation is directly related to the functioning of the Hispanic family. "
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The Effects of Media Violence on Society, 2002.
An analysis of the child exposure to television and a look at the
link between TV violence and an increase in aggression in children.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of aggression from television on children and offers two ways for reducing aggression that result from TV viewing. The paper claims a clear link between violence in the media and an increase in aggression and children and adolescents and further concludes that the majority of parents do not seem to be concerned about the possible impact of televised on their children. The paper is based on two articles: "The Effects of Media Violence on Society", by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman and "Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go from Here", by Brandon Centerwall.
From the Paper
""Aggression researchers have adopted a triangulation strategy to examine the effects of violence in the media". This means that three different methods have been used by researchers and later analyzed to determine the effect of violence in television. The three research methods are field experiments, longitudinal studies, and cross sectional studies. Evidence is used from the six most important professional societies in the United States such as the American Psychological Association."
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Disorders of Sleep, 2008.
This paper looks at sleep disorders discussing infant and adolescent polysomnography.
854 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article notes that in order to understand the pathogenesis of sleep disorders, the normal sleep cycle must be understood in a neuro-physiologic context. The writer points out that sleep disorders such as insomnia can be especially distressful in children and adolescents. The writer discusses that aside from the normal developmental circadian adaptations and drift of the sleep-wake cycle in these individuals, secondary causes can inhibit initiation or maintenance of sleep, particularly chronic diseases and mental disorders. While most causes are self-limited and treatment conservative, more elaborate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions may be warranted. The writer concludes that the role of the polysomnography technician is to ascertain the cause of the disorder as well as justify the need for sleep studies while providing useful input for the health care team.
From the Paper
"Sleep disorders can arise from several causes that disrupt the normal sleep cycle in spite of its seemingly grounded cyclic variation in physiology. It can be disrupted when the number of hours required for the individual were not met or were met but with frequent wakeful states in between (sleep fragmentation). The cause must be ascertained first by the technician through a perusal of the patient's history and physical examination with particular emphasis on past and present sleep patterns, aggravating or relieving factors, medications taken, co-morbid diseases, psychiatric co-morbidities such as depression, among others. A polysomnography may be warranted when sleep hygiene strategies fail or an apparent cause is not apparent."
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Raising Children Today, 2008.
This paper discusses child rearing focusing on the issue of gender in child development.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the basic task for parents is to instill desirable values and to help the child develop according to his or her ability. The problem of raising both boys and girls in today's society is raised, mentioning the view that it might have been easier in the past because gender distinctions were more rigid and clearer. The writer notes that to a great degree, boys learn from their fathers how to be male and girls from their others how to be female, though the process is more complex than this might indicate. The writer concludes that many people find that children today lose much of their childhood because of the many influences that cause them to grow up too fast and that affects how they learn to be male and female today, but in truth, the force that remains the most important is parenting and the role parents take as models to be imitated.
From the Paper
"The social controllers have eliminated these emotions through a number of conditioning methods, but the primary means of eliminating them has been to eliminate the family, the crucible where emotional bonds are formed and where the need for later bonds to supplant those between parent and child is formed. The elimination of the family has gone so far as to make the family and its relationships appear socially undesirable, psychologically unhealthy, and un-human. Human beings are touted as more advanced than animals and thus as no longer in need of the bonds and crutches animals require. The controllers have eliminated these emotions in the name of efficiency."
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Restorative Justice, 2008.
This paper describes the concept of restorative justice and applies it to the situation of children soldiers.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that restorative justice is an organized system designed to promote interpersonal reconciliation, to provide alternatives to more punitive justice systems and, hopefully, to do more lasting good than punishment alone. The author points out that restorative justice in the United States includes victim impact statements and often community service, where the criminal attempts to pay back the community as a whole for the harm he or she has done. The paper then looks at how a system of restorative justice could be used in societies with child soldiers. The paper concludes that, while restorative justice is not a one size fits all solution to criminal actions, it may be the only way to put back together a society wracked by a damaging domestic war.
From the Paper
"Recruitment of children can provide opportunities for children to observe how violence can trump reason. Recent studies of the civil war in Sri Lanka (Human Rights Watch Summary), describe the forceful recruitment of children by the LTTE, Tamil Tiger, rebel movement. Children can see how their unarmed parents are unable to resist the armed and brutal rebels. One can imagine the lesson the children would learn is that being armed would have enabled their parents to protect them; that violence will always win over reason."
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Youth and Violence in the Media, 2008.
A discussion of the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper tests the assumption that the high levels of violence in the media must be having a negative effect on children. It points out that, in particular, many seem to fear that exposure to violent television and video games will lead to the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper attempts to show that there is no simple answer to the questions posed by the proliferation of violent television and video games in our society. It concludes that it is by no means certain that exposure to violent television and video games leads to the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
From the Paper
"There can be no doubt that young people are exposed to high levels of media violence. For example, one study demonstrates that 57% of television programmes depict violence (based on viewing 2,700 programs on 23 channels) (Fleras, 2003). Of this, about 10% is very graphic violence. This adds up to the average North American child watching about one really graphic violent act every day - or a total of about 2,200 very graphic, violent acts while he or she is in elementary school (Potter and Smith, 2000). Similarly, the Kaiser Family Foundation Report showed that some 75% of US children had at least one video-game player, and that a third of these children had video-game players in their own bedrooms. Moreover, many videogames contain large amounts of violence, some of it graphic (Lachlan, Smith and Tamborini, 2003). Thus, there can be no doubt that most children and adolescents view a great deal of violent television, and spend a great deal of time playing violent video games."
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Cohabitation, Divorce and Stepfamilies, 2008.
This paper discusses cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies based on the book "The Family" by Ross. J. Eshleman.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies. The paper discusses each of these issues in relation to the impact that it has on the individuals within society and the facts that are connected to the life events. The paper uses the work of Ross Eshleman to explore each of these concerns, with the research offering facts that are connected to the most current state of cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Cohabitation
Divorce
Stepfamilies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eshleman (2003) states that all 50 states in the nation have divorce laws that are specific to the state . According to Eshleman (2003), the most common grounds for divorce include "breakdown of marriage. Incompatibility, cruelty, desertion...[or] irreconcilable differences." Children within a marriage will tend to have an affect on whether or not a divorce is pursued if the children are in their preschool years and born during the marriage. However, when children have been born previous to the marriage or are in the teen years the impact that they have on divorce in increased."
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The Impact of Divorce on Children, 2008.
An examination of the major ways in which the divorce of parents can impact the life of children.
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines that impact that the divorce of parents has on the children of the family. It discusses the issues that children face from a social perspective and it illustrates some of the ways in which children can be negatively impacted by the trauma of divorce. The paper concludes that, if not managed properly, divorce can cause significant psychological and social impacts on the affected children for years to come.
From the Paper
"This finding was confirmed through an extensive twenty-five year study of children who experienced the divorce of their parents and then grew into adulthood, periodically returning to work with the research team to chart their psychosocial development. The study found that the immediate effects of divorce on children were not nearly so significant as the long-term effects, particularly when those children grew old enough to want to try to develop intimate relationships. Anxiety and fear of loss complicated these attempts, very often undermining the chances for interpersonal success and personal satisfaction (Benham 15). From another point-of-view, it would seem that the greatest impact on children from divorce is the long-term effects on the ability of those children to become fully self-reliant adults (Corak 712). It would seem that the specter of the divorce lingers with many of those children for decades, at least, affecting behavior and opportunities for happiness with other people."
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Low Self-Esteem and Teen Marijuana Use, 2008.
This paper discusses the connection between low self-esteem and the use of drugs, in particular marijuana.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that teen use of illegal drugs such as marijuana is high, and appears to be on the increase, in the West. It is suggested that this is because many teens have poor self-esteem, and therefore they are likely to turn to destructive behaviours, such as using marijuana and other illicit substances. This essay draws on research to show that this is a valid explanation for the high incidence of marijuana use by teens in the West. The writer maintains that it seems very likely that low self-esteem can lead to substance abuse in teenagers. The writer concludes that increased use of marijuana among teens in the West is partly a result of the fact that many teens have poor self-esteem.
From the Paper
"Similar studies by other researchers have yielded similar results for girls. For example, several studies indicate that girls who have self-esteem and body image issues can turn to drugs. Unfortunately, such self-esteem and body image issues are wide spread in adolescent girls. One study showed that many girls go through a dramatic transition in early adolescence, and that this transition is characterized by issues around body image and low self-esteem. To make matters worse, research has turned up the unsurprising finding that girls with low self-esteem find it harder to cope with the usual stressors of adolescence. Similarly to the research with boys, researchers have found that pre-adolescent girls with low self-esteem are much likelier to abuse drugs by the time they reach the age of 15. Thus, the age of beginning to use drugs such as marijuana appears to be older than girls - but nevertheless, like boys, there seems to be a link between low self-esteem and marijuana and other illicit drug use."
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Parental Discipline, 2008.
This paper discusses the perils of spanking as a disciplinary method.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as recently as the 1950s, parents were fierce champions of spanking as a form of child discipline. The writer then points out that since then, a large crop of studies on child psychology has surfaced, with a considerable number of them concluding that spanking breeds detrimental results, and that non-physical discipline is far more likely to cement the desired long-term positive behavior. The writer argues that Sally Lieber's proposed bill, even if it never passes into law, opens up a topic that many parents do not wish to discuss. The writer concludes that it is hoped that this discussion, which aimed to pinpoint some of the sexual and behavioral risks involved in the practice of spanking children, will entice one to abandon this undignified and humiliating practice.
From the Paper
"Children, naturally, imitate the behavior of elders and authority figures, and caregivers must remember that their sons and daughters will one day become husbands and wives, mothers and fathers, etc: that is, the children will likely imitate the behavior of their own parents when they, too, have children of their own. The family, then, is entrusted with instructing a child in life skills, and one's ability to deal with conflict in one of the more important of these skills. As such, kids who learn to address conflicts with the use of the open hand or clenched fist are, consequently, more likely to develop aggressive or violent behavior. What more, spanking sends a clear message about human relationships, and that message will likely include the understanding that it is perfectly justifiable for the strong to intimidate and dominate the physically weak, the small, or the helpless ..."
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The Complexities of the Family Unit, 2008.
A look at the changes in family structure seen in American society today.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the changing nature of the American family. Specifically, the paper looks at the complexities of cohabitation, divorce and step-families with an eye towards outlining what precipitates the first two and what dangers accompany the latter. In the final analysis, it is fairly evident that the American family now encompasses a wider range of arrangements than ever before - and this presents both opportunities for people who might not be happy in a traditional family structure, as well as dangers that were far less common when the nuclear family was the predominant social unit.
From the Paper
"Examining the available evidence collected by Eshleman, it seems clear that different cultures have different ideals vis-a-vis non-traditional relationships among adults. To wit, Puerto Ricans tend to be much more accepting of non-marital cohabitations while Mexican Americans cleave faithfully to the marriage ideal (Eshleman, 2000, p.288). Suffice it to say, if a society is not receptive to non-marital cohabitation, this can place great pressures upon the couple - and can create an uncomfortable situation for any children they may have. Be that as it may, Eshleman (2000) points out on page 151 of his text that non-marital cohabitation is becoming increasingly accepted in the western world and may emerge as a permanent, legitimate alternative to traditional marriage. Certainly, cohabitation seems to offer practical financial benefits, sexual benefits, and a measure of privacy that few other arrangements can match. Additionally, cohabitating couples are much more likely to keep their finances separate (this can be considered a practical financial benefit), are more likely to express low levels of commitment to the relationship, and tend to break up more readily (Eshleman, 2000, p.152 and 155). Clearly, if children are involved, there is a distinct possibility they will find themselves in a one-parent home at some point simply because the parental imperative to stay together is not nearly so strong."
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Suicide: The Social Context, 2008.
This paper explores how suicide is viewed in the context of cultural boundary transgressions.
2,517 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how suicide is imagined to be a transgression of cultural boundaries and the sanctity of life. The paper then questions if there can be a suicide that does not transgress cultural boundaries. The paper also considers how suicide is situated within the cultural definitions and constructions of death that dominate various cultural settings. The paper reviews the relevant literature and concludes that a suicide must always be a transgression of cultural boundaries since it has only as much cultural importance as is granted to the act by the norms and prescriptions of the larger social context.
From the Paper
"Suicide speaks to the nature of our cultural boundaries and our implicitly agreed upon notions of death and dying. Implicitly, there seems to be a common thread that runs through diverse cultures condemning the practice of suicide. When openly discussed, few non-reflexive cultural texts consider suicide to be a laudable act. There are, of course, exceptions. Kelleher provides Biblical examples of military suicides that are presented in a positive light after the shame of defeat, and all but praises the use of suicide--via hunger strikes--for political purposes (Kelleher 9-11). But outside of fairly narrow exceptions, suicide is imagined to be a transgression of cultural boundaries and the sanctity of life."
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Children and Divorce, 2008.
This paper classifies the various children's age groups and their emotional dispositions in relation to marital divorce.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at preschool years (3/5), elementary school years (6-11) and early-late adolescent years (11-18 years) and their different reactions and emotive responses to marital divorce in modern society. The paper shows how younger children do not often conceptualize the problem of marriage and often blame themselves. The paper then explains how elementary school children and adolescents become more reliant on peer groups and social institutions outside of the family, which provides a deeper understanding of the divorce.
From the Paper
"The early and late adolescent period is often part of the successive ways in which youth become able to completely and objectively interpret the divorce. The reliance on internal thinking has now become less abstracted, and the divorce can be seen with greater clarity. For the youth, the greater social networks through peer relationships has widened, marking a change in how the divorce is perceived. Often, the more independent nature of the youth's perspective can create more discourse about the divorce, which changes the way that parents must communicate with their children. Modern research studies often describe this form of 'individuation' that arises through the adolescent's ability to find other sources of social interaction other than the family unit."
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Mass Media Violence and Children, 2008.
This paper analyzes the effects of mass media violence on children and the growing issue of television censorship in the 20th and 21st centuries.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the dangers of violent television programming that have been influencing children within the family unit. The author examines different media of this type of cultural violence and the government and television corporation regulations that allow this type of programming. The paper evaluates the research on violence and children within the family unit to gain a greater understanding of why censorship and monitoring groups have played a greater role in regulating violence in the mass media construct. This paper concludes that the various aspects of classical conditioning, aggressive personality acquisition and other psychological factors compromise the total scope of how mass media television plays a large role in conditioning children.
From the Paper
"The premise of censorship has arisen due to the nature of television programming, which is available for children to watch alongside their elders. The problematic solutions for media violence and personality identifiers are the main objective in gaining a greater sense of rights for how children should be perceived in TV and film programming. The negativity of studies on media representations reveals why children should have a larger role in creating policies for televised and media based programs to give a more positive psychological affirmation to their behaviors."
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