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Media and Aggression in Children, 2008.
An analysis of the effect and impact of violence in the mass media on children and adolescents.
2,346 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how violence in the mass media affects us and what its impacts and influences are. In particular, it looks at how we are responding to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media. The paper argues that television, movie and video game violence significantly increases aggressiveness and violent behavior in children, which may in later life manifest into aggressive and violent behavior in adults.
From the Paper
"The numerous research carried out in the last 40 years overwhelmingly point out that children's exposure to violence in the mass media and in video and computer games can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. Furthermore, there are two additional effects that occur as a result of exposure to media violence. First, there is the effect of desensitization towards violence, both real and in the media. Second, there is a fear effect, an apprehension about becoming a victim of violence. Violence in the media has, "from either a modeling approach or a cognitive approach, a high likelihood of being emulated" (Donnerstein & Smith, ????, p.40). However, how the violence is portrayed as well as the age of the viewer are important factors that determine whether the violence will increase or decrease the likelihood of aggression and aggressive behaviour. The solution to the problem of media violence lies in legal remedies through governmental legislation, in education and in media-initiated interventions."
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Peer Relationships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the peer relationships of Vittorio Innocente in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints" and of Paddy Clarke in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha".
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the peer relations of Vitto, the protagonist in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints", are marred by bullying, recrimination and the threat of violence. The paper then looks at the friends of Paddy, the protagonist in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha", are both a stand-in for something his home life cannot provide and a relatively good source of solace and replenishment when things grow tense. The paper shows how these children are classic examples of embattled youngsters trying to find a refuge or safe-house in an inhospitable world.
From the Paper
"In the opening pages of Ricci's arresting 1990 novel, we are made aware of the fact that Vittorio Innocente is an intelligent but rather rebellious and indolent boy who would rather be out of class sharing "smokes" with his friend, Fabrizio, then engaging in the burdensome task of acquiring an education (Ricci, 3). We also learn that "Vitto" has been born into fairly privileged circumstances; to wit, his mother is the daughter of the town mayor (Ricci, 11). Thus, the willful young man who lies at the center of the story is blessed with a measure of social standing that not all children his age are fortunate enough to enjoy. It may also be said that Vitto is spoiled, not by the standards of a North American, perhaps, but certainly spoiled by the standards of his community."
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Impacts of Media Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the impact of violence in the media on children.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mass media plays an important role in our every day lives. The writer then discusses that since violence is a 'staple' in movies and computer games and on television the question of how one responds to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media is of great concern. The writer notes that there seems to be a consensus amongst scientists that violence on television and video games can increase aggression both in children and adults, although there is a minority of researchers who point out the limitations of the research conducted. The writer maintains that most research has shown that children's exposure to violence in the mass media can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. The writer concludes that the violence shown in the media can be learned and copied especially by children, but how that violence is portrayed is also very important.
From the Paper
"Studies have shown that children as well as adults by repeatedly and often watching violence on television may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of the victims and others in general. This can make them emotionally desensitized towards violence in real life, and may decrease the likelihood that as they get older they will assist a real victim when violent crime occurs. Research done in this area has shown that people watching violent scenes on TV have relatively intense physiological responses at the beginning; with repeated exposure these are reduced.
"Viewing violence and television can also cause fear. This feeds a perception that the world is a violent and mean place, which can increase fear of becoming a victim of violence."
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Does It Take a Village to Raise a Child?, 2008.
Evaluates the ancient African proverb "It takes a whole village to raise a child", used in the context of youth development.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the proverb ---"It takes a whole village to raise a child" --- advocates that the upbringing of a child depends not only on the family but also on the whole community. The author presents arguments for and against this statement and concludes that, with it takes the family, then the community, and finally the whole world to raise a child.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Yes, It Takes A Village...
No, It Does Not Take A Village...
Villages outside the US
The Family and the Village
It Takes a Child...
The Global Village
From the Paper
"Nowhere are the two opposing views of childrearing as evident as in Germany. Today's middle-aged generation from the former East Germany were institutionally raised typical of communist societies. Their peers who grew up in the West were raised in a very family-oriented setting by stay-at-home moms. The result is a clash of childrearing philosophies."
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Hispanic Parenting, 2008.
A review of the literature on the Hispanic community and the unique parenting conflicts it faces in a new culture.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
Through a review of relevant literature, this paper discusses how parenting guidelines are particularly beneficial to members of immigrant communities, as these communities face the unenviable task of maintaining old and beloved family traditions while simultaneously borrowing and adapting the methods and practices of the new culture. In particular, the paper examines the immigrant Hispanic community in the US and attempts to prove that a setting down of concrete parenting techniques (communication, conflict resolution, and the like) will benefit this community enormously and help alleviate the tension that arises when two cultures meet. The articles and books reviewed are arranged thematically.
Outline:
Summary of Research Problem, Purpose and Thesis
General Books and Studies on Parental Discipline
Books and Studies on Hispanic Parenting Issues and Techniques
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This compilation of articles (all authored by prominent social scientists) attempts to arrive at an understanding of the mammoth topic of Hispanic psychology. Some of the topics are irrelevant to the thesis, but the studies in part one are crucial, as they (like Vasquez' study) study the process of Hispanic acculturation. Buriel and Rueschenberg's "Mexican American Family Functioning and Acculturation: A Family Systems Perspective" is particularly useful here, as the article, through a series of case studies, analyzes the internal structure of the Mexican family and its interactions with the new culture. Like Vasquez, the two authors conclude that success at acculturation is directly related to the functioning of the Hispanic family. "
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The Effects of Media Violence on Society, 2002.
An analysis of the child exposure to television and a look at the
link between TV violence and an increase in aggression in children.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of aggression from television on children and offers two ways for reducing aggression that result from TV viewing. The paper claims a clear link between violence in the media and an increase in aggression and children and adolescents and further concludes that the majority of parents do not seem to be concerned about the possible impact of televised on their children. The paper is based on two articles: "The Effects of Media Violence on Society", by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman and "Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go from Here", by Brandon Centerwall.
From the Paper
""Aggression researchers have adopted a triangulation strategy to examine the effects of violence in the media". This means that three different methods have been used by researchers and later analyzed to determine the effect of violence in television. The three research methods are field experiments, longitudinal studies, and cross sectional studies. Evidence is used from the six most important professional societies in the United States such as the American Psychological Association."
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Raising Children Today, 2008.
This paper discusses child rearing focusing on the issue of gender in child development.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the basic task for parents is to instill desirable values and to help the child develop according to his or her ability. The problem of raising both boys and girls in today's society is raised, mentioning the view that it might have been easier in the past because gender distinctions were more rigid and clearer. The writer notes that to a great degree, boys learn from their fathers how to be male and girls from their others how to be female, though the process is more complex than this might indicate. The writer concludes that many people find that children today lose much of their childhood because of the many influences that cause them to grow up too fast and that affects how they learn to be male and female today, but in truth, the force that remains the most important is parenting and the role parents take as models to be imitated.
From the Paper
"The social controllers have eliminated these emotions through a number of conditioning methods, but the primary means of eliminating them has been to eliminate the family, the crucible where emotional bonds are formed and where the need for later bonds to supplant those between parent and child is formed. The elimination of the family has gone so far as to make the family and its relationships appear socially undesirable, psychologically unhealthy, and un-human. Human beings are touted as more advanced than animals and thus as no longer in need of the bonds and crutches animals require. The controllers have eliminated these emotions in the name of efficiency."
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Restorative Justice, 2008.
This paper describes the concept of restorative justice and applies it to the situation of children soldiers.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that restorative justice is an organized system designed to promote interpersonal reconciliation, to provide alternatives to more punitive justice systems and, hopefully, to do more lasting good than punishment alone. The author points out that restorative justice in the United States includes victim impact statements and often community service, where the criminal attempts to pay back the community as a whole for the harm he or she has done. The paper then looks at how a system of restorative justice could be used in societies with child soldiers. The paper concludes that, while restorative justice is not a one size fits all solution to criminal actions, it may be the only way to put back together a society wracked by a damaging domestic war.
From the Paper
"Recruitment of children can provide opportunities for children to observe how violence can trump reason. Recent studies of the civil war in Sri Lanka (Human Rights Watch Summary), describe the forceful recruitment of children by the LTTE, Tamil Tiger, rebel movement. Children can see how their unarmed parents are unable to resist the armed and brutal rebels. One can imagine the lesson the children would learn is that being armed would have enabled their parents to protect them; that violence will always win over reason."
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Youth and Violence in the Media, 2008.
A discussion of the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper tests the assumption that the high levels of violence in the media must be having a negative effect on children. It points out that, in particular, many seem to fear that exposure to violent television and video games will lead to the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper attempts to show that there is no simple answer to the questions posed by the proliferation of violent television and video games in our society. It concludes that it is by no means certain that exposure to violent television and video games leads to the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
From the Paper
"There can be no doubt that young people are exposed to high levels of media violence. For example, one study demonstrates that 57% of television programmes depict violence (based on viewing 2,700 programs on 23 channels) (Fleras, 2003). Of this, about 10% is very graphic violence. This adds up to the average North American child watching about one really graphic violent act every day - or a total of about 2,200 very graphic, violent acts while he or she is in elementary school (Potter and Smith, 2000). Similarly, the Kaiser Family Foundation Report showed that some 75% of US children had at least one video-game player, and that a third of these children had video-game players in their own bedrooms. Moreover, many videogames contain large amounts of violence, some of it graphic (Lachlan, Smith and Tamborini, 2003). Thus, there can be no doubt that most children and adolescents view a great deal of violent television, and spend a great deal of time playing violent video games."
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Cohabitation, Divorce and Stepfamilies, 2008.
This paper discusses cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies based on the book "The Family" by Ross. J. Eshleman.
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies. The paper discusses each of these issues in relation to the impact that it has on the individuals within society and the facts that are connected to the life events. The paper uses the work of Ross Eshleman to explore each of these concerns, with the research offering facts that are connected to the most current state of cohabitation, divorce and stepfamilies
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Cohabitation
Divorce
Stepfamilies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eshleman (2003) states that all 50 states in the nation have divorce laws that are specific to the state . According to Eshleman (2003), the most common grounds for divorce include "breakdown of marriage. Incompatibility, cruelty, desertion...[or] irreconcilable differences." Children within a marriage will tend to have an affect on whether or not a divorce is pursued if the children are in their preschool years and born during the marriage. However, when children have been born previous to the marriage or are in the teen years the impact that they have on divorce in increased."
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The Impact of Divorce on Children, 2008.
An examination of the major ways in which the divorce of parents can impact the life of children.
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines that impact that the divorce of parents has on the children of the family. It discusses the issues that children face from a social perspective and it illustrates some of the ways in which children can be negatively impacted by the trauma of divorce. The paper concludes that, if not managed properly, divorce can cause significant psychological and social impacts on the affected children for years to come.
From the Paper
"This finding was confirmed through an extensive twenty-five year study of children who experienced the divorce of their parents and then grew into adulthood, periodically returning to work with the research team to chart their psychosocial development. The study found that the immediate effects of divorce on children were not nearly so significant as the long-term effects, particularly when those children grew old enough to want to try to develop intimate relationships. Anxiety and fear of loss complicated these attempts, very often undermining the chances for interpersonal success and personal satisfaction (Benham 15). From another point-of-view, it would seem that the greatest impact on children from divorce is the long-term effects on the ability of those children to become fully self-reliant adults (Corak 712). It would seem that the specter of the divorce lingers with many of those children for decades, at least, affecting behavior and opportunities for happiness with other people."
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Low Self-Esteem and Teen Marijuana Use, 2008.
This paper discusses the connection between low self-esteem and the use of drugs, in particular marijuana.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that teen use of illegal drugs such as marijuana is high, and appears to be on the increase, in the West. It is suggested that this is because many teens have poor self-esteem, and therefore they are likely to turn to destructive behaviours, such as using marijuana and other illicit substances. This essay draws on research to show that this is a valid explanation for the high incidence of marijuana use by teens in the West. The writer maintains that it seems very likely that low self-esteem can lead to substance abuse in teenagers. The writer concludes that increased use of marijuana among teens in the West is partly a result of the fact that many teens have poor self-esteem.
From the Paper
"Similar studies by other researchers have yielded similar results for girls. For example, several studies indicate that girls who have self-esteem and body image issues can turn to drugs. Unfortunately, such self-esteem and body image issues are wide spread in adolescent girls. One study showed that many girls go through a dramatic transition in early adolescence, and that this transition is characterized by issues around body image and low self-esteem. To make matters worse, research has turned up the unsurprising finding that girls with low self-esteem find it harder to cope with the usual stressors of adolescence. Similarly to the research with boys, researchers have found that pre-adolescent girls with low self-esteem are much likelier to abuse drugs by the time they reach the age of 15. Thus, the age of beginning to use drugs such as marijuana appears to be older than girls - but nevertheless, like boys, there seems to be a link between low self-esteem and marijuana and other illicit drug use."
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Parental Discipline, 2008.
This paper discusses the perils of spanking as a disciplinary method.
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as recently as the 1950s, parents were fierce champions of spanking as a form of child discipline. The writer then points out that since then, a large crop of studies on child psychology has surfaced, with a considerable number of them concluding that spanking breeds detrimental results, and that non-physical discipline is far more likely to cement the desired long-term positive behavior. The writer argues that Sally Lieber's proposed bill, even if it never passes into law, opens up a topic that many parents do not wish to discuss. The writer concludes that it is hoped that this discussion, which aimed to pinpoint some of the sexual and behavioral risks involved in the practice of spanking children, will entice one to abandon this undignified and humiliating practice.
From the Paper
"Children, naturally, imitate the behavior of elders and authority figures, and caregivers must remember that their sons and daughters will one day become husbands and wives, mothers and fathers, etc: that is, the children will likely imitate the behavior of their own parents when they, too, have children of their own. The family, then, is entrusted with instructing a child in life skills, and one's ability to deal with conflict in one of the more important of these skills. As such, kids who learn to address conflicts with the use of the open hand or clenched fist are, consequently, more likely to develop aggressive or violent behavior. What more, spanking sends a clear message about human relationships, and that message will likely include the understanding that it is perfectly justifiable for the strong to intimidate and dominate the physically weak, the small, or the helpless ..."
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The Complexities of the Family Unit, 2008.
A look at the changes in family structure seen in American society today.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the changing nature of the American family. Specifically, the paper looks at the complexities of cohabitation, divorce and step-families with an eye towards outlining what precipitates the first two and what dangers accompany the latter. In the final analysis, it is fairly evident that the American family now encompasses a wider range of arrangements than ever before - and this presents both opportunities for people who might not be happy in a traditional family structure, as well as dangers that were far less common when the nuclear family was the predominant social unit.
From the Paper
"Examining the available evidence collected by Eshleman, it seems clear that different cultures have different ideals vis-a-vis non-traditional relationships among adults. To wit, Puerto Ricans tend to be much more accepting of non-marital cohabitations while Mexican Americans cleave faithfully to the marriage ideal (Eshleman, 2000, p.288). Suffice it to say, if a society is not receptive to non-marital cohabitation, this can place great pressures upon the couple - and can create an uncomfortable situation for any children they may have. Be that as it may, Eshleman (2000) points out on page 151 of his text that non-marital cohabitation is becoming increasingly accepted in the western world and may emerge as a permanent, legitimate alternative to traditional marriage. Certainly, cohabitation seems to offer practical financial benefits, sexual benefits, and a measure of privacy that few other arrangements can match. Additionally, cohabitating couples are much more likely to keep their finances separate (this can be considered a practical financial benefit), are more likely to express low levels of commitment to the relationship, and tend to break up more readily (Eshleman, 2000, p.152 and 155). Clearly, if children are involved, there is a distinct possibility they will find themselves in a one-parent home at some point simply because the parental imperative to stay together is not nearly so strong."
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