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Gyroscopes and Aviation, 2005.
An analysis of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes and how they relate to commercial aviation.
4,325 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 81.95
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Abstract
An inertial navigation system is comprised of gyroscopes, accelerometers and some type of processor. A gyroscope is a sensor that is able to measure rotation rates with respect to an inertial plane. Mechanical spinning-mass gyroscopes, though, are difficult to handle and require a high level of maintenance. Similarly, ring laser gyroscopes produce lock-in phenomena and require ongoing mechanical fine-tuning if they are to retain sensitivity at small rotation rates. This paper provides an overview and discussion of inertial navigation systems, the principles of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes and their application to commercial aviation. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Principles of Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscopes
Relationship of Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope Principles to Commercial
Aviation
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
References
Appendix A
From the Paper
"In 1908, Sir Hiram Maxim published a book discussing his experiments in aeronautics. He described a gyroscopic stability augmentation device connected to the fore and aft elevators of a large, highly unstable airplane built and tested while tethered during the 1890s [1]. This device is believed to be the first example of aircraft automation and was patented in England in 1891. Early on in their flight experiments, Orville and Wilbur Wright also recognized the severe instability of their aircraft and independently developed stability augmentation devices. In 1913, Lawrence Sperry developed a more advanced gyroscopic stability augmentation system, which was demonstrated in flight [1]. The Sperry name was associated with aircraft automation for the next 60 years. Sperry automatic pilots (known as "autopilots") became available during the 1920s. In 1918, H. J. Taplin patented a nongyroscopic two-axis stabilization device that relied on differential aerodynamic pressures. This device was successfully flown in the United States in 1926 [1]. To date, with this sole exception (as far as is known), all successful autopilots during this period are believed to have utilized the gyroscopic principle. In 1933, a viable three-axis autopilot that was actuated solely by hydraulic and pneumatic power was an essential part of the equipment installed in Wiley Post's Lockheed Vega, Winnie Mae, for his solo around-the-world flight [1]."
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Swept Wing, 2005.
A discussion about the function of the aviation tool - the swept wing.
1,487 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
There have been a number of innovations in the field of aviation over the years. This paper examines the swept wing and determines why it was developed, and if the wing performs the function it was designed for.
Outline
Introduction
The Swept Wing
A Swept Wing's Function
Developing the Swept Wing
Early Problems
A Lasting Design
Evolving Use
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The swept wing was developed by the Germans in the mid-1930s and since its inception, has revolutionized the aeronautics field. While the concept originally had design flaws, the problems were corrected over the years, and the swept wing is now used on almost all jets, including airliners."
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Stress Management, 2004.
An extensive analysis of stress management in the airline industry.
2,056 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses stress management in the airline industry, specifically for the position of flight attendants. Flight attendants, most often referred to as stewardesses and stewards, have the difficult aim of making flights safe, comfortable and enjoyable for airline passengers. In a time of high priced flights, terrorism and unstable job prospects, these objectives in and of themselves are stressful. The main purpose of this paper therefore is to define and find solutions for some root causes of stress for flight attendants in the workplace. The report focuses on the definition of stress and provides general statistics of physical and emotional stress-related effects as they pertain to flight attendants. The report also provides some stress management applications that may prove helpful in providing relief from these factors.
Outline
Introduction
Definition
Statistics
Survey
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stress can begin long before any passengers board a plane. A Flight Attendant's work begins as an airplane's crew meets for preflight briefings which usually cover routes, forecast weather patterns, types of food or beverage services being offered as well as listing passengers with medical problems or unique requests. Anyone of these could cause stress. In our highly mobile and complex society, there are many definitions available for the word stress. This includes the medical definition which views stress as a measurable change within our bodies. Of course, most people tend to forget that this is not an actual definition that is completely accurate because stress is a word that can be used to identify a hundred specific or nonspecific problems from our daily lives. The preflight briefing for example could inform a crew of serious weather concerns or an inadequate amount of food or water on board - each of these items may or may not cause stress."
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United Airlines Flight 232, 2004.
An analysis of the crash of United Airlines Flight 232.
1,003 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of airline crew resource management. Specifically, it examines the crash of United Airlines flight 232. The paper presents the opinion that the crew on flight 232 did everything possible they could to save the aircraft and lives at that point in time and under the circumstances, and that cockpit resource management (CRM) played a large part in their survival and success in saving lives.
From the Paper
"Communication was the key that held the crew together, coordinated with the ground, and assured that at least some of the passengers would survive this accident. Communication was terse, but to the point, and because the crewmembers worked together as a team, and discussed their options and results, they played on each other's strengths and weaknesses, and they stayed in constant communication with ATC. Haynes noted in has after the accident comments that communication was one of the most important factors in the cockpit, and the results, where only 112 passengers and crew were lost, while 185 survived the devastating crash indicate the success of their communication efforts."
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Airline Economics, 2005.
A discussion of how the airline industry impacts major economic indicators.
1,748 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This report looks at how economic indicators like the Gross Domestic Product, inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index, unemployment, capacity utilization, personal income and the actions of the Federal Reserve can be used to observe the true nature of the airline industry's economic woes.
From the Paper
"There is a definite economic crisis coming out of the airline industry. Carriers like American Airlines, Delta, United and Continental continue to operate in the red as issues such as the price of fuel, terrorism and weak world economies continue to hamper the industry's attempts to move into the black. Each of these large United States based carriers have either filed or has considered filing for bankruptcy protection at one time or another in an attempt to rediscover solvency. Of course, many believe that the events surrounding September 11, 2001, where terrorists hijacked several American planes and used them as missiles, is the only reason for the airline industry's current financial predicament. However, throughout the past thirty years, the true dilemma the airline industry has faced can found in economic indicators that show the downturns should be attributed to other economic predictors such as inflation, the United States and world economies, globalization and the very obvious factor of stiff competition. Reduced fairs will never work if the industry faces escalating operating costs."
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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The NASA Challenger Disaster.
This paper discusses the problems and organizational dysfunction that contributed to the NASA Challenger Disaster.
1,710 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that organizational behavior focuses on the study of behavior within the organizational construct, concentrating on how an individual, group, and structure affect the behavior within the organization. The author points outs that learning from the Challenger Disaster required the NASA organization to look carefully at (1) forces contributing to the flawed decision, (2) reasons for the decisions and behavior that contributed to them, and (3) organizational shortcomings that affected the outcome. The paper stresses that communication can lead to misunderstanding, but so does lack of action; people within the chain of command at NASA did not act upon information that may have changed the outcome.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The NASA Challenger Disaster
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In exploring the history behind the Challenger disaster, one discovers, as the Presidential Commission did, that information threatened the "can-do" ideology of the space agency was routinely suppressed by managers at the agency's Marshall Space Flight Center. When Thiokol's engineers raised their concerns a full six months before the disaster, the information they provided was distorted as it made its way up the organizational chain of command, primarily to suit the career interests of Center managers eager to please NASA headquarters. Bosses were told what they wanted to hear and not what they needed to know. Ultimately, Thiokol's engineers were told, in effect, to "sit down and shut up" the night before the launch because the final decision would be made by management."
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Marketing Commercial Aviation, 2004.
An analysis of the challenges facing the marketing of the commercial aviation industry.
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the airline industry, the hardest hit by the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The paper presents the status of the industry and examines the marketing challenges facing commercial carriers. The paper briefly explores various marketing strategies and focuses on the high/low strategy as the most successful for this industry. Examples of this strategy are provided in the paper.
Contents
1) Status of the Industry
2) Marketing Problems Facing Carriers
3) Different Strategies
4) Description of High/Low Marketing Strategy
5) Why High/Low Strategy Is the Best Marketing Strategy
6) Examples of High/Low Marketing Strategy
7) Conclusion
8) Bibliography
From the Paper
"These industry ailments have forced several new marketing problems and exacerbated the old ones. The critical problem facing the industry, though, is the new revelation - in the post 9/11 era - that price is the overwhelming determining factor in airline choice. If two airlines offer even remotely similar routes, the choice that a business or pleasure traveler will make is rarely based on the number of stops or even on the airport - travelers are more than willing to smaller to a smaller, more distant airport today to save money - and definitely not on the reputation or size of the airline; and certainly not on the frills or amenities offered on board the flight."
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USAir Flight 5050, 2004.
An analysis of the crash of USAir Flight 5050.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper details the aborted takeoff of USAir Flight 5050 and the subsequent crash. The paper describes what happened during the attempted takeoff and explains that, due to the wet condition of the runway, the aircraft could not stop in time. The paper presents the investigative findings of the crash, which included examination of flight data and communications, such as the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder.
From the Paper
"USAir Flight 5050 was scheduled to depart from New York's LaGuardia Airport and scheduled to arrive at Charlotte, North Carolina on September 20, 1989. Fifty-seven passengers and four flight attendants were aboard. On board the flight deck of the Boeing 737 were Captain Micheal Martin and First Officer Constantine Kleissas. The crew had a long layover in New York and was forced to wait for approximately one and a half hours due to the cold and wet weather. Finally at about 11:30 pm, the aircraft was cleared for takeoff with Kleissas at the controls."
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Air Warfare in World War I, 2004.
An analysis of the development of air warfare in World War I.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the development of the air conflict in the First World War, claiming that it was closely linked to technical developments in aircraft design. The paper explains that the necessities and the competition engendered by the conflict also motivated technological developments. The First World War was neither won nor lost by the air warfare. The paper discusses what the war did for military aircraft design and development by opening up new possibilities of warfare.
From the Paper
"The development and direction of aircraft design was largely determined by the necessities and requirements of the war. Firstly, the war necessitated that the aircraft be designed to be as easy to fly as possible as there was only a limited amount of time for training of the pilots. Some pilots began flying after with as little as 4 hour's actual flying time. (ibid) This also necessitated that the planes be designed to be as stable as possible. This requirement was to change as the momentum of the air warfare accelerated and maneuverability became a more dominant requirement."
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Virgin Atlantic Airways, 2004.
A marketing analysis of the business class service of Virgin Atlantic Airways.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Virgin Atlantic Airways markets its business class service. The paper explains how Virgin Atlantic ensures that its premium paying passengers get full value for their money, beginning with the pre-flight experience, which includes courtesy limo transfers, a hassle-free and short check-in process, and use of luxury lounges, branded the "Clubhouse".
From the Paper
"A testimony to Virgin Atlantic having succeeded in developing a superlative business class product lies in the fact that its "Upper Class Suite" is often seen as equivalent to the first class service on other long haul airlines. For instance, Valhouli (2004, para 13) is almost apologetic over the fact that Virgin Atlantic could not be included in Forbes' list of Best First Class section on airlines since technically, its "Upper Class Suite" is business class. Valhouli's comment is perhaps best explained through a description of the innovative "Upper Class Suite" product and service."
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Aviation Safety, 2004.
An analysis of aviation safety, with a focus on fire issues.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what the most important fire issue is in aviation and explores how it is handled. In addition, the paper compares the ways that a specific fire issue is handled. The paper presents a focus on insulation and other fire-retardant measures in cabin safety and what kind of changes these have undergone throughout aviation history.
From the Paper
"Fire issues in aviation have long been a problem as those that work with them look for new and better ways to make aviation safer for all. This is not always easy, however, as there are only certain types of chemicals and other items that can be used in aviation due to the nature of the field. Because of this, discussing what should be used and why when it comes to fire safety and fire issues is often of the utmost importance for the aviation industry and those that create products for it. The main problem with this issue is that fire issues are something that must be dealt with in a specific way when it comes to aviation due to the complex nature of the field. For fire issues, much study must be done into what is acceptable because weight, size, and other factors play a part in airliners."
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Air Cargo, 2004.
An analysis of the history of air cargo.
3,547 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of aviation and air cargo development in past two centuries, outlining the most important and interesting events from the historical point of view that contribute to the modern concept of air cargo. The paper examines the development of air cargo as an economics sector in the United States and provides basic facts about the company that is associated with modern civil aviation and remains to be its leader for more than 50 years, Boeing. The paper presents recent air cargo statistics, describes the situation in this industry in other countries, and offers some facts about the most powerful air freights of modern time produced by America's main competitor, the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"In the era of globalization we can not imagine life without goods exchange, freight traffic and communication. Transportation and communication means guarantee the development of economics, its interaction with the rest of economical world community and simply form a part of modern civilization's infrastructure. Such progress was achieved only because of rapid technological and industrial growth which started only two centuries ago. The development of air cargo is tightly connected with the development of aviation as technology and as industry. Air cargo is one of the most popular applications of aviation achievements in modern world. That's why history of early air cargo is also related to history of aviation as moving objects by air was one of the oldest dreams of humanity."
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Air Canada vs. WestJet, 2004.
A strategic analysis and comparison between Air Canada and WestJet.
2,554 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
Two airlines, Air Canada and WestJet, are in a fierce battle for domestic market share. By analyzing their strategies, this paper seeks to answer the question of whether middle positioning is really a hindrance to growth within the industry. To this end, an overview of each company is presented. In addition, SWOT, PESTEL, and Porter's Five Forces analyses are provided for each company to help determine their strategic advantages and the choices they have made.
From the Paper
"Air Canada is known as the national airline of Canada. It is the dominant carrier in the country, serving approximately 150 destinations, primarily in Canada and the United States. Air Canada has a fleet of nearly 350 planes, which includes 130 regional aircraft ("Overview - ACE", 2005). The airline's expansion has come due to several strategies. Most importantly was its purchase of domestic rival, Canadian Airlines. In addition, it combined it numerous regional airlines: Air Nova, Air Ontario, AirBC, and Canadian Regional Airlines, to form one large regional carrier, Air Canada Jazz. In addition, Air Canada added two of its budget startups, Tango and ZIP, into its main operations. Lastly, in 2004, Air Canada emerged from bankruptcy protection, and created the new holding company structure, under ACE Aviation Holdings, Inc. ("Overview - ACE", 2005). Air Canada's direct competitors include: WestJet, AMR Corporation, British Airways, Air France, Alaska Air, Cathay Pacific, Continental Airlines, Delta Air, Japan Airlines, KLM, Korean Air, Northwest Airlines, SkyWest, and US Airways ("Competitors - ACE", 2005)."
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