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African-American Grandmothers, 2007.
This paper compares the historic role of African-American grandmothers and their contemporary role as sole parent for their grandchildren.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, under slavery and during the period afterward, older African-American women played active and respected roles in their communities as based on their African heritage, which venerated its elderly. The author points out that, in light of this history, it is not surprising that, in record numbers, African-American older women today are assuming the role of primary caregivers to their grandchildren due to social and addiction problems of the mothers of these grandchildren. The paper relates that the considerable stress of these women, who are permanently primary caregivers for their grandchildren, has resulted in their having many social, economic, physical and psychological problems.
From the Paper
"The number of grandmothers raising their grandchildren nearly doubled between 1970 and 2000--from 2.2 million to 4.5 million. During the 1990s, the biggest increase was among families with no parent present, usually because of social problems such as the mother's alcohol or drug abuse. Death from AIDS, long-term incarceration, and mental illness are other reasons. The trend has become a "dominant theme" for social work research, and the term skipped generation caregiver has come into use. Of all the children living with grandparents in the U.S., nearly 44% are African-American, a proportion that is six times greater than in white families."
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Medicare Stakeholders, 2007.
A look at how the reduction of available Medicare funds will impact Medicare stakeholders.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the growth of both life expectancy and the cost of medical care has resulted in a noticeable reduction of available Medicare funds for use in the near future. It looks at how this rapidly growing reduction of available Medicare funds has emerged as a significant concern for Medicare stakeholders such as the American Associationof Retire Persons (AARP), drug companies, insurance companies and healthcare providers alike. As a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years, as each of these stakeholders has a distinct role in the Medicare system from either a financial or funding standpoint.
Outline:
Introduction
Stakeholders
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The AARP, formerly called the American Association of Retired Persons, is a U.S. based non-profit organization, with the mission of enhancing quality of life for people over age 50 by providing a wide range of unique benefits, special products, and services for members. The AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members, and sells life insurance, investment funds and other financial products. The organization claims over 35 million members and membership is expected to grow significantly as baby boomers age. The AARP plays a role in Medicare from a financial standpoint in that the organization offers products to its members. This is different from the past when social security and pension plans were devised at a time when relatively few people reached the age of sixty-five, and these plans covered their support. "
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Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper studies the US Medicare Part D program that provides insurance coverage for prescription drugs.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, the reduction of available Medicare funds in the US has emerged as a significant concern for taxpayers, elderly individuals, and government agencies alike. The writer points out that as a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years; however, as the aging population increases, so does a greater sense of urgency. In response to this growing crisis, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 created a new and complex universal prescription drug entitlement, called Medicare Part D. This paper analyzes the basic contents of the Medicare Part D legislation, including the role of private groups and the implications of the drug subsidy for the nursing practice.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview and Content of the Legislation
The Role of Private Groups in the Drug Subsidy
Nursing Implications of Medicare Part D
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The benefits of Catastrophic Coverage vary depending on income levels, and extra-help programs are available based on financial need. Medicare Part D has been considered a complex plan for seniors as a result of the manner in which it works and the gap in coverage. This is complex for seniors because research indicates that the majority of needed prescription drugs by seniors fall into the gap in coverage bracket. Therefore, the major criticism of the drug subsidy is that it only truly assist seniors that either do not need very many prescription drugs, or those that are considered catastrophic coverage insured's. As a result, the bulk of this population is left to deal with paying out-of-pocket expenses for prescription drugs. Additionally, the plan is complex for seniors because the true cost of the drug entitlement expansion is unknown, and estimates could be understating the real cost."
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Dignity and Privacy for the Elderly, 2007.
A literature review of issues related to dignity and privacy in the care of elderly patients.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews various articles that discuss the issues of dignity and privacy for the elderly. It discusses interactions between elderly patients in care facilities, as well as the relationships between the elderly patients and the caregivers and health professionals. The paper then describes the consequences of negative experiences by elderly patients and possible solutions to the problems.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Suggestions, Reflections and Implications
Rationale of the Choice of Topic
From the Paper
"This source says that a Federal study affirmed the importance of assisted-living in delivering a "high degree of consistency" in the key areas of privacy and autonomy for senior patients. The national study was conducted by the US Department of Health and Human Services, focusing on residents and staff and the aspects of high service and high privacy. Specifically, it addressed assisted-living philosophy, services, staffing, cost and the residents' ability to age in place or substitute assisted-living for nursing home care. They expressed high satisfaction towards the staff for the show of dignity and respect, caring and affection. However, half of them observed an inadequacy of staff. In response, the Assisted-Living Federation of America or ALFA increased and made available a pool of available workers, courses for caregivers and recommendations. The trend indicated that more people enjoyed working with older people and that proper training would enhance employee commitment and recruitment itself."
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Vegetable Consumption and Cognitive Performance, 2007.
This paper studies the association between past vegetable consumption and cognitive performance.
2,931 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that cognitive impairments and decline are often considered commonplace characteristics of aging. The writer points out that the aged population is increasing in America, and it is important that attention and research be directed at how certain age-associated phenomena, such as cognitive decline, could be reduced. The writer examines research that have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance. The writer concludes that high dietary intake of vegetables was determined to be associated with higher cognitive performance scores among the aged population under investigation. Further, the writer maintains that the overall health benefits offered by diets high in vegetable intake need to be factored into interventions aimed at the prevention of all age-related illnesses, including cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
Outline:
Method
Participants
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the process of aging is inevitable, what can individuals do to prevent cognitive decline and possible Alzheimer's disease as a result of aging? It is important to focus on prevention and primary care as the most optimal approaches to healthcare for an aging population. Preventative approaches to healthcare result in reduced costs for individuals as well as the healthcare system, as well as increased responsibility and self-reliance on behalf of aging individuals."
"One factor which has the potential to greatly affect overall health, including cognitive performance, is diet. How do the foods consumed by individuals affect cognitive performance? Since mild cognitive impairment has been demonstrated as a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, is it possible to alleviate this risk through dietary intake? Several research studies have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance."
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Study of 72-year-old, 2007.
This paper provides a case study of a 72 year old female.
2,479 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This case study explores the life history and current circumstances of a 72-year-old female client who has been brought to the clinic for evaluation with regard to a recent history of memory problems. The writer notes that according to family members, the client has had lapses of memory that have become increasingly significant over the past 36 months. The writer maintains that the family is interested in knowing if this is simply a function of normal aging or if it is an indicator of a medical or mental health issue that should be addressed. The writer explores the female's life history and current living circumstance to determine the next steps in planning her life course, medically and socially.
Outline:
Introduction
Life History
Medical History
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Client reports as a child she was treated well by her parents. There is no report of alcohol or drug abuse in her childhood experiences by herself or by her family members. In addition she reports that she had a close relationship with both of her parents and all of her siblings. Client does have problems remembering certain periods of her childhood but reports that it is a recent occurrence that she has attributed to the aging process not a desire to repress any memories."
"Client is a white college educated female. She reports when she went to college she was not a rarity by being female but her course of study set her apart as she obtained a degree in mathematics which at that time was a highly unusual major for a female student to pursue."
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Care for the Elderly, 2007.
This paper examines the pros and cons of nursing home care versus assisted living care for the elderly.
1,592 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 29 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the positive and negative aspects of nursing home care versus assisted living care in terms of care, health, quality of life and costs involved. The paper discusses how making sure that the appropriate level of care is provided should be the foremost concern when making this very critical decision for oneself or for another member of one's family.
Outline:
Objective
Health and Safety
Review of Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the first of the many important considerations at this juncture in the life of an individual of advanced age is the health and safety of that individual. While it is optimal to have a living arrangement that allows the most freedom, independence and autonomy possible, the individual's health both physically and mentally must be the first and foremost consideration. In the case that the individual has Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, assisted living may allow too much autonomy and therefore not be in the best interest of the elderly person. However, in the case of only mild forgetfulness assisted living offers an arrangement that includes the best of both worlds."
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Human Sexuality, 2007.
An analysis of the article, "Sexuality in Older Adults: A Deconstructionist Perspective" by Beverly Huffstetler.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about an article concerning sexuality in older adults. The writer explores the article, "Sexuality in Older Adults: A Deconstructionist Perspective" by Beverly Huffstetler. It outlines the article's content and conclusion with regard to the sexuality of older people. The paper presents the writer's personal reactions to the content of the article. It also includes, as an appendix, a copy of the original article.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Throughout modern history, the issue of sexuality has always belonged to the young. Commercials, television shows, and movies have worked to build a strong case for human sexuality in those who are under retirement age. While it was acknowledged in passing that order people are capable of feeling and having sexual relations it was usually a topic that was ignored. In more recent years however, human sexuality among older people has moved to the forefront of attention. Commercials advertising pills that can help sustain erection, advertisers for doctors that treat erectile dysfunction and other vehicles have made the world realize that the older generation is still interested in sex. As researchers begin to examine this fact one study looks at all aspects of human sexuality in people over the age of 65, and concludes it is part of a healthy and fulfilled lifestyle. The article explores the myths of society present in the thinking about older adults and sexuality."
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The Right to Die, 2007.
This paper discusses why patients should be able to control when and how they die.
1,136 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during their last few months of life, but they have no right to do so because the practice of euthanasia is illegal in America. As a result, the writer maintains that they are robbed of their dignity during their final days as unspeakable pain renders them helpless. The writer notes that the medical community cannot adequately manage older Americans' pain. The writer points out that in most circumstances, the courts protect the patient's right to decide about medical treatment, but they draw the line with euthanasia. Unfortunately, there is a religious majority that wields great political pressure at the expense of the critically ill. The writer argues that this is a situation that needs to change.
Outline:
Introduction
Why Patients Should Be Able to Control When and How They Die
It is Immoral to Subject Dying Patients to Unnecessary Pain and Suffering
The Medical Community Can Not Adequately Address Pain Management
Personal and Religious Beliefs of a Few Should Not Impede an Individual's Right to Decide How They Die
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Older Americans with chronic illness are increasingly demanding the right to control what happens to them during this time with many wanting euthanasia, physician assisted suicide, as an option. Data from the American Psychological Associate verify the tremendous pain endured by the terminally ill while the National Institutes of Health acknowledge that this pain is often impossible to manage. Even so, most Americans do not have the ability to determine their own destiny; they have to endure needless pain and suffering because of the influence of the personal and religious beliefs of others that it is somehow more humane to let people suffer than it is to end their pain and suffering."
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Stereotypes, 2007.
A discussion regarding stereotypes, focusing on old age and homosexuality.
1,003 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the issue of stereotypes. The paper focuses on the aging and homosexual communities, to provide examples of stereotyping. According to the paper, not all older people have hearing problems, forget all the time, live in nursing homes, refrain from sex and have stopped learning. The paper further reports that gays are not "made" gay by the person who raises them nor are all gay men after nothing but sex.
From the Paper
"This common misconception of older people as poor, frail, fearful, depressed, idle, unwanted and selfish does not agree with their self-perception. Lou Harris and Associates compared the public's expectations of the problems connected with aging to the responses of older people about their actual problems (Fugate and Lamdin). On all these commonly agreed upon ideas about aging, public expectations were dramatically more negative than by what older people said: 77 percent of older people do not fear crime; 79 percent consider themselves in good health; 85 percent have enough money; 88 percent are not lonely; 93 percent feel needed; and 94 percent keep busy. Nor, does the mind go quickly as one becomes older, with great forgetfulness, lack of learning ability and senility."
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The Future Implications of Improved Health, 2007.
An in-depth discussion of the rising health and medical costs of the elderly population in the US.
4,115 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the growing aging population whose social security and pension plans are no longer covering the majority of their health costs. The paper examines the dilemma faced by the elderly population, the young taxpayers and government agencies responsible for their support. The paper maintains that without a solution that adequately addresses this problem, the opportunity to live longer will no longer be a benefit to society.
Outline:
Introduction
Historical Background of Government Assistance Programs for the Elderly
Current State of Affairs Regarding Elderly Support
Synthesis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the past few decades, technological progress and economic growth have led to improvements in human health, causing a rise in the average age of the population as well as population growth. The rapid growth of the elderly in the population has emerged as a significant concern among taxpayers, elderly people, and government agencies alike, as social security and pension plans are no longer consuming the majority of incurred elderly debt. In the past, social security and pension plans were devised at a time when relatively few people reached the age of sixty-five, and these plans covered their support."
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Nursing Home Care, 2007.
This paper discusses creating stimulating environments for the elderly in nursing homes.
1,253 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents an overview of the question regarding stimulation in nursing homes for the purpose of helping residents remain active. The writer, who has worked in nursing homes for the past 27 years, has experienced first hand the negative impact that lack of stimulation has had on her clients. The writer explores research regarding the topic and designs a plan in which it would be mandatory to gather information about the residents' prior interests when they move in so that those interests could be incorporated into clients' daily care plan once they arrive. The writer concludes that the goal of her nursing home plan would be to create a more mature and active activity plan for the aged, thereby creating a more well rounded end of life experience for them and their families.
From the Paper
"Having worked in a nursing home for the past 27 years I have seen what happens to the elderly as they enter the home and they are no longer being stimulated.
They give up. They come in full of enthusiasm, if not a bit nervous, and they start to interact. I can always spot the residents who have been there a long time because as the resident passes the time he or she begins to stop interacting. The lack of stimulation begins to take its toll and soon they sit and wait to die instead of getting up each morning ready to live.
Many people believe they are simply witnessing a natural progression toward death, however, I believe that if the residents were stimulated within the nursing home setting they would enjoy a higher standard of living for their remaining years and perhaps live longer as well."
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Smoking Among the Elderly, 2007.
This paper discusses the dangers of smoking and the methods available to help the elderly to quit smoking.
1,076 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at effective strategies for eliminating smoking within the elderly who are shown to be the least likely to quit smoking despite the tremendous health problems that it imposes. The paper examines group therapy, intensive behavioral therapy, the use of cessation literature and reliance on family networks. The paper claims that it is essential that the medical profession increase promotion of programs and literature to encourage smoking cessation.
From the Paper
"The conventional wisdom that cigarette smoking severely affects the health of individuals has permeated American society. However, there has been no rapid decline in cigarette smoking within the past five years despite tremendous efforts by the national media and government to curb smoking. This problem is especially prevalent among elders, who are shown to be the least likely to quit smoking despite the tremendous health problems that it imposes. Of the top sixteen causes for death among the elderly, eight are related to smoking."
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The Older Population and Ergonomics, 2007.
An analysis of the need for improved workplace ergonomics now that the general population is aging.
1,324 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the need for improved ergonomics and ergonomics that are better suited to the aging population. It discusses the phenomenon of companies having older workers in their employ now that the general population is aging. It describes various studies and their results as well as implemented plans for more ergonomic workplaces.
From the Paper
"Further, according to a study by Parker et. al, older individuals in residential and nursing care homes may depend on the environment to compensate for their physical or cognitive frailties. Regulations and guidelines on the design of care buildings have accumulated over time with little knowledge of their impact on the quality of life of building users. The Design in Caring Environments Study (DICE) collected cross-sectional data on building design and quality of life in 38 care homes in and near Sheffield, Yorkshire. Quality of life was assessed using methods consisting of all residents regardless of their frailty. Significant positive associations were found between several aspects of the built environment and the residents' quality of life. There was evidence that a focus on safety and health requirements could be creating risk-averse environments which act against quality of life, particularly for the least frail residents. The new tool for assessing building design has potential applications in further research and for care providers."
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