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Abuse and the Elderly, 2002.
A study of the abuse of the elderly by family caregiver with an emphasis on the factors implicated in the development and perpetuation of such abuse.
8,400 words (approx. 33.6 pages), 40 sources, MLA, £ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the increasing awareness that some elderly persons are physically abused and neglected by family members and how this has been accompanied by a widespread assumption about elder abuse. Elder abuse is inflicted by well meaning individuals, often the adult children of victims, who are pushed over the edge by the stress of caring for a frail, dependent old person. It presents a research study to gain insights into factors implicated in the development of such abuse, to identify those causal factors that may be amenable to intervention and recommend policies and programs, where applicable, to reduce the incidence of such abuse.
Outline
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of the Literature
Theoretical Framework
Cognitive Abilities and Development Stress
Related Research
Conclusions Relative to the Study Problem
Method
Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Population and Sample
Instrumentation
Data Analysis
Summary
Results
Results Testing Hypothesis 1
Results Testing Hypothesis 2
Results Testing Hypothesis 3
Results Testing Hypothesis 4
Results Testing Hypothesis 5
Results Testing Hypothesis 6
Results Testing Hypothesis 7
Results Testing Hypothesis 8
Results Testing Hypothesis 9
Results Testing Hypothesis 10
Discussion
Summary of the Results
Discussion and Implications for Current Theory
Recommendations for Further Research
Implications for Professional Practice
From the Paper
"A substantial proportion of the elderly population requires constant and continual care services that they are unable to provide for themselves (Wolf, 1992). Care alternatives for these people range from institutional settings to community-based care facilities to home care. Research has frequently found home care to be superior to care delivered in institutional and even community-based environments. Further, research has found that home care for most persons requiring long-term care is more cost-effective than either institutionalization or community-based care (O?Connor, 1992)."
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Gerontology, 2002.
This paper researches the field of gerontology or in layman's terms, the study of aging.
1,285 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
A review of the study of the increasing average age of the population of many countries, especially among the industrialized nations. The writer believes that the aging of many nations is the force behind the growth of gerontology as an academic field of study. This paper examines recent advances in the field of gerontology, starting with a background into the theory of aging and followed by an overview of current gerontology projects, including its limitations and benefits.
From the Paper
"The inherent limitations of other concepts must be recognized as well. Life span, for example, refers to the genetic limitations on the length of an organism's life. Longevity for the individual is dependent to a considerable degree on hereditary factors, as well as on individual experience. But while biology engenders numerous changes and a degree of reduction in physical capacity (which varies according to the individual) "in the absence of disease, these changes seldom reduce physical resources below the minimum needed for normal adult functioning" (Atchley, 2000, p. 90)."
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Reducing Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly, 2002.
A study of behavioral management training in an effort to reduce aggressive behavior in dementia patients.
3,147 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of behavioral management training in reducing the occurrence of aggressive behavior among elderly patients diagnosed with dementia. Forty-five involuntary elderly patients in a residential care center were observed by certified nurses assistants (CNA) and licensed practical nurses as to the number of aggressive behaviors displayed before nurses completed a month of behavioral training and after completing training. Results show no significant differences in the occurrence of aggressive behavior in Pre and Post training.
From the Paper
"Few would argue that our elderly are a primary concern when special care is needed. Special care often results in the need for outside assistance such as nursing care residential centers or what is commonly known as nursing homes for the elderly. Unfortunately many of the elderly residents in these residential care facilities are diagnosed with dementia making care a challenge. Dementia is classified as an impairment disorder effecting the vascular or neurological structures of the brain. In same case, dementia is treatable as in cases with brain tumors or dementia due to a metabolic cause."
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Social Security and Medicare, 2002.
Examines the welfare programs of social security and Medicare in the United States which are directed at the country's senior population.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the two welfare programs in practice in America - Social Security by the State and the Medicare program. It looks at the success of these programs in reducing the poverty rate among the elderly but also questions their future, largely because of the growing belief that they will not be able to sustain themselves as the working population shrinks while the number of retirees grow.
From the Paper
"Social Security (established in 1935) and Medicare (established in 1965) are two large federal entitlement programs that are aimed primarily at the elderly, although both programs extend coverage to the disabled as well. Social Security is the New Deal program designed to alleviate poverty among the elderly by ensuring income based on FICA contributions paid in by the individual over the course of her/his working life. Medicare either supplements or takes the place of health and hospitalization insurance for the elderly. Its funding derives from several sources including a 2.9 percent payroll tax (divided between worker and employer), monthly premiums from enrollees, and general revenues. Both programs account for an enormous level of federal spending. Social Security funding totaled approximately $500 billion in 1998 while $217 billion was devoted to Medicare at the time (Dreyfuss 16). Both programs have been judged successful by many simply because they have indeed decreased poverty among the elderly (from 35 percent in 1959 to 10 percent in 1998) and increased access to medical care (Wellstone 4)."
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Observations of Populations: Young Children, Adolescents and Seniors, 2002.
This paper reports the findings of the writer's observations of the following three populations: (1) Young children in a public playground; (2) A group of adolescents "hanging out" in a mall and (3) Seniors on an outing to Las Vegas.
2,594 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the following characteristics and features of each population-- their reason for gathering together, the "rules" that seem to govern their interaction; common behavior; their response to "outsiders;" their reactions to new group members; their communicatory processes; their handling of extreme emotions or outbursts; their appearance and dress; their handling of money and/or possessions; and the types of personalities noted in each group.
From the Paper
"In terms of handling money or possessions, one child was given some money by a parent in order to get a coke from a nearby vendor (he appeared to be the oldest child in the group). This soon resulted in about a third of the children asking their mothers to either give them money to purchase a coke or buy them a coke. Those children whose parents refused were upset, although the expression of this "upsetness" varied from child to child with a couple of children acting like they were about to die of thirst (and then the parent would be sorry) while others just put on a sad or miffed face and let it go at that, their attention almost immediately being caught by something else."
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Careers in Optometry, 2002.
This paper looks at the PMSA area of Fort Lauderdale, Florida as a career opportunity in optometry and related fields.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the opportunities in this section of the country for beginning a career in optometry. The writer studies the demographics of the region, the income distribution, availability of health care providers, and the level of spending related to the eye care profession. The paper shows how these factors can indicate whether or not the region is an attractive one for this profession.
From the Paper
"In general, Florida has a higher population of older residents growing at a faster rate than the nation as a whole. In addition, while Florida has a somewhat lower per capita income than the United States, the Ft. Lauderdale area has a significantly higher per capita income at $27,129 in 1996. Florida also has a higher percent of its population living below the poverty level than the nation as a whole. The following table identifies key demographics for the United States as a whole and the state of Florida for 1996 (Health Care System Datasource, 1999, pp. 99, 104)."
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Memory, 2002.
An analysis of the results of a research study to examine the differences between age groups on three components of memory function.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how as the baby-boom generation has aged, the study of aging has become progressively more important and as a result the field of gerontology has become mature and studies on the effects of aging on memory have been at the forefront of this growth. It examines the results of a research study that was conducted to examine the differences between age groups on three components of memory function. The components investigated were working memory, implicit/explicit memory, and semantic organization.
From the Paper
"The examination of aging and memory is now a heavily researched area. Recent studies have included investigations of age-related slowing of information processing in mental imagery tasks (Briggs, Raz, and Marks, 1999) and the influence of physical ailments such as hearing loss on both memory and memory-related tasks (Alain and Woods, 1999). Another area of scrutiny has been the differences in memory in younger and older people. Maki, Zonderman, and Weingartner (1999) recently completed a study that indicated that, while younger people performed better than older subjects on some memory tasks, the performance of the older respondents was better if their self-assessment of their memory was accurate, lending some more confirmation to the metamemory studies of Zelinski, et al."
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Geriatric Nursing, 2002.
A discussion of the role of the professional geriatric nurse in a long-term care facility working as a staff development coordinator.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the profession of geriatric nursing and in particular, as a staff development coordinator. It examines how the need for geriatric nurses has increased due to the maturation of the American population as a whole and from the increased awareness of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias which eventually require specialized care, sometimes on a continuous basis, in a long-term care facility. It looks at the necessity for continuing education and how the geriatric nurse is responsible for the functions within the long-term care facility that are most critical to the quality of care delivered to patients.
From the Paper
"Despite the growth, geriatrics does not seem to be a popular specialty among nurses, a fact documented by studies (Milly & Mezey, p. 264; Fagerberg & Ekman, p. 177). Fagerberg and Ekman state that many research studies have found that nursing students are not "wholeheartedly" in favor of working with geriatric care patients although they have both positive and negative attitudes about working with elderly patients (Fagerberg and Ekman, p. 177). Of the 4,336 nurses who graduated from a master's program in all specialties in 1996, only 218 were prepared as geriatric/gerontological nurse practitioners (Milly & Mezey, p. 264). The researchers point out that as the population ages, recruiting quality nurses to care for these patients may become an issue (Fagerberg & Ekman, p. 177). In addition, locating faculty to educate graduating and practicing nurses becomes another challenge."
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Aging and the Immune Response, 2002.
Discusses the new field of immunogerontology which explores the decline of the aging adult's immune system.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
At the beginning of the millennium life expectancy doubled to approximately 80 years of age, compared to what it was in 1900. This paper studies the new field of immunogerontology that explores the immune system in the aging adult. Recent research has indicated that the immune systems of aged people undergo characteristic changes, generally in the direction of decreased immune competence. As the research presented in this paper reveals, aging affects many aspects of the immune process, and since the immune system interacts with every system of the body it becomes important to have a well-developed understanding of the mechanisms related to the breakdown of this system in the later years of life.
From the Paper
"Malnutrition in aging populations is another mechanism, which contributes to the decline in the efficiency of the signal transduction system and as a result leads to the degradation of the immune response. Calcium is an integral part of the signaling mechanism and the biochemical pathways that compose it. Enzymes necessary for T cell proliferation are rendered useless in the absence of calcium as shown by Miller et al (1996). Measurements made in the lab of IL-2 production were shown to be substantially lower than in T cells belonging to younger individuals. It is important to remember that IL-2 is produced after the antigen binds to the receptor-binding site and is responsible for promoting the proliferation of the T cell. Though these experiments are mainly carried out on mice, the biochemical pathways are very similar and results tend to indicate that immunodeficiency in the aging adult is due in part to the decline in calcium concentrations. Other nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E are also important in the proper functioning of the immune system affecting cytokine production and imparting a protective role from damage by free radicals respectively (Moriguchi, 1998)."
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Retirement Homes, 2002.
Surveys a typical upper-class retirement home in the United States.
2,154 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
As America ages with the 50-plus population projected to increase by 76 percent between 1990 and 2020, the issue of senior housing looms as one of the most pressing issues on the social agenda. Despite being the most financially forbidding option, retirement homes are still the most popular choice for seniors. The author of the paper visited a Highland, Illinois retirement home and comments on the options available to its residents, including accommodation, staff, medical facilities and activities. The paper shows the positive aspects of senior citizens living among their peer groups if they are able to afford the luxury of a similar retirement home.
From the Paper
"This retirement home in Highland, Illinois represents an utopia for extroverted seniors like the two ladies who spoke with me extensively. They enjoy the regulated activities and the socialization opportunities with peers their own age. However, they constitute a small group of seniors who do not have to worry about financial costs in their choice of residential options. Against the background of facilities that do not provide adequate support for the residents because of poor policies and staff shortage, this retirement home has certainly succeeded in creating an impressive facility. It not only takes care of the basic needs of its residents, but also integrates social activities that cater to their social and emotional interests. While the senior care industry struggles through reforms, it is important to study the lessons from successful senior residential facilities like this retirement home."
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A Study of Alzheimer?s Disease, 2002.
This paper examines the literature regarding caregiving for individuals with Alzheimer's Disease.
9,025 words (approx. 36.1 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 133.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the ways in which caregiving can be successful or meaningful for those involved with the Alzheimer's patient. The paper argues that the problem is that we live in a society that is not designed to care for an immense aging population with dementia that demands attention seven days a week. Finally, the paper suggests methods for caring for this population.
Table of Contents:
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope or Delimitation of the Study
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Organization of the Literature Review
Literature Review
Alzheimer's: Causes and Consequences
Causes
Symptoms
Progression
Consequences
Care Options and Financial Considerations
Caregiver Burdens and Non-Medical Admissions
Psychosocial Impact of Alzheimer's Disease
Variables
Impact
Culture
Doing Family Caregiving Well
Coping Strategies
Summary
Conclusion
Implications of the Study
Position of the Author
References
From the Paper
"Using neurophysiological methods can also be helpful. For example, using the MRI, measurements of brain atrophy and the hippocampus may help identify dementia development at an early stage. Another problem area that can be measured is hypometabolism in bilateral parietotemporal brain areas. Finally, recent work in biochemistry has identified certain proteins which may be associated with the disease process. These include the A beta 1-42/43 metabolite of the amyloid precursor protein, among others. The authors note that since the mechanism of Alzheimer's is not completely understood, it is important to use many different sources and multiple markers in order to arrive at a good, early diagnosis of Alzheimer's (Almkvist and Winblad, 1999)."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2002.
A critical review of a research article examining the brain regions which are affected in Alzheimer's Disease.
4,299 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 47 sources, MLA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the research article "Cerebrospinal Fluid Beta-Amyloid(1-42) in Alzheimer Disease: Differences Between Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer disease and Stability During the Course of Disease" by Teipel, Hampel, Pietrini, Alexander, Horwitz, Daley, Moller, Schapiro and Rapoport (1999) which investigates region-specific corpus callosum atrophy in relation to the pattern of cortical glucose metabolism in Alzheimer. It shows how the reviewed material examines the authors' primary research questions, their justification for the study, the general methods and main findings. The review ends with a statement of whether confidence can be placed in the findings.
From the Paper
"Methods involved a two-group comparison of AD patients (N=12) and healthy controls (N=15). It is noted that controls were volunteers but no mention is made of how any of the subjects were recruited into the study. Further, AD patients were not authenticated as having the disease; rather it was noted that some patients were suspected of "possibly" having the condition while others were viewed as "probably" having AD. Tests of cognitive functioning were administered to the AD patients showing that they ranged in degree of dementia from mild to severe."
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Abuse of the Frail Elderly, 2002.
This is a a preliminary research proposal dealing with the abuse of the frail elderly by family care givers.
857 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the abuse of the frail elderly by family care givers. The objectives of the proposed research study were to gain insights into factors implicated in the development and perpetuation of such abuse, identify those causal factors that may be amenable to intervention, and recommend policies and programs, where applicable, to reduce the incidence of such abuse.
From the Paper
"The increasing awareness that some elderly persons are physically abused and neglected by family members has been accompanied by a widespread assumption about elder abuse: that it is inflicted by well meaning individuals, often the adult children of victims, who are pushed over the edge by the stress of caring for a frail, dependent old person. According to Pillemer & Finkelhor (1989), the falsity of that assumption was revealed by findings that relatively well-functioning elderly people were found to usually be the victims of abuse, which is often inflicted by emotionally disturbed or violent family members. A typical abuser was found to be a person who depends on the victim for money, transportation, housing and household repairs. Elderly victims were no more disabled or dependent on their abusers than were comparison subjects on their relatives. Abusers, however, were much more likely than relatives in the comparison group to have been arrested, hospitalized for a psychiatric disorder, involved in violent behavior outside the family, or limited by a physical problem (Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1989). The generalizations of these findings has been challenged by more recent studies (Saad, Hartman, Kurian, Graham, Wilcock, & Ballard, 1995)."
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The Elderly and Nutrition, 2002.
Discusses evaluating nutrition for the elderly population.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, £ 28.95
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Abstract
Discusses evaluating nutrition for the elderly population. Issue of mindset of the elderly, as well as availability of food, vitamins and supplements. Problem of the institutionalized elderly who have an inadequate intake of specific nutrients. Food habits. Measures to build up the daily nutrient intake of the elderly and increase awareness of proper nutrition.
From the Paper
"THE ELDERLY AND NUTRITION: AN EVALUATION
An overwhelming number of senior citizens, who are not institutionalized have an inadequate intake of specific nutrients, as recommended by the 1980 Daily Dietary Allowances. For many, the fact that they are not "eating properly" is balanced, in their minds, by taking vitamins and other supplements whose products are heavily advertised on TV, radio, and in publications such as that of the AARP. Perhaps there is no more important aspect of providing proper nutrition for the elderly in the coming years than being able to realize that a "quick fix" like taking vitamin or supplements does not replace proper nutrition. "The first line of attack for many problems is already diet-centered…Despite all the breakthroughs in nutritional research, deciding what and how to eat can still be enormously ..."
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