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Alzheimer's Disease, 2004.
An overview of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
1,286 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the paper briefly describes the disease and then focuses on its causes, symptoms, and the population likely to suffer from the disease, as well as its prevention and treatments.
From the Paper
"Alzheimer's disease affects the brain and causes dementia, usually in aging patients. It is usually a gradual procession, that systematically "destroys a person's memory and ability to learn, reason, make judgments, communicate, and carry out daily activities" (Editors, 2004). Alzheimer's also affects the patient's loved ones and family, because normally they are required to care full-time for the patient, who usually cannot function effectively on a day-to-day basis. The patient's reasoning becomes impaired and even the most basic functions, such as eating or going to the bathroom are forgotten. Alzheimer's is expected to affect about 14.5 million people by the year 2050, according to current studies (Handy, Turnbull, Edwards, & Lancaster, 1998, p. 1)."
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The Elderly and Depression, 2004.
An overview of the growing problem of elderly depression and suicide and what can be done to help it.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how depression continues to be one of most common medical conditions for the elderly. It also examines the increase in the suicidal tendencies of the depressed, taking into account the wrong assumption that aging necessitates depression and the difficulty of health care providers in recognizing depression. It examines how symptoms may take months to worsen and show up and how aging individuals should be treated similarly to younger patients when seen by the doctor. It is up to family and health care providers to be vigilant and notice changes, and with care, individuals can be helped.
From the Paper
"How can such high numbers of incidence be decreased? Is there a way for healthcare providers and social workers to recognize which individuals will take such drastic measures and intervene before it is too late? Unfortunately, this appears easier said than done, since detection problems contribute to these statistics (Evans 2000, p.1). Studies show that the elderly do not easily talk to others about their depression and concerns due to the stigma of getting psychiatric care. They will visit their primary-care physicians, but do not mention that they are suffering any depressive symptoms such as feeling helpless, no longer enjoying friends and family, memory loss, sleeping difficulty, anxiety and extreme lack of energy. In fact, adds Evans (ibid, pg. 3) ?it has been estimated that approximately 80 percent of the elderly who commit suicide have visited a doctor within a month prior to their death. All too often, the signals that an older person is depressed are confused with signs of aging.?"
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Alzheimer's, 2005.
An overview of Alzheimer's Disease.
2,874 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Alzheimer's is a degenerative disease of the brain that has a profound impact on behavior and memory. It looks at how it is primarily a disease of individuals over 65 years of age and how it impacts on a significant portion of the population of the United States, either directly or indirectly. While the cause of Alzheimer's disease is unknown, and there is no current cure, on-going research and a number of new treatments are improving the outlook for those with Alzheimer's.
From the Paper
"There are two main types of Alzheimer's disease: familial Alzheimer's, and sporadic Alzheimer's. Genes are directly linked in cases of familial Alzheimer's disease, which is often called early-onset Alzheimer?s disease. Most cases of familial Alzheimer's occur before the age of 60, while cases of sporadic Alzheimer's mostly occur after the age of 60. Sporadic Alzheimer's disease, which is sometimes called late-onset Alzheimer?s, is not necessarily linked to genes. In familial Alzheimer's disease, individuals have a mutation or abnormal variation that is apparent in one of three genes: PS1, PS2, and APP. There is a 50% chance that an individual with one of these mutated or abnormal genes will pass the gene onto their children. All of these three genes influence the production of beta amyloid protein, which is seen in beta amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients (Alzheimer's Association, Facts About). In approximately 10% of Alzheimer's cases there is a genetic link (Alzheimer?s Association, Alzheimer?s)."
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Airline Pilots and Retirement, 2005.
A discussion of the issue of commercial airline pilots and mandatory retirement.
3,078 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the aviation industry forces its pilots to retire at a certain age because of the belief that older pilots will be less able to do the job well. This paper investigates the validity of these claims. The writer asks the following questions: Are commercial airline pilots really a special case? Are these highly trained professionals really so afflicted with issues of ill health and poor performance as they enter their "golden years?" If this is so, then there must be facts and figures to support the case. If not, then we are dealing simply with a matter of a prejudice that must be combated.
Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The commercial aviation industry's current mandatory retirement age of sixty is based directly on FAA regulations. The FAA, like so many other government agencies, has as its primary purpose ensuring the safety and well-being of the general public. Its regulations are supposed to be based on clear, scientific evidence. If the FAA says it is not allowed, then one can assume that there is sufficient data to support the position that such and such an action would be dangerous. Yet in the case of the mandatory retirement requirement, the situation is not so simple. In fact it may even be said, that the current regulation, which was promulgated in 1959, was the result not of careful scientific inquiry, but of corporate pressure."
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Hoarding, 2004.
This paper reviews two articles on hoarding behavior in dementia patients and in the elderly.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that hoarding is characterized by a need to acquire and maintain a wide variety of possessions, which eventually clutter and fill living areas until they can no longer be used for the purpose for they were designed, creating a safety and health problem. The author points out that the psychiatric symptoms of hoarders included repetitive behaviors, hyperphagia, and pilfering. The paper relates that part of the difficulty in treatment of both elderly and dementia patients is the patients' attachment to their belongings; often this attachment is extremely emotional and even unreasonable.
From the Paper
"The first study indicates hoarding behavior is relatively common in dementia patients. All the patients had been diagnosed with varying forms of dementia, and had been hospitalized for their illness. The 133 patients in the study were divided between those who hoarded and those who did not hoard. Twenty-two point six percent of the patients hoarded items, and the items varied from daily necessities to food, newspapers, and even cigarette butts. These items were stored in a variety of places around their homes, in boxes, in closets, or even carried with the patients."
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Case Management, 2004.
This paper discusses case management, a process of health care, especially community care programs for the elderly and disabled (CCPED).
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that case management involves helping the patient find, access, and benefit from the medial procedures, treatments, and lifestyle solutions available to his or her particular needs. The author points out that case management, which usually is administered under the centralized direction of a case manager, is indicated for complex or chronic patients, including those in long-term or geriatric care, in order to insure that their unique and usually complex needs are adequately met. The paper relates that CCPED provides home and community-based services for Medicaid-eligible persons who are 65 years of age or older or persons of any age who are disabled, including traditional home health care services, medical day care, medical transportation, respite care, and social adult daycare.
From the Paper
"Some examples of services that can be coordinated and supported through good case management is the creation of an individualized treatment/care plan, establishment of a connection between the patient and government support or benefits, education aimed at helping the patient manage his or her condition in a positive way, coordination between the many providers often required in complex, chronic or long term cases, as well as help in scheduling needed treatment or services."
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Alfred Lord Tennyson, 2004.
This paper discusses the concept of aging and death in the poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson, a British Victorian poet.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Tennyson?s belief that aging can be both a positive and negative way of life, depending on how one views it and accepts its reality, as presented in his poems, ?Ulysses?, ?In Memoriam?, "Tithonus", and ?Crossing the Bar?. The author points out that the best scenario of aging, according to Tennyson in ?Ulysses?, is to grow old in a normal way and yet still retain the physical ability and spirit to continue pursuits. The paper relates that Tennyson?s concepts about aging are still reflected in today?s culture in the terms ?Plague of ?Tithonus?? and the Ulyssean Society, which refer to the need to make maturity rich and wholesome.
From the Paper
"Tennyson had well begun his literary career when on September 15, 1833, his close friend Arthur Hallam died. The news had come even more of a shock to Tennyson, because the death was very sudden and unexpected. The poet and Hallam's relationship had been "passing the love of women." The poet began to honestly look at the inconsistencies of life and what it had to offer. He began to question death, asking, ?Is this the end?? He was unconvinced that this stage of life was indeed all there was to existence and later wrote the poem ?In Memoriam? in remembrance."
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Alzheimer?s Disease, 2005.
A look at this devastating, degenerative brain disease.
2,441 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the symptoms, the research, and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. The paper explains the symptoms and stages of Alzheimer's, the medication available to Alzheimer patients which slows the onset, but does not cure the disease, the method of diagnosis, which is through the elimination of other possible illnesses rather than positive identification of the disease, and the ongoing research into Alzheimer's disease of which there is biologically-based research and a cognitive-behavioral approach to research.
From the Paper
"Alzheimer?s Disease currently affects more than four million Americans. Alzheimer?s is a disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of areas within the brain, resulting in cognitive and physical decline that will eventually lead to death. It is important to emphasize that Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is not a normal part of aging. Although AD typically appears in those over sixty-five, it is a neurodegenerative disease, quite distinct from any aging-related cognitive decline. Because Alzheimer?s is eventually fatal, and because the decline typical of an Alzheimer?s patient is so devastating, much research is currently being done to investigate potential treatments. With the elderly population the fastest growing segment of North American society, Alzheimer?s threatens to be an even greater health concern in the future decades. For patients exhibiting mild cognitive impairment, research is being done on ways to slow the disease?s progression. The two main thrusts of Alzheimer?s research are biological, which seeks to determine organic, systemic contributing factors to the disease, and cognitive-behavioral, which examines whether the disease can be held at bay by engaging the brain in novel functions. Pharmaceutically, there are a few drugs approved for the treatment of Alzheimer?s. These drugs just postpone the dementia-related declines, however, they don?t offer any cure."
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Old Age and Interpersonal Relationships, 2004.
A look at the effect of the process of aging upon the social fabric of the nation.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how middle-aged and senior individuals are increasingly beginning to appear as vibrant actors in society and culture, boosted both by the demographic change in the nation and the significant advances in gerontology that have so lengthened the senior years of life. It examines the question of whether people moving from middle age to old age reduce their number of interpersonal relationships and contacts with society in general or whether old age can be consistent with active participation in the creation of society.
From the Paper
"It would be absurd to suggest that aging follows the same processes in all cultures, or that it is even sociologically similar in various subcultures. The experience of a native man or woman growing into an elder of a tribal society is surely vastly different than the experience of an third-world industrial worker becoming elderly, which in turn is different than the experiences of our postmodern elderly in the information society that rules America. So this work will limit itself to discussing the phenomena of aging within mainstream American culture. Yet even within mainstream America, it appears that there are at least two distinct sorts of senior cultures, with distinct styles of aging."
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Aging Work Force in America, 2005.
Discusses the impact of an aging work force on the American economy, focusing on federal government employees.
3,854 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
The work force in America is rapidly aging. This rapidly aging work force creates challengers for organizations that must manage an aging work force. This paper explores the challenges of managing an aging work force within any given organization. It focuses on the fact that many older Baby Boomers are retiring, while others are choosing to work well passed the retirement age. Managers must devise ways to manage such a work force. Employers must understand the challenges that may arise, as an aging work force becomes part of the fabric of the organization. If employers do not attempt to understand and implement solutions for managing an aging work force, their organizations will suffer greatly. The paper begins by explaining why the aging work force is such an issue in the current work force.
From the Paper
"The organization that we will focus on during the course of this discussion is the federal government. Many employed by the federal government will either reach retirement age or be eligible for retirement. These retirements will create a huge disparity within the federal government and will bring into question how an aging workforce should be managed. As we all know, changes in technology and communications have created varying skill sets amongst the generations. For instance, many baby boomers came into the workforce when mainframe computers were the newest technology. On the other hand, today?s generation is configuring wireless networks that can be accessed anywhere at any time. On the other hand, the aging segment of the workforce also has valuable work experience that cannot easily be replaced. They also possess managerial and leadership skills that the younger generation has not yet acquired. For this reason, many employers both federal and private have been attempting to keep and recruit retired persons or those close to retirement."
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Nutritional Status of Older Adults in America Today, 2005.
A look at the problem of poor nutrition among older adults in America.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem and causes of poor nutrition among older adults in America in an effort to offer a better understanding of their plight and some of the complications associated with the issue. The paper describes the various risk factors that these individuals face, the causes of their lack of nutrition, and possible solutions to the problem.
From the Paper
"Low income and poor living conditions is but one of the difficulties that many of these older Americans face when it comes to proper nutrition (Sahyoun, 2002). Other factors include a lack of ability to prepare proper food, living alone, a lack of support from family and friends, and a lack of food that is deemed acceptable (Sahyoun, 2002). Some medications can also interact and cause a loss of appetite, which can lead to malnutrition (Sahyoun, 2002). In addition to these problems, senses such as taste and smell can be somewhat less sharp in older age, which causes older Americans to have less interest in the foods that they consume (Sahyoun, 2002). A further concern is oral health, as many older Americans have problems with their teeth and mouths that cause them pain, making it more difficult to eat many foods even if they are hungry (Sahyoun, 2002)."
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Financing Elderly Health Care, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems of financing elderly health care, one of the most foundational issues in our culture.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that limiting elderly health care is a substantial ethical question. The author points out that the current health system is based upon gaining profits by cutting corners on standard preventative care and by offering substantially overblown services to those who can afford to pay for them or who have no voice to say no. The paper urges that cost caps be set on new technology, pharmaceutical profits, administrative inefficiency, and the reduction in duplicate services.
From the Paper
"Within the debate, there are some foundational ideas associated with just how the costs for elderly care will be covered. The ideas are sound, even when argued by those who advocate severe restrictions for the care of elderly. Gleaning from this debate the actual meat of the problem and the solution can be difficult but the most reasonable summation of the issue is made by Alan Sager, who by the way advocates for guaranteed full access to health care by the elderly, ?Priorities must be set democratically. Community representatives, patient advocates, organized workers, and other affected parties---not just physicians and hospital administrators---should make the difficult decisions about how to allocate resources...?"
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The Prospective Payment System, 2004.
This paper examines the prospective payment system and its impact on the nursing home industry.
2,755 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the prospective payment system has been used to offset the cost of care and to alleviate the complications faced by those who enter the nursing homes. The author points out that the prospective payment system has undergone criticism and scrutiny since its inception, but is still considered the most viable plan for the financial responsibility of those entering nursing homes. The paper states that the foundational objective of the prospective payment system is to reduce the rates of increase when it comes to Medicare inpatient payments.
From the Paper
"The Prospective Payment System has changed the way the practice admissions in 70 percent of the nursing homes across the nation. According to nursing home administrators the patient?s medical history is scrutinized at a much more close range than they were before the implementation of the Prospective Payment System. ?Most administrators state that they scrutinize patients? medical status to a greater extent than they did prior to the implementation of the prospective payment system. Medical condition has become more important in nursing home admissions decisions. Seventy-four percent of nursing home administrators report that a patient?s medical condition has become a more important factor in admissions decisions under the new reimbursement system.""
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Spinal vs. General Anesthesia, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of spinal vs. general anesthesia on the projected outcome for patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the majority of research indicates that anesthetic choice has little impact on the outcome of surgery for patients undergoing TURP and related procedures. The author points out that physicians should instead take into consideration the likelihood for increased overall morbidity and mortality rates in patients due to the nature of the surgery and increased likelihood that patients are coming into a procedure with increased complications prior to surgery. The paper states that general and spinal anesthesia both carry risks, and both carry adverse side effects; which side effects a patient is best equipped to handle should be the determining factor for the majority of patients undergoing TURP.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Implications to Practice
From the Paper
"There is research indicating that adverse effects may result from anesthetic choice during prostatectomy, or at least evidence indicating that in general this procedure is more risky and likely to result in a greater likelihood for poor outcome. The Department of Urology at Freeman Hospital in Newcastle, UK conducted a study that examined complications and morbidity resulting from prostatectomy in 1400 men. The patients were examined for a period of 8 months, with patients undergoing TURP examined from 12 separate institutions. Data was collected related to ?factors potentially affecting mortality and morbidity? which included the American Society of Anesthesiologists co-
morbidity scores. Complications post-surgery included 8% of patients developing sepsis, with a large percentage of patients having a ?significantly increased rate of deaths and complications? and emergent situations requiring re-admission to the hospital . The study concluded that due to the increased likelihood of complications, which were seen across population groups of varying ages, it is essential that care providers further examine potential increased causes for morbidity rates after prostatectomy. The increased likelihood of complications was not directly tied to anesthetic technique, but this possibility was also not ruled out."
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