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Sports Physiology: Women vs. Men, 2000.
An examination of the biological differences between men and women when they exercise.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how it is an evolutionary fact that neither men nor women are born equally and how the genomes of males and females are designed to be different so that physiologically males generally have higher levels of muscular mass, maximal aerobic and anaerobic power. It concentrates on these processes and attempts to explain why there are differences in these between men and women.
From the Paper
"A women?s maximal strength in either isometric or dynamic contractions of the leg muscles is on average sixty-five to seventy five percent of a mans maximum value. For trunk muscles women have only sixty to seventy percent of their male counter parts maximal values. The major disadvantage in maximal strength is in elbow flexion and extension. Females can only attain fifty percent of the male?s maximum. Women have a smaller muscle mass than men so their maximal muscle strength will be different. There is no evidence for sex differences in the quality of skeletal muscle so it is concluded that muscle mass determines the potential for developing strength."
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Drugs in Sport, 2003.
A sociological critique of the official approaches to performance enhancing drugs in sport.
2,620 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 25 sources, MLA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how sport and performance enhancing drugs have gone hand in hand since the beginning of time. It looks at look at their history right up to the present, concentrating on the case of Ben Johnson. It also discusses the three main arguments that are used to support the prevailing policy of 'law and order': That they will give competitors an unfair advantage, that they are unsafe and that they will change the nature of sports for the worse.
From the Paper
"In 1989 Sir Arthur Gold, of the British Olympic Committee, observed that testing at major competitions (where most of the testing takes place) is a ?waste of time? because the only people that get caught are the ?careless and ill-advised? (Wadhwaney 2002). This view is supported by the fact that in the 1998 Tour de France no riders tested positive as a result of doping tests by the Tour operators, but it is clear that people do take drugs, as the British Olympic Survey in 1996, which indicated indicates that 48% of athletes agreed doping was a problem; of these 86% stated it was most prevalent in track and field events. In 1989, an Australian Senate Standing Committee Report concluded that 70% of athletes who had competed internationally had taken drugs (Sheedan & Quinn 2002a)."
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"Trout Fishing In America", 2003.
A review of Richard Brautigan's novel "Trout Fishing In America".
2,487 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Richard Brautigan?s 1961 novel, "Trout Fishing In America", is on the surface, a disorganised, funny and sprawling book that slotted into the beat and hippie culture of the 1960s seamlessly. In particular, it looks at how underneath the seemingly careless array of ?flippant? chapters lies a hugely complex and rigidly structured portrait of modern and mythical America focusing on the broken American dream, loss of innocence and so much more. It shows how disappointment, loss and death form the great undercurrent of the trout stream throughout Brautigan?s work and fester throughout, from the first page to the last.
From the Paper
"Another usage of this dead past and the disappointment and despair that the present brings, is instilled in the ?mayonnaise jar that rests on the grave of the American dream.? Indeed, as well as giving a colloquial, non feeling account on an eighteen year old killed in a bar brawl it is an echo back to similar epitaph in Moby Dick. However, all the valour, glamour and general positives of a heroic epitaph have been totally removed in favour of a comical and almost embarrassing death, merely a hundred years later. This death goes a long way to detail the changed conditions of what has happened in America according to Brautigan."
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Casey Martin vs. PGA Tour, Inc..
An overview of the case of Casey Martin vs. PGA Tour, Inc.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, in 1968, a group of professional golfers established the PGA Tour, Inc., a nonprofit association, which sponsors events for professional golfers. It examines the lawsuit against the organization in January of 1998 under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which was bought against them by golfer Casey Martin, who is disabled with Klippel-Trenaunay-Webber syndrome (KTW), a rare congenital, degenerative circulatory disorder and whose request for a waiver to use a golf cart, usually against PGA Tour rules. was denied.
Outline
Introduction
Cases
Opinions on the Outcome
Conclusion
From the Paper
"After the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision of the District Court of Oregon the petitioner, PGA Tour, Inc., filed for certiorari, because the day after the Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals decision the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled opposite on a similar case, Olinger v. United States Golf Assn. (2000)(Davis, 2002). The United States Supreme Court accepted the case, because of the conflicting decision between the two Circuit Courts. Again the case brought forth to the Supreme Court would be if Title III of the ADA (1990) would apply to the petitioner and if allowing the plaintiff to use a golf cart would ?fundamentally alter the nature? of the game."
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To Dope or Not to Dope.
This paper explores the risks of using the artificial drug supplements, Creatine and Androstenedione, which are believed to have athletic enhancing properties.
2,920 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that 60 percent of athletes in high school and college sports use artificial supplements to gain weight mass and to become stronger faster. After his research, the author believes firmly that these supplements should be banned from athletics all together. The paper states that fans don?t care as long as they are entertained and are having fun at games. Coaches just want their teams to be successful, which sometimes includes doing other forms of training or aids to help the athletes.
From the Paper
"According to this article, Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid in everyone?s body. It is taken to significantly enhance reserves in your muscle fuel tank, allowing you to work out longer and more intensely. Creatine monohydrate, the most common form of creatine, is commercially available as powder, gum, candy, tablets, and gel. It is available in pure form or combined with other dietary supplements (e.g. carbohydrates, amino acids, electrolytes, and/or herbal preparations). There is no evidence to show that it?s anabolic--that is, that it?s going to build muscle in and of itself. But it could lead to modest muscle gain because it allows you to work out harder. Androstenedione is a sex steroid hormone, which is converted in your body to testosterone."
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Sport Commissions and Amateur Sports.
An exploration of how the sports industry is a land of opportunity for sports commissions and the local communities that are trying to generate economic impact from sports.
3,688 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper explores different avenues for small-scale sports tourism in the direction of amateur sports tournaments and how establishing a sport commission can help. It focuses on recreational sport tournaments for adults and youth by examining a case study dealing with the organization of a sports commission and the economic impact it that has resulted on the community. The reason for discussing sports tournaments is because they are fairly low-investment opportunities that small communities can explore, with large returns for the resources that are already present.
Outline
Introduction
Review of Literature
Case Study
Discussion and Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Green and Chalip (1998) help explain who is participating by exploring the motivations of the active sport tourist traveling to participate in their chosen sport by examining a women?s flag football tournament. The authors explain the increasing growth in active lifestyles and how it is not only the younger population, who are participating, but also the older segment is starting to stay more active. This trend is leading to more vacations that are based on or around sport. The paper presents the ideas that the active sport tourist does not only travel for the competition, but also to be able to identify with the subculture of their sport. As in the case of the women football players, they enjoy being able to socialize with people who share their same interests during social events sponsored by the tournament organizers. They travel as teams, and along with these teams comes family and friends, which in turn bring along more economic impact for the community hosting the event."
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Ephedrine, Factor in Life or Death?, 2004.
Examines whether the controversial drug, ephedrine, should remain legal.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
Using the untimely death of professional baseballer, Steven Bechler, as a case in point, this paper argues that the common drug, ephedrine, should remain legal, despite the fact that it has been linked to many deaths in recent history. The paper argues that those people who died due to overdosing on ephedrine, abused the drug, and thus, the substance should not be banned. It argues that the drug is a constructive supplement, and it helps many people suffering from health issues if used properly.
From the Paper
"The National Institute of Health cited evidence of the same nature when they conducted the RAND Study, which tested the athletic performance enhancement with ephedrine (See Appendix). They found that when used alone, the effects of ephedrine were almost equivalent to the effects of caffeine on athletic performance. They did find that used together, the effects were much greater and the elevated heart rate in response could find to be problematic. In response to these finding, in 2003, the Federal Trade Commission, mandated a warning label making it clear to users that serious adverse effects are particularly high with strenuous exercise and/or use of stimulants including caffeine (Jones 4)."
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The End of Sportsmanship, 2004.
Discusses the problem of violence in the sports world.
2,183 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
Whether it is baseball or hockey, golf or tennis, sports promote the healthy competitive nature of the human spirit. With this competition, however, comes confrontation and disputes. Excessively violent activity is unavoidable to some degree, but as of late ,it is becoming more and more common. Violence on and off the field ends up in the media, which only leads to more violence, as people are exposed to it on a more regular basis. This paper shows that overt violent acts committed by professional athletes are becoming more acceptable as their numbers increase, and the problem has already begun to spill into youth sporting events as children emulate their role models. The paper argues that this pattern of violence among athletes needs to be stopped as soon as possible and, if not, the problem will continue to grow and further erode the moral fabric of this nation. The paper argues that sportsmanship and better values need to be more strongly emphasized in today?s sports so that the next generation will adopt a less callous and more rewarding attitude towards the games they love to play.
From the Paper
"To curb these influential and harmful actions taken by professionals, and help reverse the trend seen in our children?s games, athletes need to be properly punished. The consequences for committing violent acts are not nearly threatening enough to deter professional athletes from committing them. Fining players a few thousand dollars, or even a few hundred thousand dollars is not going to effect them if they are making millions of dollars a year. Kobe Bryant was suspended for only one game after throwing a punch in the middle of a game against Boston (Wise). Suspending players is a promising penalty, but, judging by the fact that the pattern is only getting worse, it is not enough. It may be necessary to start filing criminal charges for on field actions performed by any athletes."
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Academics First, 2003.
Discusses the need to reform intercollegiate athletics and emphasize the academic side of college.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
Educators have long charged that the pressures of big-time college sports programs make a mockery of the scholar-athlete ideal. University presidents believe their real job is to preserve and create environments where new knowledge can be discovered, knowledge that makes life richer and more rewarding. But often, the public at large sees the university differently. The paper shows that, for these people, the most visible and vital role played by institutions is as a sponsor of athletic teams. In reality, sports are overemphasized on college campuses. The paper argues that all people would greatly benefit if concentration shifted from athletics to academics in the college atmosphere.
From the Paper
"The separation between the cultures of athletics and academics on college campuses is increasing, with different standards for admission and academic performance applied to athletes and non-athletes at all program levels. This growing problem increasingly jeopardizes the essential mission of our universities. It threatens to undermine the integrity of a system of higher education that has been widely acknowledged to be the best in the world. Intercollegiate athletics and academics are at a crucial juncture. The value system of commercialization is distorting the role and purpose of intercollegiate athletics and negatively affecting universities. A reform movement must be established stressing ?Academics First (Shulman and Bowen 2).?"
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?Where Have You Gone Joe DiMaggio??, 2004.
An exploration of the idea of the endangered, traditional sports hero.
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how athletes as a collective group are becoming harder and harder to admire and how there are many factors contributing to the demise of the sports hero. It looks at how there are three main contributing factors to the destruction of the sports hero, the media portrayal of the athlete, the exploitation of the athlete?s personal life and the monetary value and salary focus of today's athletes.
From the Paper
"It has been reported by Children Now that 90% of American boys watch televised sports. The media exploits this fact. Athletes and advertising agencies cater to a younger generation. There are athletes in movies, TV shows, and some even have produced albums. They endorse apparel, fast food, sports drinks and video games. Many marketed strictly to children and teenagers. These athletes therefore become familiar; they are everywhere and the child wishes to become just like the athlete that is so popular thus buying the products and the athlete becomes an instant hero. Many children do not know the specific stats of their sports hero, or even their greatest accomplishments. All they know is that they want to be like the player that they see everywhere as well as own the merchandise that they endorse."
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Who's the Instigator?, 2004.
An examination of the issues behind the NHL's lockout.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issues behind the 2004 NHL lockout. It is an unbiased essay providing viewpoints from both the owners and the players. It also looks at the effect the lockout will have on fans and the general sporting community.
From the Paper
"The National Hockey League's players are locked out and it seems that the 2004-05 season is in real jeopardy. It is a battle between the players and the owners, and a controversial question is who is responsible for the lockout? The owners, lead by NHL commissioner Gary Bettman, are concerned with the rapid increase of player salaries and the subsequent loss of revenue. The players are represented by Bob Goodenow, the executive director of the NHL's Player's Association, and feel that they are not responsible for the current situation. It is the owners that have set their salary expectations. The athletes are willing to compromise on issues such as revenue sharing and initiate a luxury tax model; however, they are refusing to negotiate with the owner's about a salary cap. These conflicting sides have both contributed to the dire state of the game, but the owners and the players must also consider the impact the lockout will have on their fans and the sporting community."
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The 1994 Baseball Strike, 2004.
An evaluation of the events leading up to the 1994, U.S. major league baseball strike.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This papers looks at judgemental errors that occur during negotiations, using the Major League Baseball strike of 1994. The paper examines the factors involved in the cause of the strike and how the conflict was finally resolved.
From the Paper
"Ignoring the cognitions of the other parties when assessing the negotiation situation as stated by Bazerman can lead to what is called the ?winners curse? This usually happens when others fail to consider the perspective of the other parties. Winning becomes the main motive - this is especially true considering that both parties were concerned with saving face. As early as the late 1960?s the players adopted an adversarial stance to which the owners responded with distrust, disrespect, name-calling, and lack of accommodation for the players. (Staudahar) All parties were self absorbed in their own issues and did not take into consideration the cognition of the other parties involved. This also affected the behavioral atmosphere at the bargaining table."
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Pro Wrestling, 2004.
This paper reviews whether the violence in pro wrestling cause violence in children.
1,960 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that professional wrestling, one of the most popular sports in America today, is an extremely violent sport that is built upon the centuries old theme of "good vs. evil," somewhat like a medieval jousting tournament. The author relates that, while many educators and parents seem to think watching televised wrestling matches creates more violence in their children, many others find their children are mature enough to recognize the difference between the reality of violence and the fantasy portrayed during wrestling matches. The paper concludes that the evidence, though certainly debatable, seems to point conclusively to televised wrestling creating more violence in children who watch it.
From the Paper
"The many fans of pro-wrestling (and there are many) do not think the violence is "over the top" or out of control. Doug Martin, a fan of professional wrestling for many years, and totally understands its current popularity. He says there is a "'constant search for new subcultures to enliven our entertainment diet.' Wrestling fills that void nicely, and its broad appeal is not unlike the intense popularity of NASCAR," he continues. Fans also say they know the moves are choreographed, but that is one of the reasons they love the sport. "That's just the point, wrestling fans say. They love the grunting moves and choreography for the same reason: Everyone knows they're orchestrated"".
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Sports in Thomas Hughes?s "Tom Brown's Schooldays", 2002.
This paper discusses sport as presented in Hughes?s novel, "Tom Brown's School Days", which was written in 1857, and is the story of young Tom Brown, a student at the public school called Rugby School.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the schoolboys at Rugby, as might be expected, play rugby football, which is quite different from American football. The author points out that competitive games are a large part of their schooling at Rugby, but they do not take the place of schooling; they are extra-curricular activities meant to tax the body as well as the mind and to keep the boys hale and healthy. The paper concludes that, today, sports in college are "big business?; whereas, in Tom Brown's day, sports were about the pride of the school and learning lessons that could be used later in life, such as teamwork and leadership skills.
From the Paper
"The book was extremely popular when it was published in 1857. Hughes essentially recreated the life he knew playing Victorian sports atschool, and readers identified with his writing ? especially young men. No one had ever written a story like this before, although several "university" novels followed "Tom Brown's" success. Hughes followed up his wildly successful book with another, "Tom Brown at Oxford," which was not nearly as popular, since so many other authors had written similar novels by the time it came out in 1861."
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