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The Economics of Events, 2005.
An analysis of the impact that events have on the economy and communities of host areas.
4,081 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to compare and contrast the current literature on the topic of the impact of events on the host area/country. It analyses both positive and negative impacts from different aspects, namely economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental and political. It develops further to weigh up the evidence and evaluates how far events can exert a positive impact.
Outline
Introduction
The Impact of Events
Tourism and Economic Impact
Social and Cultural Impacts
Physical and Environmental Impacts
Political Impacts
Negative Impacts
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"All events in some way reflect the culture of the place in which they are held. However, some events are held primarily for their cultural significance. Carnivals, heritage festivals, food festivals, and independence celebrations are examples of these types of events. Annual carnival celebrations in Trinidad and Tobago and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are well known examples of huge cultural celebrations. The nation's beliefs and traditions of many cultures have come together and for a brief five days each year, the whole country forgets their differences to celebrate life. Carnival is such an important aspect of life in Trinidad that many schools believe that sponsoring a carnival band is a way to teach young people about their roots and culture. In this way, communities work together to develop stronger friendships and greater respect for the many cultures that make up Trinidad."
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Mass Media and Professional Football, 2005.
This paper discusses the influence of mass media on professional sports, focusing on football. Includes three-page outline.
3,775 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
The research studies the changes that have developed in sports over the past decades and argues that globalization and capitalism are responsible for this change. The mass media has brought these matches into the homes, and this means that the excitement of viewing them live is no longer just limited to those who can afford a ticket or find one. In this way, especially with the development of satellite channels, the whole world is the audience of a football match. This has placed tremendous pressure on the players to perform to the best of their ability and more. The paper shows that media coverage of sports may have caused many players to retire early or to live insecurely due to death threats against them or their families, but it appears to have improved the quality of such games as football. To prove this, the writer look at statistics on the performance of the top players before the media age and top players in this media age. It proves that media has improved the quality of sports, but has removed from it the idea of clean competition and even player loyalties to their clubs or national teams. These players now go after the highest bidder, and it is difficult to keep track of who is playing for which side. Accordingly, the media has transformed sports into a financial game, and it is no longer an athletic one. As a support for the argument that money rather than playing well for the love of the sport itself is the main motivation of the performance of players and clubs, the writer finds statistics on the profits that clubs make through winning and the losses that they suffer by getting beaten. Furthermore, it finds statistics on the salaries of the top players and how their performance affects the terms of the renewal of their contracts. Additionally, the writer finds out how much sponsors and advertisers pay for the presence of their ads during games or their logos on the players' clothes.
From the Paper
"We are now living in a world of instant media communication in which the way that different countries and people interact with each other has greatly changed. The mass media has entered every area of life and covers almost all events, whether large or small. Sports are one area that has received a great amount of media attention, and that attention has changed the nature of some sports such as football. Essentially, that change can be described as the internationalization, or the globalization of football in the sense that the characteristic of the national team has changed forever through the inclusion of foreign players. Media's concentration on football and its live coverage of games has globalized this sport, or made it international. The consequence has been the improvement of the quality of the game, and the potential development if closer cultural understanding between different ethnic groups as a consequence of the diverse ethnic composition of teams and supporters. Some, however, such as the anonymous author of "An English Case Study," published in The Economist, argue that globalization has weakened the development of local footballer talent in countries as the United Kingdom but, on the contrary, the import of foreign talent has improved the performance of many teams, increased their clubs' profits, and uplifted the quality of the game, further rewarding deserving players with experience and money."
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Aggression and Sports, 2005.
An examination of the increasing correlation between sports and violence.
1,564 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that violence in sports is increasing because athletes are given the opportunity to act violently on the sports field or in matches and are encouraged to act aggressively by fans and financial gain.
From the Paper
"Sports is not just a past time any longer but a professional area in which the participants are no longer playing as a hobby but playing as professionals with a career, future and financial issues to think about and worry over. This has placed a great pressure on the athletes to win at any price because loosing has a harmful consequence upon their career, future and finances."
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Nike, 2003.
A global marketing plan for Nike sports shoes.
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the target markets for Nike products and explores how the company can achieve increased market penetration. The paper presents an overview of Nike, discusses the environment in which it competes, and analyzes how it can best achieve its organizational goals through a strategic global marketing approach. A summary of the research and relevant findings are presented in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Phil Knight turned his MBA project into a multinational corporation which continues to dominate the sports shoes industry today; however, there have been significant rough spots along the way. Knight joined his former track coach whose hobby was handcrafting lightweight athletic shoes to create Blue Ribbon Sports. Blue Ribbon arranged for a Japanese manufacturer to produce the new shoes and gained an early following. After changing their name to Nike and adopting the now globally recognized "swoosh" in 1971, the company moved its manufacturing operations to other Asian countries. In the early 1980s, Nike researchers developed several additional types of athletic shoes which transformed the industry. Following a period of rapid growth in the nineties - including receiving increasing global criticism for its "sweatshop" employment practices in developing countries, Nike emerged to become a multinational that sells athletic shoes, accessories and sports equipment, together with offering a clothing line for men, women and children. Today, Nike's products are sold to approximately 20,000 retail accounts in the U.S. (including department stores, footwear stores, and sporting goods outlets), as well as through independent distributors, licensees, and subsidiaries in 110 countries."
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Physiologically Appropriate Activities for Childhood Development, 2003.
An examination of effective, physiologically appropriate, sports activities for childhood development.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In their rush to grow up, many young children may inadvertently engage in sporting activities that may not be physiologically appropriate for their developing bodies, and accidents, injuries, or other adverse consequences, including death, may result. To this end, this paper provides a review of the relevant and scholarly literature to identify physiologically appropriate sports activities for children, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Children are at increased risk of heat injury because their compensatory mechanisms are much less efficient than those in adults. Children produce greater heat loads, are less efficient at transferring heat away from muscles, sweat less, and drink less. Heat injury appears in many forms. The mildest form is in reduced exercise tolerance; this can be manifest as just a feeling general feeling of being tired. Some of the more severe forms of heat injury are discussed below."
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Gender/Cultural Factors and Professional Golf, 2003.
An analysis of gender and cultural factors influencing professional golf today.
3,882 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of the relevant and scholarly literature to determine what cultural and gender-related factors serve to influence participation in and fan attraction to professional golf. This is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Today, golf is one of the most popular outdoor sports in the world. Tens of millions of men, women, and children play golf as an individual or team sport, as well as in high school and college competition. Millions more people around the globe enjoy golf as a form of recreation and exercise. Golf has also become popular spectator sport and attracts thousands of fans to tournaments with millions more watching on television. As a result, professional golf has become a multi-billion dollar industry today. The sport continues to be dominated by affluent white males who, in many cases, however, appear reluctant to share their domain with their female or minority counterparts."
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Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports, 2005.
A look at whether the use of performance-enhancing drugs in the sports arena is fair or not.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper presents arguments for and against the use of illegal substances by athletes in the sports arena. The writer takes the stand that the world is currently filled with enhancers of all sorts and that athletes should not be condemned for dragging this practice onto the sports field.
From the Paper
"Although there are rules against illegal substance use in sports you cannot criticize the guilty athletes too harshly. They may not have made the right choice but everyone makes mistakes. Before you turn your nose up at a guilty athlete and tattoo him as a 'cheater' maybe you should think about the last time you colored your hair, whitened your teeth, or popped that stimulant your doctor prescribed you to help you focus. Yes, there are big differences, but the bottom line is you cannot condemn an athlete for using something to improve his performance on the field when we are guilty of the same off the field. Athletes should not be criticized so harshly for using artificial substances to improve their performance when other people are guilty of the same."
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Goal Orientations, 2003.
A look at the difference in goal orientations in participants of competitive and recreational sports.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the difference between competitive and recreational athletes' goal orientations. As anticipated, it shows how individuals in competitive sporting programs have a higher ego orientation than individuals in recreational programs. This result is discussed in terms of the positive health benifits for Australians.
From the Paper
"White and Duda (1994) found that athletes who competed at the highest level were higher in ego orientation than those who were involved in recreational sport. They also found that competitive levels had no significant effect on task orientation. This ego orientation link to competitive involvement is supported by a study by Gernigon and Le Bars (2000) which examined goal orientation and different levels of martial arts. Because of the unique nature of the sports studied (Judo and Aikido) in this research, unclear implications for task orientation and competitive level have been produced. These sports involve striving for mastery in getting different grades or belts, and competition with others, through bouts where beating an opponent is paramount."
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The National Football League (NFL) and Finance, 2003.
Examines financial issues faced by the NFL players and management.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
Financial issues in the NFL have been problematic for the owners and players alike. Over the years, efforts have been made to resolve such areas of conflict. Inroads have been made, but the matter is far from resolved. This paper examines issues, including player?s salaries and the controversial salary caps. It also looks at ticket sales and television and licensing agreements.
From the Paper
"Ticketing has become a year round strategically focused initiative, not only due to revenue generated by tickets, but also the residual effect of attendance on the revenue derived from parking, concessions, and merchandise at the stadium. Therefore, teams that do well at the box office also do well in other areas of stadium revenue. To avoid losing seat sales and supplemental revenues, professional sports franchises are being forced to alter antiquated ticket selling practices and implement a proactive approach to selling tickets."
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The Coach, 2003.
A discussion on the roles and responsibilities of a coach, making reference to current theories and practices on coaching, teaching, and training principles.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how coaching is a fulfilling and time-consuming activity that places one in a position of leadership and how it is about developing people through improving their performance at all levels, which involves setting increasingly challenging tasks. A good coach always places the best interests of a player before winning, being in a position to meet and identify the needs of a performer through roles and responsibilities.
From the Paper
"A responsible coach exemplifies the behaviors described in the National Code of Ethics where good coaching guidelines stem, this coaching practice this applies to all standards and levels of coaching. In the general understanding a responsible coach as a professional is to exemplify the highest moral character, behaviour and leadership possible. Respect is the ingrained factor of a good coach, respect of integrity and personality of players, respect of sports officials and the rules of the game in letter and in sprit, whilst encouraging respect for other athletics and its values. This will include promoting ethical relationships with others coaches."
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Maurice Clarett Should Wait for the NFL, 2004.
An opinion paper arguing that football players should wait at least until after their 3rd or 4th year in college to be eligible for the NFL.
1,697 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on three main points on why players should wait for the NFL. The first is that the league is too physically challenging. The second is that it's also mentally challenging, and finally, that not waiting would limit the players academically.
From the Paper
"During the last NFL draft, a lot of the hoopla surrounding the draft was about a player that was not even able to be drafted. Prior to the draft, Maurice Clarett, the star running back at Ohio State, tried to set a precedent and become a draftee only two years removed from high school. Well eventually the Supreme Court overruled the decision of U.S. District Judge Shira Scheindlin and Clarett was not allowed to be drafted by an NFL team. (Talking Football) Well, I wholeheartedly agree with the Court?s ruling on this matter. Because of the physical and mental strain of the NFL along the fact that they might waste an education, youngsters should wait at least three years out of high school and possibly more before pursuing a career in pro football."
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Are Offenders Mad or Bad?, 2004.
Attempts to understand and come to a conclusion as to whether or not criminal offenders are in fact 'mad', having psychological issues, or are just acting out.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the normal/pathological debate about criminal offenders to try to conclude whether or not criminal offenders have underlying mental issues or just commit crimes based on their environment and lifestyles.
From the Paper
"The question of whether offenders are mad or bad and the normal/pathological debate is one that runs rife throughout not only the psychological community, but also society as a whole. To understand and decide whether or not offenders are mad or just plain bad, the defining of the terms ?normal? and ?pathological? and the basic outline of the debate is imperative. The psychological definition of pathological is to relate to, or manifest behaviour/s that are habitual, maladaptive and compulsive and on the other hand normal is defined as functioning in a natural manner, with no observable abnormalities (The American Heritage Stedman?s Medical Dictionary: 2002). The basics of this debate in relation to criminal offenders is that genetics influence criminal behaviour and therefore cause pathological behaviour (Lefton, L.A:1979), that crime is a result of a disfunctioning biological systems involving physiological, biochemical, neurological and environmental factors, (Vold, Bernard and Snipes: ) and the theory that mental illness played a huge part in why criminals offend (Lefton, L.A:1979). On the other hand, moral development theorists view crime as normal and that a person?s moral development will determine what crime they will commit and what excuses they will use for the crime (Thornton, D: 1987). However with a strong debate towards the relationship between pathological behaviour and crime, there is no other possibility to consider than that individuals offend due to pathological influences and are in fact mad with deeper psychological roots, rather than just bad and a normal member of society."
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Sports Stadiums and Arena Finance, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the social and economic impact of sports facilities and sports teams on cities and states.
12,083 words (approx. 48.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 166.95
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Abstract
This research paper provides an overview and background of the issues, followed by a discussion of specific stadiums throughout the nation. An assessment of the legal issues involved in financing a major sports arena is followed by a summary of the research and an analysis of the future of sports arena financing in the conclusion.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Review and Discussion
III.Review and Discussion of Recent Examples
V. Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"We may not have the Circus Maximus, but Americans come close. Not only do sports enjoy a special status in the hearts of Americans, it turns out that sports franchises do too. New sports facilities costing at least $200 million each have been completed or are under way in Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Nashville, San Francisco, St. Louis, Seattle, Tampa, and Washington, D.C., and are in the planning stages in Boston, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, and Pittsburgh. Major stadium renovations have been undertaken in Jacksonville and Oakland. Industry experts estimate that more than $7 billion will be spent on new facilities for professional sports teams before 2006. Most of this $7 billion will come from public sources. The subsidy starts with the federal government, which allows state and local governments to issue tax-exempt bonds to help finance sports facilities. While major sports franchises across the country are reaping the benefits of taxpayer-financed arenas in which to compete, the debate continues about the appropriateness of providing such enormous amounts of resources for the reasons provided by the promoters."
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Sports and the Law, 2004.
Discusses the multiplicity concerning laws and representative case sets, which provide knowledge about personal injury sustained at sporting events.
1,641 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The seriousness of sport-injury related cases ranges from injury to actual participant or spectator death. This paper reviews a number of cases that are seen to either represent or fall between definitional parameters in terms of sports injury and the law. The report focuses on cases covered in the supreme and appellate courts of New Jersey, as well as rendered decisions, while focusing on issues of liability and constitutionality. Decisions are presented, and appropriate solution measures are discussed in terms of perceived differences between sports, levels of sporting events covered, and the relative absoluteness of the law as it pertains to this fairly general topic.
From the Paper
"In the case, Jeffrey Schick was hit in the eye with an unexpected tee-shot during a round of golf. The shot was said to be unexpected because Ferolito, who drove the ball, had already established his first tee-shot, which veered right into a rough area near some trees. Ordinarily, under the formal rules of golf, as the shot was playable, Ferolito would be expected to walk or drive a cart to the place in which the ball landed. However, Ferolito took what is known in recreational golf lingo as a ?mulligan,? or a second tee-shot to replace an errant first shot. Ferolito?s mulligan hit Schick in the eye, knocking him unconscious and causing personal damage."
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