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Sports Counseling and Ethics, 2006.
An overview of the code of ethics put together to guide coaches and counsellors regarding the treatment of sports players.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
In counseling or coaching injured athletes, far more than their physical condition must be taken into account. Coaches and other counselors are charged, as well, with attending to the psychological, mental and even spiritual needs of the athlete. Because of this, there are ethical issues inherent in the coaching or counseling relationship. The paper explains that for such reasons, the American Counseling Association and the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology have both put into place codes of ethics that can be used to help prevent abusive counseling/coaching relationships with injured athletes. The paper assesses how coaches and counselors can best assist injured athletes and avoid conflict of interest or other unethical considerations, by looking at the requirements of each code.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Ethics and Standards
American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
Ethical Principles and Standards of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"While one researcher noted that coaches were prone to act unethically in sending injured players back to the game too soon, it appears more likely that any ethical dilemmas facing athletes and coaches/counselors revolve around coaches failing to understand fully the injuries they might have to deal with regularly, and also failing to exercise the compassion the students in the Sherman study and other expressed a need for. The fact that coaches were seen, in one study, as distant makes it all the more important that we change our minds about what constitutes ethical dilemmas."
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Extreme Sports, 2003.
A discussion on and definition of extreme sports.
924 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an etymological definition of extreme sports, expressing its French and Latin roots. Through example, the author puts extreme sports into context with regard to society and acceptance.
From the Paper
"Extreme sports are outside of the realm of mainstream experience and as a result, they lead to the creation of subcultures. Subculture is therefore one of the hallmarks of extreme sports, exemplifying the essence of the root meaning for "extreme." That which is extreme is outside of the ordinary. Therefore, an extreme sport, even if dangerous, cannot be part of mainstream culture. For example, most people in the United States do not play football, but football is certainly not considered to be an extreme sport. Football is for sure a dangerous sport, but it is also a mainstream sport, broadcasted live on national television networks, a sport that has become commonplace even to those who do not play. Skateboarding, on the other hand, is technically less dangerous than football but still carries with it a stigma of fringe culture and subculture. People who skateboard are labeled "extreme" because they are outside of ordinary mainstream culture. Therefore, extreme sports necessarily create subcultures around them that define them as being external to mainstream reality."
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NASCAR, 2006.
A history of NASCAR, currently one of the most popular spectator sports in the world.
2,964 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper reports on the origins and history of NASCAR, detailing the influence that returning WWII soldiers, the prohibition, the depression and bootlegging had on its development. The paper also takes a look at NASCAR's attempt to move away from its image as a sport that traces its roots to "Good Ol' Boys" running moonshine throughout the southern states.
From the Paper
"Prohibition, together with the Depression, gave many poor farmers and sawmill operators an opportunity to make money by bootlegging (Wilson pp). One of the pioneers in the bootlegging business was Junior Johnson, who went on to become one of the most successful NASCAR drivers of his time (Wilson pp). When the Depression hit, Junior's father, a sawmill operator, turned to bootlegging and is said to have run more moonshine stills in the High Country than anyone else (Wilson pp). Junior began running moonshine when he was fourteen years old, and quickly made a name for himself, running liquor through the back roads at night to places such as Winston-Salem, Boone, and Avery to name a few, and during all his travels, he was never apprehended (Wilson pp)."
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High School Sports Recruitment, 2006.
Describes some of the negative aspects associated with the recruitment of high school athletes.
1,751 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, while the recruitment of high school students for sports remains one of the most promising means for young people to develop their innate athletic skills, if it is not done in a way that bolsters the importance of ancillary skill development as well as emotional and psychological maturity, the recruitment process can end up causing students serious psychological and physical damage.
From the Paper
"The official process by which the NCAA recruits young athletes begins when a "booster" or representative visits high schools in search of prospective recruits. Even before the ninth grade, colleges may choose to sponsor junior varsity athletes in the hopes that they will develop. The NCAA representatives work in collaboration with school coaches and with parents and the NCAA remains solidly committed to promoting the athlete's scholastic achievements and offering funding and scholarships. In all cases, the NCAA approaches the student, and not the other way around. The NCAA recruitment model is admirable, sound, and balanced. Their emphasis on remaining amateur, that is, not getting any financial reward, prevents many of the psychological problems that can develop when students are recruited too young. Greed and parental pressure are in fact one of the main causes for concern regarding the recruitment of high school students. Recently, the National Basketball Association (NBA) has been in the spotlight for recruiting high school students. With other sports such as hockey or football, students fresh out of high school are generally unable to meet the rigorous standards of their respective sports. The young stars of the NBA bring attention to the disadvantages of high school students being propelled into professional sports before they are psychologically prepared for the pressures such a lifestyle entails."
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Steroids, 2005.
Argues that the main reason for the use of steroids in college sports is the desire for better performances by players, but in the long run the health of the players are affected.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines when the use of steroids was first brought to the attention of the sports world. It then examines how and why steroids are being used by players. The paper looks at examples of players found guilty of using steroids and concludes with the health risks associated with steroid use.
From the Paper
"The problems arise as the players use very large quantities of these chemicals and that is the danger of their use. When individuals receive testosterone injections for medical purposes, they receive a dose that amounts to about 15 mg a day through Dianabol. On the other hand, the players consume even 300 mg a day. This poses great dangers as these put on a super physiological level on the body causing the blueprints of the genetic make up to be changed."
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Women, Sports and Equality, 2006.
This paper examines the lack of equality between the sexes that exists not only in the workforce, but in various areas of sports and athletics as well.
1,706 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the normally male dominated field of sports and athletics and the lack of equality between the sexes in this area. The writer of this paper contends that in most instances, equality of opportunity between the genders is mandated by U.S. law. This paper examines the Equal Employment Opportunity Act which is the major legislation mandating equality in employment as well as Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments that mandates a move toward equality in college sports. This paper focuses on the career of jockey Julie Krone who was inducted into the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame in 2000. The writer discusses Krone's battle with prejudice in a male-dominated field, that had at one time gotten her so depressed she had contemplated suicide. This paper details the various laws and achievements of exceptional women have struggled to bring about true equality in the field of sports. This paper also contains the text of two published articles regarding women and sports, that were used in researching this paper.
Outline:
Sports Equality at the College Level
Equality in Sports Professions
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Krone made it in a man's sport and profession; it would be logical that other women would have followed in her footsteps. If one were to gauge the possibilities on the basis of a 1985 National Geographic production, The Ballad of the Irish Horse, one might think of equine sports and professions as the perfect place for women to break into a man's world. The father of a junior rider who competes in pony races, with betting and purses and all, said he didn't particularly like his teenaged daughter exposed to the dangers, but she loved it so much and was so good at it, he didn't have the heart to stop her. In the same production, there is also a women veterinarian at the Irish National Stud, breeder of many of the world's great race horses, and a segment on Lady Anne Hemphill, founder of Pony Club in Ireland, an organization to which many equine professionals once belonged."
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Steroids in Baseball, 2005.
Examines the illegal use of steroids in the U.S. sport of baseball.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
Baseball is America's official past-time, and as such it is far more than a sport. It is an integral part of they country's culture, and in many ways represents the heart and soul of America itself. Baseball is about healthy competition, sportsmanship, teamwork and family entertainment. The paper shows that unfortunately, in recent years, the heroic legacy of Major League Baseball (MLB), and the sacred idol-status of MLB players has been compromised. Unlike the great eras of baseball history, the recent era is not named after joyous baseball events, but rather after an illegal drug. The 'Roid Era, named after steroid drug use, saw its height between 1998-2003 when home run numbers skyrocketed. The paper argues that steroid use in Major League Baseball is unacceptable, and all records which have been set by players using steroids should be stricken from the record books.
From the Paper
"There remains a minority of Americans that believe records of the 'Roid Era should remain intact in baseball history. One defense made in favor of allowing these records to remain is that there have always been "flaws" in baseball, and throughout history the public has turned a blind eye. An example of this includes that Ty Cobb (a legendary baseball player who is in the Hall of Fame) was a racist and murderer; if a murderer can remain in the Hall of Fame, why not steroid users? However, this is a ridiculous defense, because murdering a Black man did not give Cobb an unfair advantage in the game, nor was his racism the reason that he was able to achieve such incredible physical feats."
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Women in Traditionally Male-Oriented Sports: A Possibility, 2005.
A research paper that explores the possibility of women participating in male-oriented sports.
1,937 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to determine whether or not women participating in traditionally male-oriented sports are likely to experience the same respect from both the media and the general public as women participating in other events. Specifically this study examines whether women have the potential to be treated equally when participating in male-oriented sports and whether they are as likely to succeed in men in the same venues. The researcher determines the extent to which women are portrayed as athletes in the news media. The paper explores the following questions: (1) Do women have the same opportunities as men in traditionally male-oriented sports, (2) Are women perceived in the same manner as men when participating in these sports and (3) Do these portrayals influence women's participation in sports. A comprehensive literature review is conducted to discuss these ideas further.
Paper Outline:
Purpose
Research
History of Women in Sports
Women in Sports Today
Status of Women in Male Dominated Sports
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Wiley, Shaw & Havitz (1999) suggest that women are more likely than men to emphasize pleasure and enjoyment with regard to sports, whereas men are more likely to focus on the competitive aspects of a sport. However women also face higher levels of constraints, thus are only willing to participate when they remain highly motivated. Self expression is also discussed as an important aspect of sports participation, and the authors suggest that women participating in male dominated sports might have an increased sense of self and need to express themselves in an outward and competitive manner than other people (Wiley, Shaw & Havitz, 1999). This pattern was found in men and women alike."
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Steroids and Sports, 2006.
This paper examines the use of steroids in sports, while citing several cases in the areas of professional, college and high school athletics across the U.S.
2,133 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issue of steroid use in sports which is not only a problem in the professional circuit, but has crept its way into high schools and colleges across the nation. The writer of this paper focuses on the use of steroids in these areas while examining the various solutions to this growing problem. This writer details the current professional sports climate which does little to help this situation. Kids see athletes as role models and when they see them using steroids, they perceive it as an endorsement. This paper defines steroids as a medicine synthesized to perform like human hormones, mostly testosterone and to a lesser extent human growth hormone. The writer discusses the current punishments for steroid use, which are lenient by expert standards. This paper examines the various efforts to stop the use of steroids in sports. The writer contends that the underlying path to stopping the use of steroids in sports will come when the young athletes are stopped and held accountable for their actions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Why it is Happening
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Currently the punishments for steroid use are lenient by expert standards. A professional baseball player has to be caught four times before anything serious happens to him. The first infraction can get a 10 day suspension, while subsequent uses can get up to a quarter of as season on the bench. This sends the message to young sports enthusiasts that the use of illegal steroids is not that big of an issue.
One of the first things that needs to be done to stop the use of steroids is to change the public perception of winning and the importance of doing so. As long as children and adults are being conditioned that winning at all costs is acceptable steroid use is going to be an issue in sports."
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The Markets and Football, 2006.
A look at market efficiency and the national football league.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the market efficiencies that can be seen in the national football league. In particular, he looks at the wagering systems that are used. He examines a few case studies, and uses these to try and explain how the odds and efficiencies of the markets are determined. He especially relates all of his points to wagering on football games, looking at all of the elements which will add to efficiencies of betting. Further to this, the author looks at the stock market, taking certain examples to emphasize his discussions. In conclusion, the author summarizes the two main theories of market efficiencies, the random walk theory and select strategies.
Table of Contents
Efficiency and Football Wagering
Additional Evidence of Inefficiency
From Bachelier to Bookmakers
From the Paper
"After noting that totals bets tend to attract more attention when two high-scoring teams are playing each other, Paul and Weinbach point out that "rooting for scoring tends to be easier than cheering for a lack of scoring." With these two factors in mind, the authors theorize that bettor psychology may push totals too high, making the "under" a consistently profitable wager. To test this hypothesis, Paul and Weinbach examine the entire sample of NFL totals from 1979 to 2000. And as the table below indicates, the under indeed won with a frequency that calls the efficiency of the totals market into question - particularly in games where the total was significantly higher than average."
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Taekwondo, 2006.
An overview of this Korean form of martial arts and how it assists in the human aging process.
5,030 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
Taekwondo is a Korean martial art with a relationship to ancient Korean martial arts, that is also cultural with philosophical underpinnings. Through the practice of a martial art, a person's spiritual and philosophical perspective may also be developed. It is this dual aspect of Taekwondo, and of martial arts in general, that is examined in relation to the human aging process and why, through routine practice of Taekwondo, an individual may also achieve various levels of improved performance, physical and mental, throughout the entire human aging process.
From the Paper
"Taekwondo as a martial art consists of various components that make it attractive to all age groups and all ability levels: it is a group activity-providing socialization skills, it teaches self-defense skills as well as self-awareness skills, it provides an exciting outlet to competitive individuals as a way to measure themselves against other practitioners, and it has a spiritual and philosophical body of knowledge such as meditation, Confucian ideology, as well as a distinct Asian inclination towards Buddhism's ascetic sensibilities."
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The Success of Basketball, 2006.
Examines how NBA athletes have contributed to the success of the game of basketball.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
Once basketball was considered the bastard child in the arena of competitive sports. Today, it is second behind only soccer as the most watched sport in the world. This paper shows that understanding basketball's growing hold on sports enthusiasts begins with an examination of the professionals of the National Basketball Association. The paper examines the popularity of NBA stars such as Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal and how they have contributed to the popularity of basketball around the globe. The paper also discusses the African-American element of basketball.
From the Paper
"In Kobe Bryant, the media created an icon out of a one-dimensional image. Although magazines and commercials made sure everyone was aware of Kobe's bright smile and exceptional basketball abilities, they ignored his flaws as a player and as a person. Fans saw Kobe's flashy drives to the basketball and thunderous dunks but ignored his selfish ball hogging and oftentimes unforgivable turnovers. Kobe's image heralded in a new era of basketball, one that demanded one on one skill and superior athleticism rather than teamwork."
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The Legend of Jackie Robinson, 2006.
An examination of the life and legend of Jackie Robinson.
2,343 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the life of Jackie Robinson, not just as a baseball player, but as a hero to many Americans. The author looks at Robinson as the man who broke the color barrier in baseball, a man who demonstrated amazing courage in becoming baseball's first African-American player. The paper examines and highlights how Robinson always seemed to overcome prejudice in every phase of his life from his education to his stint in the army and to his playing in the major baseball leagues. The paper looks at how a baseball player like Robinson affected the history of the American nation and the civil rights movement. In conclusion the author reiterates Robinson as one of the greatest role models and heroes of the twentieth century. He states that without his bravery, in the eyes of racial injustice, African-Americans may have very well been still riding on the back of the bus.
From the Paper
"Robinson soon came to the attention of the Brooklyn Dodgers Branch Rickey who was trying to compete with the Yankees and Giants for New York fans. Rickey decided, in order to win, the team needed help regardless of a player's race. The Dodger's played Negro league teams in exhibition games and he realized there was many talented players being wasted. He did face opposition. Upon hearing of Rickey's intention to sign a Black player several of the owners including Connie Mack, Girffith, McKinney, and Breadon started calling him "Branch you're gonna kill baseball bringing that nigger into baseball now" (Frommer, P. 112). Rickey ignored their pleas and enlisted the help of Professor Dodson in the best way to go about desegregating baseball."
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Courageous or Not?, 2006.
An examination of the life of Kyle Maynard, born a congenital amputee.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the life of Kyle Maynard who was born a congenital amputee. The author looks at the courage that Maynard faced despite adversity at every stage. Maynard did not let the fact that he was different from other kids get in the way of his sporting achievements and he became a top wrestler. The author relates many aspects of Maynard's life as a definition of courage as he sees it. In particular he looks at how Maynard forced himself to play football as a child and wrestled despite the glaring differences to other children. The author clearly believes that Maynard is not a disabled man because disabled people have limitations that prevent them from completing routine functions, but Maynard does not fail to complete anything. He believes that Maynard is an innovator. A man that has found the courage to face fear, and develop new ways to accomplish the same challenges as any other person, with his own unique approach. The author concludes with his belief that Maynard is the epitome of what courage stands for.
From the Paper
"Kyle is courageous, but not because he participated in football and wrestling. Thousands of people play sports every year. Certainly there is inherent pressure, but that alone does not make one courageous. What makes Kyle courageous is that he played both sports in the face of cynicism from outside forces. Despite his obvious and glaring physical shortcomings, he went out and performed at a high level. That despite the fact that he could not walk, run or throw, he played football, a sport that cherishes those very abilities. That in the face of a seventeen match losing streak, he found his way to the mat for that eighteenth match, and somewhere inside himself overcame his disability, to prove that in fact he had no disability."
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