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NFL In Hawaii, 2006.
The writer of this in-depth paper asks and answers: Would Hawaii be a good home for a national football league team?
5,525 words (approx. 22.1 pages), 30 sources, APA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This detailed and extensively researched paper compares and determines the demographics of Hawaii to other sports locales in the U.S. while focusing on the intangibles that could affect the viability of an NFL franchise in Hawaii.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
Hawaiian Demographic Comparisons
Interpreting the Numbers
History of Sports in Hawaii
Why NFL Football?
Popular Opinion
Making The NFL Work In Hawaii
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The NFL collective bargaining agreement is formatted to level the playing field between the larger and smaller market teams. Revenue sharing is the process of redistributing funds from the higher income teams to the lower income teams. It is done in hopes that equal means, will mean equal results, and a competitive league. Currently in the NFL, teams share certain incomes that are generated in an equal fashion throughout the 32 Teams in the league."
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African-American Athletes, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of African-American athletes, the myths and features many individual athletes.
6,730 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, before World War II, Black athletes were restricted from all professional competition because white athletes' fears of losing to Black athletes was masked by fabrications such as African-Americans were subhuman with their strength coming from their jungle ancestry rather than intelligent and hard work: This myth continues today. The author points out that Black athletes face enormous obstacles when opting for managing, coaching or executive positions in sports. The paper relates that, although some may claim that lower class African-Americans now are more interested in crime than athletics, the exceptional Black athletes, such as Tiger Woods and Vanessa Williams, are examples for young Black Americans that there can be much more in their futures than jail cells or graves.
Table of Contents
History
History Makers
Althea Gibson
Jackie Robinson
Jesse Owens
Willie O'Ree
Prominent Contemporary Sports People
Media Portrayal
Current Perceptions and Issues
From the Paper
"Denise Meridith (2001) touches upon the same issue in her article featuring Venus Williams. Her behavior, appearance and style of play are seen as threatening by some. Assertiveness and confidence are viewed as "arrogance" in a black woman. And similarly reference is made to her physical strength rather than skill or intelligence resulting in her success. This is media-promoted as somehow not being "feminine" enough. Meridith makes a derogatory remark comparing the skeletal Ally MacBeal to the muscular Williams, saying that it is healthier to strive for muscles than for bones in one's appearance. However, the media promotes thin as beautiful. Also, the sexy Anna Kornikova is not as powerful or successful in her play as the Williams sisters, but the media focusses on her achievements, because she is the epitomy of feminine beauty."
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Howard Cosell, 2006.
A review of the life and legacy of sportscaster Howard Cosell.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the life and career of the famous American sportscaster Howard Cosell. The paper begins with Cosell's early years, as an American Jewish boy growing up under the shadow of the Holocaust. The author then traces Cosell's meteoric career and discusses his death in 1995. The paper provides posthumous testimony from famous athletes about Cosell and provides an assessment of the man's impact on American sports and culture. The author writes that Cosell's greatest contribution was perhaps his outspoken views on racism, citing his defense of Muhammed Ali's conscious objector status during the War in Vietnam.
From the Paper
"Cosell's family had their own aspirations for him. They wanted him to be a lawyer. He started out by "studying English literature and graduating Phi Beta Kappa from New York University" (Shapiro) He moved on from there to get his law degree from New York University. While there, he edited the schools law review publication and was then admitted to the New York State bar in 1941 at the truly remarkable age of 23."
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Sports Heroes: Then and Now, 2006.
This paper examines how the public and media perception of celebrity athletes has changed over the years.
1,878 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how major league athletes enjoy a life filled with adoring fans, and also looks at the many benefits of being a celebrity figure. The writer of this paper discusses how from the 1960s to the present, the media has changed its style of reporting about athletes and celebrities. This paper also probes the term "bad press" and describes how the media deliberately sets out to disperse negative information about an athlete which can and has ruined careers.
From the Paper
"This attitude has changed drastically over last two decades and now the media will run a news story of a sport's heroes evils with as much gusto as they run the good stories of the sport's heroes. Americans today are different in the way they view the once legendary heroes of sports. They are not held with as much awe as they once were by their fans, though the fans are enthusiastic about their teams. Sports in general has lost a lot of the magic it once had in the 60's and times before that, but this is a signs of changing times."
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Eating Disorders in Sports, 2006.
A discussion of eating disorders among athletes whose sports focus on appearance and leanness of the body.
2,945 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the two types of eating disorders - bulimia and anorexia - and how they are prevalent in sports. The author references various health and psychology articles, which examine the reasons behind it and the signs to be aware of. The author shows how eating disorders are common among both male and female athletes and how the pressure to win can create an environment for an eating disorder to develop.
From the Paper
"There appears to be a greater incidence in eating disorders among athletes than in the general population, especially in certain types of sports. The evidence is strong that athletes, especially young women and girls, are especially vulnerable to developing eating disorders. Other factors such as personality, self-esteem, parental involvement, societal expectations, whether the sport focuses on weight and appearance also play a role."
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Women and Sport, 2006.
A study of the reformation of legislation for women in the sports arena.
3,676 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses women's rights in general and gives a more detailed study of the history of society's general reaction to women's involvement in sport. It continues to discuss reformations made to legislation, namely Title IX and the effect on sportswomen. The author also explores the far-reaching effects of advertising and the recent evolution of women in sport.
From the Paper
"However, women's stature in sports has grown. For instance, in 1966, the first women who ran the Boston Marathon finished more than thirty minutes behind the top male finishers, although today, that time difference has shrunk to fifteen minutes. We now expect women to be high-performing athletes, not just trailblazers. In the 1990's, soccer attracted more women players, and the attendance at the 1999 Women's World Cup topped that of the 1998 Men's World Cup. In 1997, the U.S. Women's National Basketball Association made its debut, while in Canada women's rugby became suddenly popular, with an estimated 46,000 players. The yachting world was revolutionized when Dawn Riley became the first woman in the 148-year history of the America's Cup to manage her own yacht-racing syndicate."
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Soccer, 2006.
A study of the sport of soccer in Brazil and the United States.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history and popularity of soccer in Brazil, beginning with the world famous Pele in the 1960s until today. The author then compares the ubiquitousness of the sport in Brazil to the rather lackluster showing soccer has had in the United States. The paper explores the athletic, commercial and cultural significance of the sport, primarily over the last two decades in America.
From the Paper
"It was no surprise that soccer had a strong impact on the social culture of Brazil. In Brazil, soccer is perceived a part of the country's culture, traditions,class structure and values. There are three basics that pervade all levels of Brazilian society, soccer, music and carnival. Some Brazilians call this the "syncopated flux" and it was this flux that Brazilian soccer teams played with and caught other cultures off guard."
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Olympic Games Documentary Films, 2005.
This paper contrasts the 1936 Olympic Games documentary film by Leni Riefenstahl and the 1964 Olympic Games documentary film by Ton Ichikawa.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 0 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that that Leni Riefenstahl's film of the 1936 Olympic documentary is propaganda, focusing more on German and German-sympathetic athletes and the ambiance of the Berlin stadium, seen in its new Nazi grandeur; whereas, in the most stunning photography, Ton Ichikawa's film of the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad is a salute of the exertion of the athletes regardless of race, nationality or ethnic background. The author points out that "Tokyo Olympiad 1964" is not a "sports documentary" in the traditional sense of showing races, winners and celebrating crowds but rather a technically and emotionally gripping documentary about the effort of preparation and the Olympic spirit. The paper concludes that, in a sense, this film is just as much a propaganda piece about Japan's new maturity as was Olympia 1936 but in a way that the glorification politics do not interfere with the presentation of the athletics.
From the Paper
"There is no real story line easy to follow, even though this nearly three-hour film opens with buildings being demolished to make way for the Olympic stadiums and arenas, and training areas as well as housing. As we see this, there is a voice-over which gives the other previous Olympic locations and dates. One of the next scenes is the obligatory Olympic documentary one of the torch reaching Japan, and the following thew various runners in the countryside, running to bring the torch to Tokyo and its new Olympic stadium. For Americans, the win of the Native American, Billy Mills, in the 10,000 meter race is a highlight. But, interestingly enough, the camera stays at the finish line until every racer has finished. There is also a somewhat poignant story line about the single athlete from Chad, who shares no common language with any other athlete, and trains alone. When he loses in the semi-final heat, Ahmed Isa is ignored by the crowd, but not Ichikawa. Here is loneliness amid the shouts of tens of thousands."
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"Shoeless Joe" by W.P. Kinsella, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes W.P. Kinsella's first novel, "Shoeless Joe" and includes an insightful look into the history of baseball.
2,080 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper describes Kinsella's "Shoeless Joe" as an imaginative baseball story that naturally weaves together fact and fantasy. The plot of the novel revolves around Ray Kinsella, a baseball loving farmer from Iowa whose also a radical and creative thinker. One day Ray hears a strange voice saying, "If you build it, he will come". Ray thinks the "he" refers to baseball legend Shoeless Joe Jackson. This paper examines the author's use of baseball as a metaphor and how he uses the game to tell us more about who we are and what we require. This paper also gives a detailed history of baseball and the American fascination with this sport.
From the Paper
"With statistics like that many have wondered how he has been charged of throwing games. After the ban of Shoeless Joe from baseball, out of fable and legend, with each passing year, his figure as a player grew mostly. Time feeds nostalgia according to Seymour; as each generation of players move away into the past, it slowly becomes surrounded in a fabric of fiction. Shoeless Joe became a legendary hero in baseball history due to his glittering past. The following all had a say to his legend: his nickname, his bat named "Black Betsy", and the way people spoke of their memories of him. This mythical stature is so strong that after sixty years, the society presented him a fair trial and a renaissance through literature and film. (Kurt, 2001)"
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Roller Skating Accidents, 2005.
Explains why it is important to don protective gear when roller skating.
1,255 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Since its booming popularity in the 1950s, until today's inline varieties, roller skating has been one of the most popular recreational activities in the United States and perhaps around the world. This paper explains the importance of protective equipment to prevent accidents from happening when roller skating. It describes the types of injuries that might occur when protection is not used.
From the Paper
"In the same way that safety belts reduce the chances of being severely injured in a car crash, protective gear such as elbow and knee pads reduce the chance of severe injury in a skating accident. Especially when skaters fall on asphalt or concrete, the elbows, knees, and hands are the first to be roughed up by the harsh pavement material. Based on hospital statistics, three-quarters of skaters who enter emergency rooms following an accident had not been wearing protective gear. These statistics show that while the gear does not in itself prevent accidents, it can and does reduce the severity of skating-related accidents."
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Professional Athletes, 2006.
A look at the astronomical salaries that professional athletes command.
2,582 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the tremendous salaries that professional athletes receive and the implications of such high-salaried players for the economy and society. The paper suggests that, in terms of the economy, the high salaries that professional athletes receive may actually be a good sign, even though, from a moral perspective, it may be a bad sign for society.
From the Paper
"Marshall Burrow points out that Michael Jordan makes an amazing 33 million dollars a year, not to mention another 40 million a year in endorsements. Burrow has even gone as far as to break Jordan's salary down to the day. Michael Jordan makes $170,000 a day! Is anyone, much less an athlete, worth a $170,000 a day? Once again, Jordan's salary is not reflective of his value to society. The president of the United States makes a somewhat modest $250,000 a year, and this basketball player practically brings that home each day. We should keep in mind that while sports are a business, that's not what they were originally intended for, as Burrow points out that, "They are just games, and games are supposed to be something we do for fun!" "
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Gender Equality in Athletics, 2004.
An analysis of Title IX, the law promoting gender equality in scholastic and collegiate athletic events.
2,993 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial role that Title IX has played in guaranteeing equal opportunities to both genders in high school and collegiate athletics. The paper explains that the topic's justification stems from its almost limitless potential in affording valuable opportunities to athletes who otherwise might have been excluded from participation. It outlines the three main applications of Title IX - the promise to guarantee gender equity of financial assistance to athletic programs, the accommodation of athletic interests and abilities and equal benefits, opportunities and treatment provided to athletes.
From the Paper
"From its inception one June 23,1972, Title IX has been subject to much congressional debate and modification, fortunately being upheld and even expanded in the last 27 years. The first substantial threat to Title IX occurred in 1974, with Senator Tower proposed the Tower Amendment, which would "exempt revenue-earning sports from being tabulated" in Title IX compliance data. Although it was defeated, the slight modification of the Javits Amendment, "with respect to intercollegiate activities, reasonable provision considering the nature of participating sports," was approved, thus allowing for provisions of inevitable, slight inequalities with regards to event management. Two more attempts to restrict the extent of Title IX with regards to revenue-producing sports were defeated in 1975, and the same year the Title was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford. The controversy was reawakened in 1977 when Senators Jesse Helms and Representative Martin called for the repealing of Title IX, but their efforts did not win sufficient support. At the decade's end, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare finally instituted a formal policy to define the function of Title IX, that it listed "an institution's obligation to provide equal opportunities and details the factors to considered in assessing actual compliance." "
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Muhammed Ali, 2005.
Examines how this world champion boxer influenced the 1960s.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the life and career of Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammed Ali. By exploring several sources, including Jose Torres' "Sting Like a Bee", the paper shows how Ali influenced the sport of boxing and American society as a whole in the 1960s. The paper also touches on the racial element.
Paper Outline:
The Early Years
On the Road To Glory (1950s)
On the Road to Glory (1960s)
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In fact, if we look at Clay's image and impact upon the boxing world and American society during this period, it is highly likely that many people regarded him as a serious threat to the status quo, and the very fabric of the "American" way of life. Within this context, we can argue that Clay probably served as an inspirational and positive role model for other young men of color who wanted to believe that they could overcome any obstacle in life and achieve their dreams - what ever they may be."
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Robert Creamer's "Babe: The Legend Comes to Life", 2006.
A summary and review of Robert Creamer's book on the life of legendary baseball player Babe Ruth.
948 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a critique of Robert Creamer's biography of Babe Ruth, "Babe: The Legend Comes to Life". The paper praises the book for its factual information and non-judgemental approach to telling Babe Ruth's story but criticizes the author's strict adherence to dry detail.
From the Paper
"In his book Babe: The Legend Comes to Life, Robert Creamer creates a portrait of Babe Ruth that incorporates the Bambino's greatest career achievements with his most personal disasters. Ruth is held beneath the microscope of history and ultimately placed in a petrie dish labeled "Legendary player, really bad boy." Previous biographies, Creamer tells us in his introduction, portray single-sided aspects of one of baseball's most complex and intriguing characters. This is "not intended to be a book for boys," [21] but rather "a thorough, detailed biography of the Babe.""
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