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Communication Systems for Autistic Children, 2008.
An analysis of the methodology of two studies discussing augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children.
1,566 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes two studies that deal with augmentative and alternative communication systems that can assist language development in autistic children. It first reviews "Effects on Communicative Requesting and Speech Development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children With Characteristics of Autism," by Jennifer Ganz and Richard Simpson. It then looks at "Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention Program on the Communicative Functions of Children with Autism," by Orit Hetzroni and Juman Tannous.
From the Paper
"Subjects were taught to present a picture of the desired object and later to create picture sentences by placing strings of pictures on a Velcro strip. At first teachers presented students with the pictures, but the goal was for subjects to independently locate the desired items and string them to form sentences. Pictoral sentences were then to be accompanied by the appropriate verbalization. Each subject had his/her own book of pictures, which were expanded to include photographs of desired objects and sentence starters such as "I want" over time. In this way gradually more complex verbalization could be required. While the beginning pictures dealt primarily with objects themselves, gradually comments on qualities of an object or action as well as objections could also be verbalized. Sessions were videotaped, and independently and holistically scored by observers who agreed when a subject met the specified criteria for non-verbal and then verbal communication."
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"Success through Failure", 2008.
A review of Henry Petroski's arguments in his book, "Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design."
1,082 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Henry Petroski's book, "Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design," which examines the process by which new technologies and artifacts are created. The paper discusses Petroski's arguments regarding the relationship between success and failure in design. The paper also reviews the way that the book is written and the argument is presented.
From the Paper
"Petroski's Success through Failure is an exploration of the relationship between success and failure in design. The reaction to failures, as well as attempts to avoid those failures in the first place, is one of the most important aspects of the design process. Or, at least, this is Petroski's argument. The reality is a bit more subtle than that; however, Petroski draws a wide swath of historical evidence, examples, and anecdotes to illustrate that more often than not the advance of technology and design is built on a foundation of failures, not successes."
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The Brain's Processing of Information, 2008.
An analysis of G. Potts, L. Martin, P. Burton and P. Montague's article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Potts, Martin, Burton and Montague's examination into the way the brain processes information, specifically how it orders and accesses data to know what is the most relevant information. It looks at their 2006 article, "When Things are Better or Worse than Expected: The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Allocation of Processing Resources."
Table of Contents:
Summary
Analysis
From the Paper
"The authors consider some models for this process that have been offered by other theorists. Data that is considered task-relevant is data with motivational value, meaning they confer rewards or punishment. Activity has been identified in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral striatum, and medial and orbito-frontal cortex for reward signals. Research has shown many of the specific mechanisms involved, such as the pairings of VTA neurons and what makes them fire. How these neurons fire has been demonstrated not simply to code reward but to code how reward outcome relates to expectation. Another identified component is ERN (error-related negativity), associated with the monitoring of ongoing behavior rather than attention selection. However, in some tasks, the brain has insufficient information to evaluate whether a response is correct or not, in which case feedback is needed to make an assessment. In such a case, the ERN is elicited to the feedback rather than the response."
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Themes in Herling and Witkiewicz' Works, 2008.
An analysis of the similarities and differences between Gustav Herling's "A World Apart" and Stanislaw Witkiewicz's "The Shoemakers."
2,080 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at two famous achievements in Polish literature - Gustav Herling's "A World Apart" and Stanislaw Witkiewicz's "The Shoemakers." The paper analyzes how each author addresses the themes of nationalism, absurdity (chiefly of the human sort), freedom and individuality. In so doing, the paper discusses the many similarities - but also a few differences - between the two works.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, the attack on individuality in the labor camp to which Herling is condemned is of a more graphic nature. The work is brutal and monotonous and, unlike the work the Apprentices and Sajetan bristle over, there is no earthly means by which it can be avoided; one cannot quit work detail in a labor camp, after all. More than that, the prisoners are all so dehumanized that the brutalizing effects of the camp serve as levelers, stripping each of them of their individuality and reducing them to battered husks - husks so undermined and malnourished that even love-making is, almost without exception, beyond the abilities of the men during their intermittent conjugal visits with their wives (Herling, 95). In a real sense, the most vital parts of the human being - the ability to think independently and freely, the ability to make love - are shorn from the prisoners via mind-numbing and body-crippling work and oppression."
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First Nations Literature, 2008.
A critical look at North American culture as seen through First Nations literature.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses 'First Nations literature' as referring to the poems, novels, stories, plays, legends and songs created by Aboriginal writers from North America. The paper describes the lack of First Nation literature and how what does exist reflects upon North American society. The paper provides examples from two books (a novel and an historical text), a play, and a film in its analysis.
From the Paper
"The very making of this film offers a critique on North American society, as the filmmakers hoped to revitalize Inuit traditions and bring the legends of the past to a whole new generation of youth. The new growth in Native literature is continuing this trend, with distinctive Aboriginal voices speaking up to offer a renewed critique of Western society. This literature is uniquely capable of reminding all North Americans about the continued impact of our bloody history, the contemporary failure to ensure social justice for all, and the need for hope in creating a shared future together."
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"Regulating Girls and Women", 2008.
A review of the strengths and weaknesses of Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960."
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Joan Sangster's book, "Regulating Girls and Women - Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960", and describes the strengths and weaknesses of the book. The paper argues that there is room to ask whether or not legal and social realities have changed much with regard to girls and women entering a reformed criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Institutionally, all appears to have worked to protect women in Canadian family law that made men responsible for wives and children should they desert them. There were assault laws that seemed to direct high standards in the home and with the interval of 1920 to 1960 seeing the appearance of Toronto's Juvenile and Family Court as seemed to promise that family issues were taken seriously, just as the Children's Aid Society attended to child welfare. The ideal was one of producing 'social' hearings or trials that would reflect social investigation and clinical expertise as promised better family law. (p. 55) However, Sangster is able to show that law was really carried over from before, was not always enforced in ways that protected women, in effect, and that very old-fashioned thinking governed society's ideals for female citizens. The same interval produced the Mercer Reformatory for Women which aimed to make 'honest' or respectable women according to a certain mold from women thought to be immoral, as in convicted prostitutes, or in need of correction through labor."
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Anxiety of Futurism in Science Fiction Works, 2008.
An analysis of the anxiety of the future depicted in the science fiction works, "Childhood's End" by Arthur C. Clark, "The Lathe of Heaven" by Ursula K. Le Guin and "When It Changed" by Joanna Russ.
1,366 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the premise of futuristic anxiety in the science fictions works of Arthur C. Clarke, Ursula K. Le Guin and Joanna Russ. More specifically, the paper looks at Clarke's "Childhood's End," Le Guin's "The Lathe of Heaven" and Russ' "When It Changed" and provides evidence of the role of anxiety that rises within these author's depictions of the future.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the premise of this study has been to analyze the premise of futuristic anxiety found within the works of Arthur C. Clarke, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Joanna Russ. By evaluating the anxiety of gender separatism, psychological terror, and human evolution in the human future, the premise of change and powerlessness is part of the ideas generated within the prophetically styled writings. In this manner, the worst fears of losing a stable human identity are the basis of anxiety that is foretold in the works of these three science fiction authors. By understanding the fluctuating changes that occur to human beings in a futuristic perspective, the anxiety of change is how science fiction produces prophetically frightening views on the future."
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"Success Through Failure", 2008.
A book review of Henry Petroski's, "Success Through Failure".
1,292 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Henry Petroski's, "Success Through Failure" about technological innovation. In particular, the paper discusses the thesis of the text, its effectiveness, and the broad scope of the volume. The paper also examines the organization of the work, its "style," its use of sources, and to which type of reader it seems best-suited. The paper concludes that, while not a path-breaking book or an engrossing one, it is a solid contribution to the general literature and should be seen as such.
From the Paper
"The scope of the book is impressive insofar as every conceivable "angle" is covered when detailing the dramatic and often uneven process by which technological innovation comes about. For example, the first chapter discusses how technological break-throughs often took place in response to the perceived limitations of previous technologies. The second chapter of the text devotes itself to looking at how the nature of the design problem can create a greater or lesser probability that certain key features will be overlooked. That is to say, if the design problem is complex and if it seeks to successfully incorporate a variety of different functions, the odds are high that the production process will lead to failures of one kind or another - and thus to "after-the-fact" adaptations and modifications. "
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Deceit and Emilia's Unwavering Trust, 2008.
An analysis of Emilia's trustworthy character in William Shakespeare's "Othello".
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In Shakespeare's "Othello", deceit and jealousy combine to make one of the most disturbing tragedies of all time. This paper discusses how, at the helm of this disturbing voyage is the villainous Iago, driven by pure malice. In particular, the paper looks at how there is a great irony in this story, since Iago's plan to dismantle all virtue and trust amongst the targeted characters would never have been successful without his own wife Emilia's complete, unwavering trust and obedience.
From the Paper
"The first example of Emilia's unique and seemingly tolerant trust in her husband is shown early in the play. Upon arriving in Cyprus, Iago socially insults his wife in front of Cassio, Desdemona and others. Instead of immediately playing along, she falls silent, waiting for a cue from her husband. Her friend Desdemona notices this immediately: "Alas, she has no speech (II.1.118)." Emilia simply allows Desdemona to defend her, letting the game pass over her. This silence illustrates a great deal about the relationship between the couple. Even though Emilia eventually plays along with the game, "You shall not write my praise (II.1.132)," she clearly allows Iago to be in control of the situation. "
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Nature and Science in "Frankenstein", 2008.
An analysis of the conflict between nature and science in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine the overall relationship between science and nature in "Frankenstein" and whether both serve as vehicles to God, or divine knowledge. It looks at how Shelley portrays the pair as antithetical adversaries. It also discusses how themes from John Milton's "Paradise Lost" feature heavily in the question of science versus nature and the potential for divinity within the pair. The paper relates that Milton's poem shapes the consciousness of the monster as well as epic allows Shelley to add a human drama to the non-human entities of science and nature. The paper also argues that Shelley's Miltonic references imply that divinity is dead in the realm of science.
From the Paper
"When the monster bounds across the perilous landscape and approaches his creator, Victor's words becomes charged with god-like rhetoric. He commands the creature, the "vile insect," to flee, or else be trampled to "dust." Victor even wishes for the power over life and death (the initial motivation for his scientific pursuits), so he can "restore those victims whom <the creature>...diabolically murdered." Victor, once so close to a euphoric ecstasy with nature, now becomes an embittered and wrathful god. He sojourns to the peaks of Montanvert for rest and recovery, but his interactions with the creature weaken him physically and rob him of a spiritual communion with nature. "
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"Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician", 2008.
An analysis and review of John K. Alexander's book, "Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician."
926 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly reviews John K. Alexander's book, "Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician." It illuminates Alexander's thesis and explores the evidence presented by John K. Alexander in his work. The paper suggests that Alexander's work is not objective enough to be an invaluable resource, however it commends the number of sources that are used and suggests that the book is well written.
From the Paper
"There are two other items of considerable interest which must be discussed when examining Alexander's work: his use of resources and his ability to contextualize the characters he discusses. To begin with the former, a quick glance at the selected bibliography found at the back of the book indicates an impressive mix of primary and secondary resources. In that regard, Alexander has made a concerted effort to review as much of the material available on the life and times of Samuel Adams, as possible - albeit the way in which this material has been used is an open question. Proceeding further, Alexander has done a commendable job of placing Adams and other principals within the proper historical context; to wit, whenever quoting eighteenth century correspondence, every effort is undertaken to adhere to the grammatical and spelling conventions of Adams' time, and Alexander also sees to it that those contemporaries of Adams have "ample opportunity to speak for themselves" (xi). In the end, this sort of reliance upon primary correspondence gives the book an authenticity it might not have otherwise."
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"The Poverty of Liberalism", 2008.
A review and analysis of the arguments of Lorenne Clark in her article, "Sexual Equality and the Problem of an Adequate Moral Theory: The Poverty of Liberalism."
1,619 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper critically analyzes the article, "Sexual Equality and the Problem of an Adequate Moral Theory: The Poverty of Liberalism," written by Lorenne Clark. The paper evaluates the strength of Clark's arguments that pornography should be banned and that it is beyond the ability of liberalism in its current form to grasp this truth.
From the Paper
"Again, it is impossible to substantiate premise 1, one way or the other. Merely on this basis, the argument would fail. However, even if we were to accept both premises, it is argued that the entire argument should still fail. This is because the conclusion does not follow. There are many things that sustain the current unequal system, but we cannot simply ban all of them. This would entail, for example, banning the nuclear family, marriage, most major corporations, Hollywood, etc. It is true that we need to challenge inequities in the system, but we cannot achieve this by banning everything we think contributes to it. A more effective way needs to be found. Presumably, if Clark is right and pornography functions to sustain the system, then once the system is changed, pornography will simply go away."
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The Setting in Literature, 2008.
This paper examines the importance of the setting in Henry James' "Daisy Miller" and F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby".
1,230 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, in Henry James' "Daisy Miller" and F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", the settings are significant to the depiction of the characters and of the main themes. The author points out that the general setting of "Daisy Miller" in Europe is important to the development of the main theme and to the designation of certain characters. The paper relates that the clash between the European and American culture is presented in the relationship between Daisy and Winterbourne. The author states that the settings of "The Great Gatsby" in eastern U.S.A., mostly in New York in the 1920s, are important to the theme of the connection between wealth, corruption and moral decay. The paper notes that the characters belong exclusively to a particular setting: Gatsby to the West Egg, Daisy to the East Egg, Myrtle to the Valley of Ashes and Nick to the Midwest.
From the Paper
"The protagonist and the main character of the second story is Gatsby, a poor man who has made a fortune in illegal activities all in order to impress and win the love of a woman named Daisy. Unlike the Henry James's Daisy, Fitzgerald's Daisy is far from innocent. She is manipulative, careless and rather shallow. She marries a rich man and later has an affair with Gatsby out of boredom and for some fun. His death is tragic, but perhaps a more tragic is the fact that he is so obsessed with Daisy that he never realizes that she was simply not worth his affections. Daisy, Gatsby, Daisy's husband, and all their friends lead extravagant and carefree lives of the rich people in the East, lives which are very different from Nick's Midwest."
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"Sonnet 35", 2008.
An analysis of William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 35" .
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses "Sonnet 35" by William Shakespeare and examines the poem's meaning as well as the poetic techniques and devices that were used to communicate and enrich that meaning. The paper maintains that "Sonnet 35" is very personal and in it the narrator feels guilt and appears to take some the blame for the things done against him.
From the Paper
"The next line is about why the poet thinks he is at fault just as much as the youth. "For thy sensual fault I bring in sense" (9). Here the narrator is saying that he is taking the sins of the youth, which were just physical, and which stem from physical urges, and putting his mind to work on them. In other words, the youth has sinned from passion, not thinking, but following his urges or lust. The sin of the poet on the other hand is much more severe because his sin is that of the mind; it is well though out in advance, premeditated and intellectual." "
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