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Descriptive and Generative Linguistics, 1999.
Describes and compares the advantages and limitations, concerns, goals and examples of two approaches to the study of language.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"In the 19th and early 20th centuries, linguists were concerned primarily with codifying languages as they were spoken and/or written--they limited themselves to what we today call "descriptive" linguistics, or the study of words and sentences that have been produced by native speakers of a given language. Since the 1950s, however, beginning with MIT scholar Noam Chomsky, linguists have largely focussed their attention on trying to discover the range of words and sentences that could be produced by native speakers. This latter approach is referred to as "generative" linguistics; its goal is to account for words and sentences which do exist and, in addition, for all words and sentences which do not, but are grammatically possible. This paper will further explore and explain the differences between these two approaches to the study of language."
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The Phoneme Ae, 1999.
Analyzes vowel symbol's phonetic use, orthographics, variations, examples and history.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"The phoneme /?/ is also known as "ash." The lower-case symbol ? is the form used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to refer to "a not quite open, front unrounded vowel, higher than Cardinal 4 and lower than Cardinal 3" (McArthur & Weiner, 1992, p. 84). An example of its phonetic use is the common American pronunciation of the word cat, /k?t/. The orthographic ligature <?>, or upper case <?>, was employed in Old English orthography to indicate a sound that fell somewhere between a and e, containing elements of both, while being distinct from either of those vowels. The scholarly name ash was given to this grapheme because the Old English word for ash tree (also ?sc, or aesc) was a mnemonic name used for the character. This name was then adopted by linguistics scholars to refer to the phoneme /?/. Though subsequent orthographic uses of <?> did ..."
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Ebonics & Literacy, 1999.
Examines the relationship between students' use of African-American dialect and the ability to learn, speak and write standard English.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 16 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
EBONICS AND LITERACY
"Dialects in the United States are spread throughout the country. Not all members of a group speak the same dialect, and dialects among groups differ. he most controversial dialect in American English is Ebonics. In order to advance socially and economically, individuals must have access to the culture of power, and therefore, dialect use is often discouraged by teachers in favor of Standard English use. But, does sufficient reason exist to discard or devalue vernacular dialects in pursuit of literacy in Standard English?
There is "scarcely a country in the world today that could claim to be monolingual in any real sense…Furthermore, historical linguistic conflicts reemerge as minorities assert their identity" ("Literacy", no date, p. 1). In 1990, over 30% of the public school ..."
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Grammar Program For English as a Second Language (ESL) Students, 1996.
Proposes language skills acquisition program for at-risk 4th & 5th graders. Structure, lessons, budget. Includes chart.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"A GRAMMAR MASTERY PROGRAM FOR AT-RISK ESL STUDENTS: A PROPOSAL
Introduction
This research describes and explains a program for elementary-level students. The research includes program description, organization, philosophy, applicable regulations, program budget, staffing, and parental participation.
Program
Type of Program
The program type will be language skills acquisition. The program will be based in information-science (IS) to provide for interactive instruction.
Purpose of Program
The purpose of the proposed program will be to enhance the teaching of .."
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Language & Immigration, 1996.
Role of native & English languages in assimilation & success of immigrants, education & literacy, community programs, theories & methods.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 76.95
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From the Paper
Unlike many other countries, the United States has never established an official language, although paradoxically, Founding Father John Jay in the Federalist Papers "saw the English language as the tie that bound the federal structure together" (McKay & Weinstein-Shr, 1993, Autumn, 1993, p. 400). Even current literacy requirements for naturalization and permanent residency in amnesty situations were a relatively late addition to the entry and naturalization standards of what was often called a nation of immigrants. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, alternating periods of nativist sentiment failed to swamp an underlying belief that immigration was tied to the cultural history and destiny of the United States.
Immigrants were welcomed for their willingness to work, if not for their culture, and low educational standards and the need..."
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Teaching English & French, 1996.
General & specific difficulties of teaching French to English speakers & vice-versa & recommended solutions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"This very short introductory paper briefly points out some of the major difficulties the French have in learning English and the English French. It also hazards some recommendations regarding the teaching of these languages. Suggestions are of a general nature, inasmuch as there are various levels of acquired and expected competencies for various age groups with various objectives and learning environments."
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Slang, 2001.
Results of brief research project to determine whether teen-age slang can be understood by non-adolescents. Key features of slang. How slang words & expressions change meanings over the years.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"Slang is a term that refers to words and phrases that deviate dramatically from the style and uses of the standardized language. Because slang is an unconventional language that reverberates with irreverence and rebellion against mainstream perceptions, it has been appropriated by adolescents for many generations (?What is Slang,? pp. 1-2). In fact, teenagers have contributed significantly to slang by creating their own version, teenage slang, which prevents adults in their lives from understanding their communication with their adolescent counterparts.
The focus of the research project in this paper is to determine whether teenage slang is a distinctive language that cannot be understood by non-adolescents. Furthermore, the specific features of the changes in teenage slang throughout the years..."
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Disney Take On American History, 2002.
An analysis of the use of dialects and accents in Disney's "Pocahontas" to portray various ideas about character.
2,262 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the Disney film "Pocahontas" from the standpoint of linguistics students. The dialect of each character is identified and classified, and put in perspective with the others. The native dialects and ethnicities of the actors providing the voices are taken into account as well. The paper illustrates Disney's ability to play into our preconceived ideas about how we should speak and how it relates to other aspects of our lives, including sexuality.
From the Paper
" ?In sixteen hundred seven we sail the open sea, for glory, God, and gold and the Virginia Company.? So begin the opening lines of Disney?s ?Pocahontas,? just to give a bit of background for the children in the audience who have not yet had American History. In the film ?Pocahontas,? Disney makes a very sincere effort to promote diversity and racial acceptance, and to dispel common stereotypes about Native Americans. At the same time, however, and perhaps unintentionally, they perpetuate other linguistic stereotypes, as I intend to show."
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Political Parties and Bilingual Education, 2002.
An examination of the law passed two years ago in California which legislated bilingual education - English and Spanish.
3,851 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the effectiveness of this law on the educational system as a whole and on individual students in particular. It looks at whether the expected benefits of bilingual education is realistic. The paper also examines the policies of various political parties towards this law in the context of their general political platforms. The writer examines whether the law passed in California is an ideal of the "melting-pot" phenomenon or not.
From the Paper
"During the month of June, 2000 we observed the second anniversary of passage of California's Bilingual education. This ballot initiative that restructured education for language minority students was approved by a majority of the voters in the primary election of June 2, 1998. The new law became part of the Education Code in August, just before the beginning of the 1998-99 academic year. Since the newspapers and television programming have been awash in reflections on historical events, It is appropriate for us to take some time to analyze the impact of the anti-bilingual education initiative. Recently, the proponents of bilingual education have also been active in putting out articles and editorials touting the "success" of bilingual education in increasing test scores and redesignation rates for students. An editorial in the Orange County Register (May 18, 2000) called Bilingual education "one of the best things to happen to the state's immigrant students." "
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Political Correctness, 2002.
A paper which examines what exactly constitutes political correctness.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that supposedly, in America one has a right not to be discriminated against for marital status, sex, race, religion, age or handicaps. It maintains that these laws mostly apply to people who are minorities, and are over forty, and married people with kids and for a Caucasian, who is single to admit that she or he was discriminated against is obviously considered politically incorrect. The purpose of this paper is to discuss what is political correctness, how much is too much, and exactly, when and where being politically incorrect is applicable.
From the Paper
"Over caution, about being politically correct will cause the person in question some concerns about what really is said outside of their presence. Minorities, handicapped people and disadvantaged people are not as concerned about what is politically incorrect as what some white people are. African Americans, are not overly concerned about a particular racial term, and in Nigeria, it is a hi-status characteristic. Here in America, where it is an offensive word, it should not be said, in private or in the African American ?s presence."
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The Ebonics Debate, 2002.
A paper on the sociology and linguistic perspectives of "The Ebonics Resolution" a Californian plan to accept African-American language as the primary language of African-American students.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that in 1996, the Oakland School Board in California passed the ?Ebonics Resolution? - a plan to accept African-American language, termed Ebonics, as the primary language of African-American students and to implement a system to teach them in their primary language as a means of assisting them to learn standard American English. The paper discusses the debate that followed involving the public and the media. It shows that while the linguistic experts in the field were in support of the Ebonics Resolution, the Resolution had a significant social impact. By comparing the meaning of the issue from a sociological and a linguistic perspective, the paper shows the real issues involved in their entirety.
From the Paper
"In the Ebonics debate the part of culture involved is language, a very basic component of our society. Language is something that is taken for granted, with the belief of the general population being that the accepted language is the correct one. The social rejection of Ebonics and the rejection of accepting it as a primary language can be seen as a form of the majority group of society asserting their own belief in their superiority. This is not necessarily representing that the majority group do not want to accept others. Instead it reflects the basic principle of society assuming that the majority group is correct."
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The Words We Use, 2002.
The importance of using correct words when speaking, especially when they are considered 'sexist language'.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The author of the paper shows that even though most people acknowledge that words can do real harm, many continue to insist that sexist language is a trivial concern. This paper looks at the reasons why it is important to be careful about the language that we use. It is all too easy for opponents of care in language to toss off concerns about bias as "political correctness". But it is important that the rest of us insist that "political correctness" can be viewed another way: As basic courtesy and civility. The paper uses several examples to demonstrate sexist language.
From the Paper
"The first comes from my high school, where one of the teachers a man ; would always scoff at requests by students that he not used biased language. ;I never feel left out when people talk about men; as meaning all of humanity; he would say. I know that they;re talking about the species as a whole, not just people with Y chromosomes. He was, it should be noted, speaking without any apparent irony. He never seemed to be able to appreciate the fact that while he might not feel left out, women and girls would."
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Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication, 2001.
An examination of the relationship between two forms of communication - verbal and non-verbal.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that when we think about communication, we think about the spoken word and that our thoughts are always about the words people use and their fluency of speech. Yet, at the same time, we are also taking in information from nonlinguistic sources. The author notes that people's mannerisms, clothing, and appearance are also important, as well as their tone of voice. Researches have estimated that, in face-to-face communication, as much as 90 percent of the social meaning may be carried in the nonverbal message and that facial appearance and response may contribute more to our meaning of their message than all their words. The paper explores the importance of both types of communication and how they are put across.
From the Paper
"As popularly used, language refers to a system of words. This development is not surprising, since words distinguish human communication from that of lower animals. Words, as symbols, usually convey information in a quite deliberate, no instinctive way. For this reason, language is sometimes treated as a set of verbal symbols."
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The Study of Language, 2001.
The following paper examines the theories of bilingualism and multilingalism, language acquisition and language learning, making reference to a number of case studies.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the theories on language acquisition and looks at the useful distinction between acquisition and learning. The writer also comments on approaches and methods to teaching second and foreign languages. Lastly the writer comments on interference as a factor in language learning.
Table of Contents
Bilingualism and Multilingualism
Diglossia
First Language Acquisition
Using a text-mapping device to depict the important stages in first-language acquisition
Theories on how language is acquired
Innateness
Cognition
Input
Approaches and methods to teaching second and foreign languages
Interference as a factor in language learning.
From the Paper
"Diglossia is the coexistence of two forms of the same language in speech community. The one form will often be the literary or prestige dialect, and the other one can be a dialect commonly spoken by most of the population. The term diglossia could also be used to indicate bilingualism, or the speaking of two languages by the people of the same community. An example for the first definition is the use of Dutch in Belgium. Dutch is one of the official languages in Belgium. Dutch-speaking Belgians are called the ?Flemish? where the French-speaking Belgians are called ?Walloons?. Dutch spoken by Belgians is also referred to as ?Flemish?, which is not a literary form of the language, but a spoken ?dialect?. They are different varieties of the same language."
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