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The Importance of Reading and Writing Skills, 2002.
A study of the teacher's role in encouraging and ensuring student's acquisition of competent reading and writing skills.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper is aimed at educators of middle and high schools. The paper discusses the importance of effectively combining reading and writing instruction with content instruction. The writer compares educational methods of the 1950's to those of today, stating the obvious improvements today. This paper emphasizes the responsibility of all teachers to understand how they can enhance and help develop their students? reading and writing skills.
From the Paper
"Learning to read and write are complementary skills. While in the younger years, writing depends on reading skills, by middle and high school, they are complementary skills: reading is necessary to do writing assignments, while writing about what has read increases comprehension of the reading materials. For this reason, separating reading and writing instruction from content areas is arbitrary and will eventually interfere with the students? progress in those content areas."
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Traditional Methods of Language Teaching, 2002.
A discussion of the ten traditional methods of language teaching.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses ten traditional methods of language teaching in detail, describing the principles of each and how they help both teachers and students to teach, understand, learn, and practice all the skills they learn through these approaches.
From the Paper
"Grammar Translation Method
This method involves the learner to spend a lot of time in understanding the language structure. Though both listening as well as speaking suffer because of it. However, grammar and vocabulary are being stressed throughout the teaching method.
The grammar translation method has been derived from traditional approaches to the teaching of Latin and Greek in the nineteenth century (Selected Lesson Plans). It was originally used to teach 'dead' languages as well as literatures for instance Latin and Greek, and was accounted for its heavy bias towards written work to the virtual leaving out of oral production. However, its main features are as follow (Kitao):
-A careful analysis of the target written language, particularly its grammar.
-The Grammar rules are presented and learned clearly
-From bilingual word lists, vocabulary is learned
-A paramount use of translation exercises
-The medium of instruction is mother tongue
-Less or no attention is paid to speaking and listening skills."
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Immersion Approach, 2002.
A look at the advantages and disadvantages of the immersion approach to teaching English as a second language.
3,160 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper first introduces this method of teaching English to minority groups in the United States. It then looks at debates among academic about the effectiveness of this method and whether traditional bilingual methods of teaching are preferred. The writer explains the unique characteristics of this method and the advantages thereof to minority groups. It explains how the immersion approach is also used in Canada and compares this to the United States. It finally presents three various models of immersion approach teaching.
From the Paper
"Immersion approach is being widely used today in American schools for the purpose of teaching English to children of minority communities. It has been noticed that because of traditional bilingual educational methods, children whose first language was not English were unable to acquire proficiency in English language. This dismal performance of bilingual education resulted in the adoption of immersion program which was designed by Canadian educators in 1960s. The program has now turned into a political issue as some quarters feel it is rather imperialistic an approach. But the success of this method has left many critics speechless but still it is important to implement immersion in such a manner that children would become not only proficient in English but would also be able to read and write in their native language."
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Cochlear Implants, 2002.
A definition of cochlear implants and the effect such implants have on childhood development.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper defines a cochlear implant as a device which converts sound waves into electric signals and thus allows the hearing impaired to hear at a greater level than a hearing aid provides. The paper discusses the effects that cochlear implants have on childhood development, focusing on children from one to four years of age. The paper explores the issues of speech recognition/language, academic concerns, social ramifications and family relationships.
From the Paper
"The University of Michigan performed the largest study ever on Cochlear implants and released the findings in January of last year. Researchers found that children who are implanted with cochlears before the age of four are able to achieve high levels of speech recognition and language skills. Dr. Paul Kileny establishes that research shows ?a significant difference in speech recognition between those who got their implants between the ages of 2 and 4 years, during the critical language development period, and those who received them later.? He concluded that people who receive the implant early in life get the greatest benefits."
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Chomskian Linguistics, 2002.
A review of chapter 13 of the book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" by Daniel Dennett, on the evolution of language.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 1 source, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes chapter 13 of Daniel Dennett's book "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" which speaks on the evolution of language. The paper discusses how the book presents a lengthy discussion of many opposing arguments to language creation based on Darwin?s theory of evolution. The paper shows how Dennett particularly focuses on Noam Chomsky?s refutation of the existence or involvement of Darwinism ideas on language creation. Dennett?s position asserts that language has evolved because of the many processes organisms, particularly human beings, had experienced. - based on Darwin?s popular ?natural selection process.?
From the Paper
"After Dennett has presented his position in the first part of the chapter, he shifted the book?s discussion to the opposing arguments of philosophers and scientists about the creation of language. Dennett particularly focused on Noam Chomsky?s ideas and theories on how language was created. The main argument presented by Noam Chomsky against the Darwinian theory-based evolution of language is that ?? language didn?t really evolve but just rather suddenly arrived, an inexplicable gift, at best a by-product of the enlargement of the human brain.? Chomsky presented his argument based on the ?adaptations? that the human brain had undergone, later developing what Chomsky termed as ?specialized organ? solely functioning to facilitate language and its processes. Chomskian Linguistics centers on ?language learning?, or the learning of language through a set of rules already set in human minds. This set of rules came from the ?specialized organ? of language faculty Chomsky has formulated, and is labeled as the ?Universal Grammar.? "
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The Three Paradigms of Spelling Instruction, 2002.
This research paper uses Taylor-Heald?s article on ?Three Paradigms of Spelling Instruction in Grades 3 to 6? as a basis for identifying each of the methods.
2,065 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The following paper describes each method in the article by Taylor-Heald, where three paradigms are identified as the traditional, the transitional and the student-oriented. Each of these paradigms is a model for teaching children the basic and fundamental concept of spelling. This paper examines how each method is utilized and also discusses Taylor-Heald's view on each of the methods. After looking at each of the methods separately, the writer examines, briefly, the major differences between the methods. It then discusses the implications of each of the methods, including how each method is used and the benefits of each method. This also includes looking at various other research studies that offer perspectives on the teaching of spelling. Finally the paper concludes by showing how the student-oriented approach does appear to be the most promising approach, just as Taylor-Heald suggests.
From the Paper
?The traditional paradigm, as the name suggests, is the main method of instruction that has been used in the American school system to teach spelling and also to teach the basics of language. The method is based on students being taught vocabulary in the form of words that do not relate to each other. These words are random and have no relationship to each other, or to anything else being taught to the students. The teacher gives these words to the students, with the students expected to memorize them and the students are tested on this at the end of the week.This approach assumes that students know nothing at the beginning and that all information must be given to them. This includes the idea that children have no knowledge of words, sounds or language.?
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Theory of Universal Pragmatics, 2002.
The following paper examines and critically analyzes Jorgen Habermas? theory of universal pragmatics.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the study of general and universal aspects of language with specific reference to Jorgen Habermas? rules for using and understanding language rationally. The goal of universal pragmatics is to identify and reconstruct conditions of possible understanding. The advantages and disadvantages of Habermas? ?Universal Pragmatics? are discussed. It is of the writer?s opinion that Habermas' emphasis on systematization and organization at times forces linguistic phenomena into pre-established categories, which leaves little room for nuances, details or humanly necessary embellishments.
From the Paper
?This concept when adequately applied extends across the boundaries of culture and language, e.g. two Englishmen would use the same formulations to communicate in English, as would two Frenchmen?in French.? In this seminal work, in the book, ?Communication and Evolution of Society,? Habermas provides a simple construct for ideal communication (Habermas 1979). Throughout ?What is Universal Pragmatics?? he maintains that all the complexities of sentence structures and their utterances are successfully communicated if an original intent is adhered to. Habermas maintains, that each form of communication, direct and otherwise, is to reach understanding. Such a pure communication is only possible if it is conducted?in a nutshell?clearly and honestly.?
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Getting People on the Same Page in Communication, 2002.
This paper presents a discussion regarding the importance of teaching English to non-English speaking people for the purpose of conflict resolution.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
Just how important teaching English to non-English speaking people is discussed in this paper. The author argues that for the sake of resolving conflicts, it is very important. The author uses several examples of common conflicts in which the understanding of the English language would have made communication much easier.
From the Paper
"The most important reason that there needs to be a universal language for conflict resolution is that without one, people are left to make assumptions which can be dangerous. Assumptions about what someone meant or how things were interpreted can cause the conflict to deepen. Even with an interpreter there is no guarantee that the translation will be smooth or exact. Teaching English to non-English speaking residents will remove the middle person and allow those in conflict to resolve their own issues(Pean, 1999). "
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The Development of Old French, 2001.
This paper examines the development of the Old French language before and after the Oaths of Strasbourg.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
An insight into the history of Old French and how this language was developed and influenced by Latin. It examines the effect of the Oaths of Strasbourg on the growth of Old French as well as different considerations which effected Old French.
From the Paper
"The evolution of Old French language began in 52 Before Christ when Julius Cesar held the power over the continents of the Gaul. According to Columbian Encyclopedia, Gaul was under the Roman Empire in the first and second century. With the strong influence it brought, Latin spoken by the Romans gradually replaced the Gaelic, a Celtic language as the Gaul?s mother tongue, for a long time. Latin became the national language, spoken widely among people and became the root of recently spoken languages through Europe, including English (Le Tacon). "
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'The French Lieutenant's Woman' and Categorization, 2007.
This paper discusses John Fowles' exploration of categorization in 'The French Lieutenant's Woman'.
2,911 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the traits of order and categorization, without which society cannot function, are especially prominent in the Victorian society in which 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' is set. The writer points out that the Victorian era is an outstanding example of when categorization was taken to the extreme, almost completely suppressing the socially and scientifically inexplicable instead of incorporating it into a system as had been done in religion and superstition. The writer discusses that Fowles' experimentation with the most fundamental elements of the Victorian novel (for instance with their endings) clearly indicates that he actually uses his image of Sarah to highlight the limitations he suffers in his own position as author with an equal weight. The writer notes that Fowles shows, through his exploration of the categorization of the individual and the external world, and his evasion of authorial convention, that the problems of excessive categorization are just as much of a problem for the author himself - not just the world around him.
From the Paper
"That which makes The French Lieutenant's Woman most radical and arguably post-modern, however, is that Fowles goes beyond the implicit existentialism of modernist literature and becomes directly self-reflexive. He tackles the idea of unnecessary categorization far more directly by exploring it in his own position as author. Fowles demonstrates this in his unwillingness to be limited by basic premises of narrative of the conventional novel. Interruptions to the narrative, denial of authorial omniscience, moving backwards and forwards in time as easily as in the imagination - these are all attempts by Fowles to avoid being pinned down. The Victorian crusade of categorization, it seems, was still evident in the need for a 'second wave' of feminism in the 1960s - excessive categorization, while already established as a problem by some Victorians, required a 'second' wave for the internalization of this change in attitude."
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Effective Communication, 2008.
A discussion on the importance of effective communication and the reasons why it is an essential component of professional practice.
2,442 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of effective communication. The paper begins by pointing out that communication is the number one problem of management of any social or government organization. The paper also points out that effective communication leads to higher productivity and job satisfaction. The paper then discusses the different barriers to effective communication and how to overcome those barriers. Additionally, the paper discusses effective communication factors. It concludes that effective communication means good business.
Outline:
Introduction
Barriers to Communication
Barriers due to Organization Structure
Barriers Due to Status and Position
Semantic Barriers
Tendency to Evacuate
Heightened Emotions
Lack of ability to Communicate
Inattention
Unclarified Assumptions
Resistance to change
Closed Minds
Overcoming Interpersonal Communication Barriers
Rules for Overcoming Internal Barriers
Rules for Overcoming External Barriers
Conferences
Networks
Effective Communication Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Semantic is the science of meaning. Words seldom mean something to two persons. Symbols or words usually have a variety of meaning and the sender have to choose one meaning from among many. If both of them choose the same meaning, communication will be perfect.
"But this is not so always because of different of difference ion formal education and specific situations of the people. Strictly one cannot covey meaning, only one can do is to convey words. But the same words may suggest quite different meanings to different people, E.g., Profits may means to management efficiency and growth, whereas to employees it may suggest excess funds piled up through inadequate wages."
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The Birth of Sociolinguistics, 2008.
A comparison of the articles "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" by Jay Jordan and "Do You Speak American?" by John Baugh.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Dell Hymes and Kenneth Burke offer compelling insight into the foundations of sociolinguistics using the key term of "Identification". The paper then analyzes Jay Jordan's scholarly article "Dell Hymes, Kenneth Burke's 'Identification,' and the Birth of Sociolinguistics" and contrasts it to John Baugh's popular press article "Do You Speak American?" The paper shows how, while Jordan's article is based on hard research without taking any one side, Baugh's article on Ebonics is based on the author's opinions and fueled by media exposure and political impact.
Outline:
Background
Issue
Scholarly Article
Popular Press Article
Discussion
From the Paper
""Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics" (Wikipedia). The study of sociolinguistics offers a view on how subtle or pronounced language variation can be a result of social variables such as ethnicity, religion, status, and level of education (Wikipedia). The importance of the study of sociolinguistics can be applied to a variety of applications; from legal precedence in a court of law to defining the true meaning, or as Kenneth Burke defined, the "identification" of the meaning of words in which context, setting, and other social factors are applied (Jordan)."
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Bilingual Education, 2006.
A discussion on the necessity for bilingual education in the interests of the country's inhabitants.
2,741 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of offering bilingual education in US schools. The paper maintains that, because of the ever increasing numbers of English language learning students present in the American school system, the topic of bilingual education must be addressed. The paper relates that research into bilingual education has proven that it is the best way for ELL students to learn the language while maintaining literacy in their own native tongue. The paper argues that, in order to create a successful system, not only do we need to remove the misconceptions regarding ELL students and develop programs that will work for all students, but most importantly teachers need to be prepared and supported in order for the classroom experience to be successful.
From the Paper
" The first immigrants to this country were primarily northwestern European. With the abundance of land and the tendency for national groups to stay together in order to preserve their traditions language was not much of an issue. With the second wave of immigration to America, largely from southern and eastern Europe, the problems began. The original settlers began to fear for their customs and traditions when the new groups began to move in."
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Changing English Forever, 2006.
An examination of how post-colonial literature has influenced a change in the English language.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses language change and presents the reasons for change. The paper states that literature offers one of the most important ways in which new perceptions are expressed. The paper gives examples of how political power, British culture, post colonial writers and untranslated words had an influence on the change in the English language. The paper comments that using these methods of taking English and changing it into a language that reflects the post colonial experience is one of the ways that the English language is changing.
From the Paper
"Another method of replacing language is when the author uses untranslated words in their work. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin explain that this method is a widely used device that conveys a sense of cultural distinctiveness. It is used both to distinguish between cultural differences but is also important when trying to interpret cultural concepts (63). Jamaica Kincaid uses this method in her story "Girl." She leaves a number of words such as benna and doukona untranslated (564). Deciding to not translate the words for the English speaking reader is a purposeful act, it forces the reader to feel out of the loop and uncomfortable, the way that many postcolonial writers are made to feel when writing in English."
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