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Breach of Accountability in Law Enforcement, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons for and the realities of breach of accountability within law enforcement.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses breach of accountability within law enforcement over the past two decades. It looks at issues such as police brutality, corruption and other forms of unethical behavior. The paper then discusses the reasons that such breaches of accountability occur and how they reflect negatively upon law enforcement institutions and specific policy agencies.
From the Paper
"The implication for the entire police organization at Dallas is that this is a massive undertaking to defraud the criminal justice system. If it has perpetuated for so long it must be an institutionalized problem because many officers must have known of what was happening. The organization may not be judged as completely corrupt, but inattentive at an administrative level. It can also be said that the entire organization has inadequate monitoring and hiring procedures because many of their police officers were shown to be racist. All of these actions reflect negatively upon them to show that in general this police department is ineptly run and monitored. Police corruption has been rampant within Texas for some time and there have been many such instances of criminalized activity within the police department."
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Terror and Intelligence, 2001.
An analysis of how the United States has reacted to the terror on 9/11 and other terrorist attacks in general.
7,823 words (approx. 31.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 116.95
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Abstract
The paper deals with terrorist acts that have occurred and the effect that these have had, with particular reference to the United States. The paper continues with an in-depth description of the foregin policy response of President Bush ,specifically, and members of the US Congress, in general.
From the Paper
"There are a number of ways to interpret terrorist attacks in the modern world. The Bush administration has chosen a particular perspective that is intended to justify the employment of the United States military as a tool to rooting out terrorism in general. However, there are many difficulties with the logical backing for such a position; the way terrorism is understood, and the sources of terrorism have been, largely, misconstrued. Many people have put forward criticisms of the White House's outlook--some from particularly visible individuals--and an equal number of alternative approaches to terrorism have been offered. But, fundamentally, terrorism needs to be understood as a means of waging warfare; usually adopted by those who possess significant strategic and militaristic shortcomings. Terrorism has existed as long as war has existed. Consequently, declaring a war on terror is analogous to declaring a war on infantry: such a conflict will occupy our forces wherever there is war."
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Film Review: "Enough", 2008.
A summary and review of Michael Apted's film, "Enough".
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the film "Enough" is a story about domestic violence. The paper summarizes the plot of the movie and discusses the movie's message that abusive actions should never be tolerated by women and children. The paper concludes that, although the film's portrayal of domestic violence is realistic, it offers a negative approach to dealing with the problem. The movie conveys the message that, because the abuser will never stop, the abused cannot rely on police protection or shelters but are better off by running away and preparing for an attack on the perpetrator.
From the Paper
"Neglect is when parents fail to ensure a child's health and well-being and may result from not providing a child with appropriate shelter, schooling, clothing, medical care, or protection from hazards. Meanwhile, psychological abuse is a pattern of intentional verbal or behavioral actions or lack of actions that convey to a child the message that he or she is worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value to meet someone else's needs."
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Major Elements of Police Training, 2008.
A critical review of the requirements for training police on use of effective deadly force.
5,062 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a thorough analysis of how police training on deadly force affects the incidences and use of deadly force. The paper asserts that the literature clearly demonstrates that the current police system does have serious problems with police use of deadly force but research also suggests that the right training mechanism for use of deadly force can lead to better outcomes for society. The paper then presents a comprehensive analysis of how police training on deadly force affect the incidences and use of deadly force. The paper also identifies the internal and external factors that affect the effectiveness of police training on deadly force.
Outline:
Principles of an effective training strategy
literature structure
methodology
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"There is the common misconception that any training program aimed at conflict resolution and negotiation is simple about combating terrorism or social disorder. As can be clearly seen from the eight principles outlined, the training program for the police on deadly force has to surpass combating terrorism and social disorder, but has to have an overarching aim of promoting full-fledged peace initiatives and combating all aspects of any activity that poses a threat to society's safety."
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Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking, 2008.
A summary and review of "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use", the authors C.F. Lee, Y. Su, and B.P. Hazard
4,419 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques an article about the use of marijuana by American high school seniors, entitled "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use". The paper first explains that the authors of the report see marijuana use as an example of risk-taking behavior, and presume that a reduction in marijuana use would mean that the perception of risk has increased and that this is leading to a lower rate of use. The paper then goes on to summarize the report and explain its findings.
From the Paper
"The authors find that risk perception by itself accounts for about 21% of the variation in risk-taking behavior of marijuana use. Using the four participative orientations - sports, fun, school, and creative - the explained variance of marijuana use was increased to 33%, and all activity orientations except creative significantly affected marijuana use. Sports and school showed relatively small negative effects, while fun activities had a distinctively large and positive effect on marijuana use. The authors also find after analysis that the net effect of risk perception on marijuana use was statistically insignificant. "
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Money Laundering, 2008.
This paper examines money laundering and the scope of this illegal activity.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper defines money laundering and explores the various methods used by international criminal organizations. The paper looks at how successful law enforcement has been in dealing with this significant problem and concludes that Interpol is failing miserably at curtailing money laundering activities. The paper reveals that criminal organizations are making monstrous profits and, in the case of the Russian Mafia, have powerful allies at the highest reaches of government.
From the Paper
"Put briefly, money-laundering is the complicated process by which the origins of monies gained through illegal activities are cleverly concealed from law enforcement authorities or from tax auditors. Understandably, it is done to evade the unwanted attention of police and government officials and to evade prosecution for illegal acts. Because of the consequences that come with getting caught, those who engage in money laundering must rely upon a wide array of complex techniques to evade capture - only some of which can be highlighted below."
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Critical Incident Management, 2008.
This paper analyzes the influence of scenario-based planning in institutional strategic management for security organizations.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the influence of scenario-based planning within the policy measures found within critical incident management (CIM) for security organizations. The writer notes that with terrorism and natural disasters, such as 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, this form of policy creating apparatus is helping to insure that authorities, organizations, and other people involved in security have a set of guidelines to follow in case of a future emergency. Many security agencies are currently using a scenario-based policy to enable officials and security personnel to adapt and understand emergencies and to follow set rules to keep order and stability in these types of organizations. The writer concludes that the primary facets of scenario-based planning are an influential part of how institutional strategic management is now being incorporated into modern security organizations.
From the Paper
"The role of scenario-based planning within security organizations has been a major influence in how policy in constructed for disasters or violent threats to any agency. Security firms have often used various models to help bring about possible scenarios to help create order and return normal functionality to many processes that include the safety of personnel, financial security, and the way that the organization is able to solve possible problems. With a new policy initiative focused on the necessity future scenarios, there is a general consensus through these organizations to bring forth ways to handle problems through their possible causal factors, rather than having to react with uncertain immediacy to events that were not premeditated."
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Criminal Liability and Defenses, 2008.
A discussion on criminal liability cases and the noted defenses to each.
3,098 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with an overview of how criminal liability is measured in terms of the degrees and principles surrounding liability. The crux of the paper, however, concentrates on aspects of the legal framework that provide defenses to criminal liability. This analysis is then supported with a theoretical framework and findings from the literature that are used to provide thorough analyses related to defenses to criminal liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Legal Framework of Criminal Liability
Strict Liability and the Defense
Justification of Criminal Conduct
Criminal Liability
Defense
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The criminal liability relationship highlighted within the paper and later presented with examples for defenses to criminal liability is affected by differences related to types of crimes; such as, criminal conduct and true crimes. That is, the degree of liability within the former does not require all of the principles to be upheld while with the latter it is necessary that the corpus delicti rule holds. As such the measures of criminal liability are different across categories and may not be easily quantified in the relationship outlined in the equation specified throughout the paper. An example of the former is a burglary while of the latter its homicide, the difference within these two crimes is a clear indication of why criminal liability is not a trivial issue and why it is not always a direct relationship and how defenses can be formulated within the legal context (Schellenger & Wittmer, 2003, p. 1).
In the general scenario, the degree of liability can be easily established via culpability, capacity, and responsibility along with the five principles highlighted, however the logical structure of criminal liability is not as simple as the formula above highlights but has different scenarios and principles that will affect how the law is quantified or how the degree of criminal liability is measured."
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Deviance Theory and Criminology, 2008.
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of deviance theory and its impact on the field of criminology.
1,392 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that although the theory of deviance helps to shed light on some of the reasons people engage in criminal actions, the theory is a social construct and is thus inherently flawed. The paper maintains, that this theory should, therefore, occupy only a minor role in the field of criminology. The paper also asserts that this theory only be employed as a means of interpretation of the criminal mind when there is no possibility that the root cause of deviance may lie within the society and not the individual.
Outline:
Introduction
Strengths
Weaknesses
Deviance and Criminology
From the Paper
"The theory of deviance is not organic. Broadly defined, deviance is behavior that violates the norms of a particular society. Thus, the theory is a creation of society, and a social construct that labels persons within a society as outcasts because they tend to display certain behaviors that society deems reprehensible. Deviance, then, is best understood as an artificial creation, which fits neatly into the realms of academic disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and social psychology to explain the unexpected actions of individuals. Most of all, the theory helps us to understand the most reprehensible among us: the criminal. "
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Police Training on Deadly Force, 2008.
An analysis of police training on deadly force in America, including an outline of the current training structure and methodology and a discussion of how to develop a more effective program.
4,611 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that police training on deadly force is a necessary prerequisite for social order and to maintain the efficiency and integrity of the security forces. This paper discusses the necessary components of police training on deadly force, how it can benefit society, and whether police training is an organizational or social issue. The paper also presents a comprehensive model of police training on deadly force based on the best practices presented by the literature. It is clear that there are many issues surrounding training for the police force in relation to deadly force; however this paper shows that it is a necessary facet of the overall humanitarian and peace-keeping initiative and should not be viewed as an extra process aimed at increasing bureaucracy. Lastly, this paper highlights the major elements of the training program that are necessary, while simultaneously highlighting aspects of the political, social, and economic environment that either pose an opportunity or threat to the proposed training initiative on deadly force.
Outline:
Introduction
Major Elements of Police Training
Principles of an Effective Training Strategy
Internal And External Factors That Affect Police Training On Deadly Force - A Critical Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Police Training On Deadly Force: Terrorism, Crime Fighting, And Violence
State Sponsored Terrorism: Players and Operations
Literature Structure
Methodology
From the Paper
"State sponsored terrorism is two-tiered, many developed countries like the United States and United Kingdom, practice it for strategic reasons, that is, there is no religious affiliation, nor is there a general notion, that there is a need to have war in with certain states. However, there is a clear economic need, which then transfers into a need to have political allegiance with these states; hence without being physically present it is necessary to have alliances with groups that can promote the interests of the United States. Is this wrong? Should it even be called terrorism, or is it just a company take-over, where the country in question is the state? For example in the 1980's the United States was convicted of unlawful force due to their support of terrorist force in Nicaragua, this was a clear cut case of state sponsored terrorism, and highlights the dynamics of how intricate it can be."
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The Russian Mafia versus the Japanese Yakuza, 2008.
This is a comparative paper between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza and includes the topics of how each is organized, the methods used, and their respective histories.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many similarities and few differences between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza. Specifically, the paper looks at how each is organized, the methods each employs, and the respective histories of each organization. In so doing, the paper ultimately argues that the chief differences between the two organizations are twofold: the Russian Mafia, for historical and cultural reasons, is even more powerful than its Japanese counterpart because of its close ties to the Russian state, and the Russian Mafia is even more brutal in its methods than the Yakuza - or most anyone else. In the final analysis, Robert I. Friedman and other close observers are not wrong to view the "Red Mafiya" with trepidation and dread.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Japanese Yakuza is Organized
How the Russian Mafia is Organized
The Methods Employed by the Japanese Yakuza
The Methods Employed by the Russian Mafia
History of the Japanese Yakuza
History of the Russian Mafia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Russian Mafia has been around at least as long as its Yakuza counterpart. James O. Finckenauer writes that stealing the Czar's timber was not considered criminal during much of modern Russian history and professional criminals in the early years of the twentieth century conspired with Marxist political revolutionaries to overthrow first the Czar and then the short-lived revolutionary government that followed. While it is not clear, it appears as though the modern-day Russian Mafia was shaped by the exigencies of the Soviet-era Communist economy - an economy that often failed to provide adequately for its citizens. As a result, a 'shadow' economy sprang up, and it was one in which a criminal entrepreneurial class able to operate outside the law found the perfect climate in which to flourish."
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Three Strikes and Recidivism, 2008.
The paper proposes a study on the effects of Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews studies on the effect of mandatory sentencing upon recidivism as well as the deterrence effect of Three Strikes legislation. The paper highlights the political overtones of these studies and then discusses the design of a study to determine the effects of the Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
From the Paper
"The most blatant symptom that the corrections system is not functioning properly is the rate of recidivism, those that were thought to have been rehabilitated or paid their debt to society become re-involved with the criminal justice system. Prisons are far too crowded and society will not tolerate a revolving door policy, either felons once convicted need to be permanently separated from society or upon their release need to feel highly motivated to choose another path and not become a repeat customer. One area of particular interest and controversy are the "Three Strikes" laws of many states; understanding that there are a myriad of theories concerning the reduction of recidivism, a study of the effects of enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders was selected."
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Gangs and Drugs, 2008.
An analysis of the methods applied to combat the problems of gang and drug abuse.
1,156 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper suggests, with descriptive examples, various solutions to the drug problem with specific reference to the methods of "suppression" and "intervention." The paper clearly explains the terminology and its method of application and concludes that suppression appears to be the more successful approach. The paper also details the reasons for the apparent success of suppression methods.
Outline:
Introduction
Intervention
Suppression
Suppression versus intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Suppression been successful tool in preventing gangs and drug crimes on the street, but it has been used behind prison walls with much fanfare. The suppression strategies used in prison include the separation and isolation of gang members and leaders and prison lockdowns (Kawachu, Marquart, & Trulson, 2006). In 110 Texas prisons from 1990 to 1999, out of 39,237 incidents of inmate on inmate violence, only 1,136 were gang related, averaging "less than three gang-related incidents per prison unit, per year.
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Police Training, 2008.
This paper discusses what are the necessary components of police training on deadly force and looks at how it can benefit society.
2,269 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that police training on deadly force is a necessary prerequisite for social order and to maintain the efficiency and integrity of the security forces. This paper highlights the major elements of the police training program that are necessary, while simultaneously highlighting aspects of the political, social, and economic environment that either pose an opportunity or threat to the proposed training initiative on deadly force. This paper gives a through outline of the important aspects of how a training process for deadly force should be developed. The analysis also integrates aspects or theories related to formal criminological training methodologies or functions that are integrated with other efficiency parameters related to social justice, social norms and behaviors, as well as other aspects of conflict resolution within the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Major Elements of Police Training Paper
Section 1: Principles of an Effective Training Strategy
Table 1: Training Modules & Leadership
Literature Structure
From the Paper
"McElvian provides a through analysis of how police shootings affect citizens' behavior and uses this framework to show how police training on deadly force will have an effect on the outcome. Similar articles that model societal change and behaviors with interlinkages with police training on deadly force include the articles by Remsberg, Lewinski and Hudson, and Weeg. These papers are presented below and even show how training on deadly force affects efficiency and improves the effectiveness of police departments. Many of the articles above also show provide universal characteristics on how police training on deadly force can be considered effective and efficient. The table below highlights the articles that will be utilized for the paper."
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