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The Gray Area of Rape, 2008.
A review of how the conditions of rape are changing in the 21st century.
2,163 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper states that rape is no longer the simple concept it was a generation ago. The traditional scenario of rape, where a man physically forces a woman to have sex, is no longer the only possibility. The paper discusses the gray area of rape, which can involve a victim instigating a sexual relationship, but then deciding not to give consent. The paper notes that it can include scenarios where the victim is voluntarily intoxicated and simply doesn't remember giving consent. The paper discusses whether these people are truly victims and highlights the fact that when alcohol and/or drugs are thrown into the mix, proving that consent was not given is often difficult to prove, and thus makes up the gray area of rape.
Outline:
Introduction
The Hook-Up Culture of Today's Youth
Hooking Up and the Gray Area of Rape
Gray Rape - Not Just for Women
Are Gray Rape Victims Truly Victims?
Alcohol and Gray Rape
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The hood up culture of today's younger generation comes with risks beyond the obvious of increased chances of sexually transmitted diseases, but of rape. The term coined that describes what happens when hooking up becomes sexual assault is 'gray rape', according to Newsom. This gray area can involve drugs and/or alcohol or sexually explicit behavior that muddies the lines of true consent.
"One incident regarding a Duke University sophomore illustrates the unclear lines of gray rape. The girl had had one drink at a bar and returned to her dorm room with a male. She had told him she didn't want to have sex, but began to make out with the young man. They removed their underwear, and she still said she didn't want to have sex, but they didn't stop, and did have sex. The girl didn't report the incident or even consider it rape, yet some believe it to still be sexual assault. "
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Juvenile Homicide, 2008.
An examination of the incidence and causes of juvenile homicide.
2,727 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the causes of juvenile homicide, the types of weaponry or violence that is typically employed, various socioeconomic factors and relevant ethnicity considerations as well as the impact of family violence on the incidence of juvenile homicide in general and in the State of New York in particular. The paper also discusses the correctional facilities used for juvenile offenders in New York and then analyzes the social problems that are associated with juvenile homicide.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As anyone who has survived the experience can well attest, adolescence can be a trying period in people's lives and it is reasonable to assume that the individual causes of juvenile homicide are as numerous as the perpetrators involved. A seminal study by Bender and Curran (1940) examined both preteen and adolescent homicides from psychoanalytic perspective. These researchers maintained that when competition for the attention of a parental figure is exacerbated by familial, organic, or educational issues, juveniles become more likely to commit homicidal acts."
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Life in Prison, 2008.
A review and discussion on the book "Life in Prison" by Stanley Williams.
1,327 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "Life in Prison" by Stanley Williams, written in hope of educating and warning young people not to make the same choices he did. The paper talks about Williams' life, who was on death row for killing four people and gives his account of life in prison, the degradation of experiencing a strip search, the relentless, rancid rules and the never ending violence he had experienced in prison.
Outline:
Introduction
Book's Relevancy
Beware... Be Aware (Thesis Development/Summary)
From the Paper
"In time, when Williams began to serve time for murder, however, he learned being inside prison was nothing like Rock's stories led him to believe. to be a place men regularly lose touch with reality and go "stir-crazy." He talks about what it is really like to spend a day in prison; the degradation of experiencing a strip search; the relentless, rancid rules; the hole; the fear of violence; violence; the never-ending violence."
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Probation, 2008.
An outline of how probation fits into a system of justice.
878 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the origin of probation dates back to the Middle Ages when harsh penalties for even menial crimes were commonplace. The paper comments that today, it's evolved into a tool that the court system can utilize in place of either an entire or a partial prison sentence. This paper explores the history of probation, as well as provides examples of current day probation practices. In addition, the effectiveness of probation is explored.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Probation:
Examples of Probation
The Effectiveness of Probation
From the Paper
"Many new alternatives to punishments were devised. These included: the purchase of royal pardons, judges having the ability to refrain from applying statutes or form a lenient interpretation, stolen property could be devalued to create a lesser crime, and the clergy, judicial reprieve, sanctuary, and abjuration gave offenders a degree of protection from the previously harsh sentences. In addition, the practice of 'binding over for good behavior' was enacted, as a temporary release so offenders could take measures to secure pardons or lesser sentences. At this time, also some courts began to suspend some offender's sentences . Across the Atlantic, different judicial practices were being implemented."
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Argument Against Legalizing Marijuana in America, 2008.
An argumentative essay against the legalization of marijuana in America.
1,163 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper takes up the debate regarding the legalization of marijuana in America and argues that it is not in the best interest of Americans to do so. The arguments in favor of legalizing marijuana and their weaknesses are also discussed and the writer explains that the Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that marijuana for medicinal purposes is illegal. The paper concludes that marijuana should not be legalized since it is not essential to the quality of individual life and the pursuit of happiness.
Outline:
Arguments in Support of Legalizing Marijuana
Medicinal Marijuana
Marijuana By Choice
Cost of Drug Use
Other Countries
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Using marijuana impairs the senses, not unlike alcohol, and to sanction another drug for public consumption that presents a potential self-control issue on an individual level, that poses a threat to others, is not acceptable. And just as people break the law to use marijuana, they will break the law of legalized marijuana that restricts the use of the drug to the home, or other place, by getting behind the wheel of a car, or making impaired choices that lead to the injury of others. Thus, it is not an individual choice issue."
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Race and Gender Perceptions of White Collar Crime, 2008.
A discussion on how society may be influenced by race and gender in dealing with crime.
7,335 words (approx. 29.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explains and clarify the perceptions of white collar crime by gender and race. The paper shows what current research exists as well as what testing and research can take place to clarify the hypothesis. The author of this paper conducts research on a housing community in the Township of Scotch Plains and then compiles and analyzes the data. A current literature review to either prove or disprove the hypothesis is also included with the paper. In addition, several tables of data have been included.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Theory and Hypothesis
Methods
Reference
Consent Form
Survey
From the Paper
"It is important to note that there is a need for current research and data concerning white collar crime and perceptions related to ethnicity and gender. While researching for previous data it has been difficult to find information within the past 7 years, most research is dated during the 1980 to 1990's. This hinders researchers showing what the impact and correlation between white-collar crime and the perception considering race and gender today compared to those dated times. There is a plethora of information concerning race and gender however there is no mention of white collar crime in those writings. This research will serve to show what current research exists as well as what testing and research can take place to clarify the hypothesis. I will conduct research on a housing community in the Township of Scotch Plains to ascertain the perceptions of individuals on the subject matter. The data will then be compiled and the research analyzed and compared to the current literature to either prove or disprove the hypothesis that white males (who benefit the most from the practice) will find white-collar crime less prevalent and damaging considering the low risk factor (Calavita,1990) then racial minorities and women."
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Legalizing Prostitution: a Criminological View, 2008.
A discussion of the legalization of prostitution from a feminist criminological perspective.
1,831 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fact that existing laws jeopardize the lives of sex workers and explains social learning theories and feminist criminological theories that support the decriminalization of prostitution as a humanitarian undertaking. The author defines prostitution and suggests what feminists and human rights activists could lobby for in order to ensure that prostitutes have rights both as individual people and sex industry workers. The author concludes that if the sex industry was regulated and sex workers were provided with legal protection, safety, and health services, they might be enabled to rise above survival mode and escape from prostitution.
From the Paper
"Proponents of the legalization and decriminalization of prostitution state that prostitution reduces the sex worker to a commodity. However, if prostitution were decriminalized, legalized, and regulated, sex workers could escape the streets, have access to a safer working environment, gain ample access to health care services, and demand legal protection under the law. If nothing else (setting all rape issues aside) a person who forces sex without consent on a sex worker could be prosecuted for destruction of property and theft of merchandise--in the same way that muggers, thieves, and robbers are prosecuted. After all, whose property and merchandise is being referred to? Hers. A commodity perhaps, but still no less a human being."
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Crime and Prejudice in the U.S., 2008.
This paper explores the problem of race, crime and injustice in the American criminal justice system.
3,432 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper examines literature and statistics and clearly shows that there is an over-representation of minorities in the American criminal justice system. The paper explores the reality of bias and prejudice in society and in the justice and legal system. The paper also considers the theory that minorities are more inclined to criminal behavior due to social and economic factors. The paper concludes that, other factors notwithstanding, there is definitely a certain amount of prejudice in the system that has to be eradicated.
The paper includes graphs and charts.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime Rates and Race
Incarceration Rates and Race
Causative Factors
Other Causative Factors
Conclusion: The Consequences of Prejudice
From the Paper
"The link between race and crime in the United States is one that is not often well understood and has only been fully discussed and analyzed in detail fairly recently. There are many myths and supposition that exist with regards to the connection between race and crime - including the assumption in some quarters that some race or ethnic groups are naturally more prone to crime. The reality of bias and prejudice has to be taken account of on many levels in society, as well as in the justice and legal system. This is a cause for concern and will be a central focus of this study."
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The Ultimate Sentence, 2008.
An argument supporting the use of capital punishment for murder crimes in the United States.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper brings evidence to illustrate that capital punishment has proven to be an effective deterrent against murder. The paper contends that the death penalty is an appropriate response for victims and believes that our justice system has adequate safeguards to protect the innocent. The paper therefore argues that the death penalty is an appropriate means for justice that should be supported in the United States.
From the Paper
"Opponents of capital punishment believe that murder is not a type of crime that the death penalty can deter because people commit murders largely in the heat of passion and/or under the influence of alcohol or drugs, giving little thought to the possible consequences of their acts (The death penalty). However, data demonstrates that there is a clear relationship between executions and murders, proving that the death penalty is an effective deterrent. In 1960, there were 56 executions and 9,140 murders in the U.S. And, in 1964, when there were only 15 executions, the number of murders had risen to 9,250. By 1969, there were no executions and the number of murders skyrocketed to14,590."
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Recidivism and African-American Juvenile Offenders, 2008.
An examination of recidivism rates of African-American juvenile offenders and the need for future research of the issue.
4,469 words (approx. 17.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the recidivism rates of African American juvenile offenders, including a theoretical background and an outline of the contributions to the field of juvenile justice. It includes critiques and suggestions for future research and concludes with policy implications regarding recidivism rates of African-American juvenile drug offenders.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Literature Review
Contributions to the Field of Juvenile Justice
Policy Implications
Critiques of the Juvenile Justice System
Suggestions for Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A review of the literature indicates that although recidivism rates among African American juvenile drug offenders remain very high, there are other methods of addressing the problem. The available research indicates that juvenile diversion programs reduce criminal justice system costs and are more cost-effective than traditional processing. One of the difficulties faced by diversion programs is that most programs are able to deal with only two or three percent of cases charged and may have difficulty demonstrating a downstream impact on recidivism. Finally, juvenile justice and recidivism necessitates more research studies, as there still remain many questions on how to prevent recidivism from occurring."
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Punitive Incarceration, 2008.
An overview of the outcomes of punitive incarceration approaches as opposed to community-based rehabilitation alternatives.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the numerous reports and studies that attest to the high incarceration rates in American prisons. The paper explores the reason for this high rate of incarceration and notes that it is biased towards women of color. The central aim of this paper is to ascertain the given causes and reasons for the high rate of gender disparity in the prison system. This paper takes into account the question of whether punitive approaches or community-based rehabilitation are the best options for this gender group.
From the Paper
"There is a wide range of causes given for this situation with regard to the high percentage of women of color in our prisons. One of the central causation factors is trauma and abuse among women of all races. Studies show, for example, that there is a high correlation between abuse and trauma and arrests for juvenile delinquency. (Chesney-Lind and Okamoto, 2001) It has also been found that, "... children who experience abuse of any kind have typically been found to run away at higher rates than their non-abused peers" (Trogdon S. 2006). An important point is the link between abuse and later criminal activity. In a study by Jimerson et al (2004) it was found that that females in detention for delinquency crimes are often much more likely to have been abused before incarceration than men. The figures quoted are sixty-eight percent of women abused compared to nineteen percent of men. "
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Murder Laws, 2008.
An examination of the history of elements of murder under historical common law, as well as current statutes for murder in the state of Idaho.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how murder has been considered a crime since the beginning of written law and how, through the years, common laws regarding murder have been adapted according to the needs of society and state. It examines the history of elements of murder under historical common law, with a focus on current statutes for murder in the state of Idaho. Further, it compares the elements of each, and discusses possible reasons for differences and similarities. Finally, the paper suggests new changes to current laws that may be needed due to current societal needs.
From the Paper
"Further statutes show even more divergence from common law. IC 18-4003 clearly lays out all forms of murder that qualify for first-degree. Remember that, in common law, first degree murder required only premeditation. This statute is very clear, and does not solely include the premeditation portion of common law elements. In IC 18-4003, any murder perpetrated by poison, torture, or lying in wait, or any murder that is deliberate and premeditated is classified as first-degree. However, the statute also includes any murder of a police officer, by a person previously convicted of murder, committed during the commission of another felony, committed while incarcerated, or committed while attempting to escape a penal institution (IC 18-4003)."
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Assault and Battery, 2008.
An examination and the history and development of common law assault and battery.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history of common law assault and battery elements and it compares those with the statutes developed for one of the states in America, Idaho. The paper looks at specific cases to discuss the developments. Additionally, the paper discusses possible reasons for the changes and then examines future alterations in terms of modern society.
From the Paper
"The definition of aggravated battery also differentiates from common law, which has no such definition. Idaho statute IC 18-907 defines the crime as someone who, in the course of committing battery, commits great bodily harm, disability, or disfigurement, uses a deadly weapon, uses a chemical, or attacks a pregnant female and causes harm to the fetus. The statute continues to state those performing consensual abortions, giving appropriate medical treatment to a pregnant female, or a woman who injures her own embryo or fetus, is not to be subject to aggravated battery (IC 18-907). It is clear through the very detailed description of instances regarding pregnant females that such a population was a primary focal point of this statute."
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Private Detectives/Investigators, 2008.
This paper focuses on private detectives/investigators and their ethical standards.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the occupation of private detectives/investigators and the code of ethics associated with the occupation. The paper also explores the unique ethical standards for the profession and identifies at least two examples of potential ethical dilemmas specific to this line of work that the code of ethics is meant to discourage.
Outline:
Introduction
Job Description
Ethics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the occupational handbook published by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS), private detectives/investigators are responsible for carrying out a wide range of services. Depending on the type of crime that has been committed, private detectives might be involved in surveillance activities that may include following the individual or tracking communications (Private Detectives and Investigators, n.d.). In some cases, private detectives/investigators may have to conduct background checks or conduct interviews. Private detectives/investigators may also be responsible for investigating cyber crimes such as identity theft or electronic harassment."
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