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Gangs, Drugs and Violence, 2007.
An analysis of the association between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States.
1,533 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between gangs, drugs and violence in the United States. It describes the history of gangs in the US and the history of their association with drugs and violence. The paper then analyzes the reasons behind this association and how it is affecting society in the US. The paper concludes that gangs are growing organizations in the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Gangs in the United States
Gangs and Violence
Gangs and Drugs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research indicates that gangs are growing organizations in the United States. Currently there is no the country that is not affected by gangs, and it is the school systems that are the targeted home of many gang groups. Gangs elect to focus on schools because of the large youth population that is attracted to drugs and that contains new members for their organizations. The attraction to drugs is significant for gangs because drug activity is the primary source of income for American gangs, which also leads to the violent acts that gang members commit. These violent acts occur because of the gang's desire to protect their "turf" in most cases. When a gang member believes that other rival gangs may be selling or producing drugs in their own area, gang members retaliate with "drive-bys" or other acts of violence. Additionally, the violent acts mat occur because of the gang's desire to collect money that will either support their operation, or buy drugs that the gang members will use themselves. In the modern era gangs are becoming more organized in their drug related activities, producing and importing many of the drugs that they sell on the street. As their businesses grow, so does the violence that is believed to be required to protect their organizations."
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Curing Addiction: India and Canada, 2007.
This paper looks at Vipassana, the Indian meditation method used for curing addiction and mental illness of prison inmates.
3,307 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a program of meditation introduced in Indian prisons, Vipassana, that enables inmates to overcome addiction and problems of mental health while gaining a new orientation of themselves and their situations. The paper examines the Vipassana experiment in New Delhi's Tihar Jail and discusses the benefits of implementing this program into Canadian prisons.
Outline:
Introduction
Addictions and Canadian Offenders
Recognizing Addiction in India
What is Vipassana?
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Terry explained that Canadian recidivism often revolves around an offender's ability to cope with addiction, the ex-offender a person having overcome addiction, and the repeat offender a person not having achieved this. (2002) Canadian officials and institutions need to look further afield for programming, bearing in mind how Third World settings are keenly hampered by fiscal concerns. In short, a program affordable and effective in India is apt to prove effective given the extra supports available in the West. Moreover, what has been offered to Canadian federal offenders has not always served addicted offenders well -- the addict is frequently the 'repeat offender' with whom Federal prisons often deal."
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Media Coverage of Crime, 2007.
A review of the factors that play a role in the media coverage of crime.
1,281 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the validity of the hypothesis that crimes are largely covered in the media because they provoke public interest and a fascination with the macabre and that for this reason the majority of covered crimes tend to be violent in nature. It discusses whether factors such as victim characteristics, perpetrator demographics or other variables play a role in media coverage of crime.
Table of Content:
Introduction
The Effects of Crime, Victim and Defendant Characteristics
Other Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Though a number of cliched explanations for biased media coverage of crime stories exist, the findings of the relevant research elicit interesting, contrary results. It appears that the biggest predictor of media coverage may be the number of victims relating to the news incident, which one may interpret in relation to the popularity of violent crime: a story involving a large number of victims probably involves a high degree of violence. Many typical conceptions regarding media coverage, including influences from location, victim and defendant characteristics, and weapon demographics, seem doubtful. Evidently crime news in general is popular because the public are interested in the drama of it all - drama which may have little to do with the actual crime, as the media exaggerates crime stories and tends to portray them from the police's point of view. It is the human element of crime that draws in viewers, and it is human enterprise that is responsible for biased media coverage of crime."
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Female Gangs, 2007.
This paper discusses the differences in behavior between male and female gangs.
1,603 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper explores gangs, with a focus on female gangs and the behavioral differences between male and female gangs. The paper also provides evidence that although female gang behavior may be less violent, it is still a cause for social concern.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Gang Overview
Female Gangs
Differences in Behaviors Between Male and Female Gangs
Female Gangs: Still a Cause for Social Concern
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Early on, sociologists and the media portrayed gangs as groups of deviants who were not clearly in violation of any laws, but were considered to be in violation of folkways. However, today the term "gang" conjures entirely different images. Instead of a group of boys hanging out on a corner, gangs today bring forth images of lawless groups, images that cause people to feel angry or fearful. Today, gangs are most often thought to be involved in violent crime and drug-related activities. "In other words, gangs have become to be viewed as groups of individuals involved in illicit or illegal drug-dealing accompanied by violence" ("Youth gang", n.d.)."
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Crime Story Salience, 2007.
A look at what characteristics of crime stories cause them to be particularly salient to people.
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine why so many people are so interested in crime by analyzing the subject of crime stories in the news media. It focuses on the research of Steven Chernak who found some support for the hypothesis that the seriousness of a crime is an important predictor of how much attention it will get in the news.
From the Paper
"Chernak commences his article with a comprehensive literature review. In this review, he reports on other studies into the subject of crime stories in the news media. Drawing on these studies, he points out that at least 25% of news space is allocated to crime stories. Of these, the crimes that receive the most attention are serious personal crimes, especially murder. On the other hand, the media pays scant attention to drug offences - although this does seem to be increasing. Researchers have also thrown some light on victim and defendant characteristics of crime stories. As Chernak notes, victims are most frequently portrayed as elderly or young, white, and male. "
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Youth Crime: Exploring Residential Child Care, 2007.
A review of the benefits to juvenile correction of using residential child care centers.
2,632 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the effectiveness of residential child care as a means of providing an alternative to traditional detention centers. It explains and emphasizes the beneficial outcomes that occur for resident juvenile offenders both during and after their stay in residential child care centers. The paper recommends reform of the juvenile detention system through these centers.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Statement of the Problem
Proposed Future Directions
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"The implementation of residential child care has the potential to significantly alter the character of juvenile punishment. If effective, this will create a setting in which positive change can be made within juvenile punishment; no longer will an authoritative punishment philosophy be applied, but rather an environment conducive to the wellbeing of the juvenile offender will be created. It is hoped that this type of setting will educate the juvenile offender in appropriate social behaviors and provide a support system that will continue into the offender's adulthood."
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Criminal Justice and Victims' Rights, 2007.
An analysis of the history, development and success of the victim's rights movement in the United States.
3,349 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper looks closely at the victims' rights movement in the United States. The paper especially looks at the history of the movement - largely from the late 1960s onwards - and considers the dramatic changes in the legal system it has provoked. The paper also delves into the prerogatives of victims today (courtesy of the victims' rights movement) and examines the ways in which victims' rights and their cries for restitution are being enforced across America. Finally, the paper ponders the impact of the movement upon, not only victims, but also upon judges and criminals and looks ahead briefly to what the future might hold.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Victim's Rights in America: An Exploration
From the Paper
"It does not take an expert's analysis to lead one to the conclusion that the victims' rights movement has been a great success. The many laws and victims' rights delineated in earlier pages do not have to be recounted here, but they are major advances upon what was once commonplace. At the same time, if Fletcher is correct, many victims' rights groups are now looking to attack the legal rights of defendants even more than they have, including launching campaigns to revise procedural laws pertaining to the admittance of various types of evidence (among other things). It seems probable that such groups are also interested in striking from the books the ability of a judge to use discretionary sentencing for many crimes, replacing this with mandatory minimum sentences. These goals are not necessarily ill-founded, but there is the danger that they lead to the presumption of innocence at the heart of the American criminal justice system being turned on its head."
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses four criminological theories and explanations for crime.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews, in chronological order, four significant criminological theories - early biological theory as championed by Cesare Lombroso, ecological theory as made popular by the Chicago School, Merton's Economic Strain theory, and feminist criminological theory emphasizing a "gendered" approach to understanding crime - and illustrates how each succeeding theory was either indebted to the one before it or produced in response to the one which came before. Every bit as meaningfully, the paper takes a closer look at the social or intellectual trends/fashions which made it possible for new, divergent theories to achieve prominence even when pre-existing theories seemed unshakable in their primacy. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the field of criminology is fertile, evolutionary and ceaselessly dynamic.
Outline:
Abstract
Criminological Theories: The Emergence and Evolution of Four Theoretical Explanations for Crime
From the Paper
"Quite simply, whatever its shortcomings, early biological theory was a welcome respite from doctrinaire "free will" explanations of crime which had largely dominated the intellectual landscape up until the last quarter of the nineteenth century. In light of this fact, his work should be understood and appreciated within its historical context and not judged wholly by the criminological standards of today."
"Although his contribution to criminology was most welcome, it was not long before a number of academics began to call his findings into question. The most famous of all these dissenters was not an individual, per se, but a school. Specifically, criminologists in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago became the chief advocates of a new criminological theory known as ecological crime theory ..."
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The Rational Choice Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the feminist perspective of the rational choice theory as an explanation for female crime.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief definition of the rational choice theory and argues that the theory, while plausible, is far too laden with masculine, patriarchal assumptions to be an effective explanation for female crime. The paper shows how females have been constrained historically by patriarchal forces and concludes that this is sufficient proof that the theory functions better as an explanation for male criminal behavior than for female criminal behavior.
From the Paper
"Simply put, rational choice theory holds that criminals are rational or "purposive" actors who calculate the relative benefits and costs of committing an act and make a decision which they believe will maximize the utility of their (criminal) actions. According to at least one online source, rational choice theory also posits that the alternatives available to any actor or group of actors is necessarily constrained by the environment and by the institutions within which they make their decisions. In the end, it appears as though rational choice theory posits that criminals select certain victims and/or certain types of crime because they feel the reward is sufficient to justify the risk or the risk is low enough that the "lure" of the reward becomes over-mastering (O'Connor 2005)."
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Computer Hacking, 2007.
This paper discusses how computer hackers gain entry to another's computer files.
1,882 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper defines "hackers" and describes the sophisticated techniques they now use to gain entry into the personal electronic databases and computers of others. The paper explains "back door" viruses and explores what everyday PC users can do to prevent hackers and the viruses they spawn from intruding upon one's life. The paper concludes that a commitment to frequently updating PC components and overall vigilance is often sufficient to overcome the cleverness of professional hackers.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it is important to understand precisely who and what hackers are. For one thing, hackers are individuals who use their computer skills unlawfully (that is to say, without authorization) to enter the network files, computer networks and/or databases of other individuals, businesses or organizations ("Hacker" defin.2). The motivations which drive these individuals are, unsurprisingly, complex, but it appears as though many hackers intrinsically welcome the personal challenge involved in breaking down a computer or network's defenses (Voiskounsky & Smyslova, 2003). In that sense, a good many hackers may be defined as egotists who commit these acts simply because they can. On the other hand, hackers tend also to be (but by no means exclusively) emotionally immature individuals who engage in their nefarious activities out of a desire to either rebel against society or out of a desire to participate in a form of thrill-seeking."
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Due Process and the War against Terror, 2007.
An explanation of three approaches that the US can take to provide due process to suspected terrorists.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the War on Terror and the number of issues that have been raised vis-a-vis how Americans should treat suspected terrorists. The paper provides an explanation of three different approaches to providing due process to these terrorists and suggests that a compromise approach should be followed. The paper describes each approach and describes the suggested compromise.
From the Paper
"As suggested above, a careful regard for the procedural rights of suspected terrorists - their "Due Process" rights - is vital inasmuch as it sends a message to critics both within and without America that the world's great superpower is committed to doing the "right thing" and not merely the expedient thing. Needless to say, projecting this image goes a long way towards solidifying international support for U.S. military operations abroad and it also goes a very long way towards ensuring that other nations will be more cooperative in "rooting out" terrorist elements within their own states - both developments which will necessarily bolster U.S. security. But more than that, America is in a position where it can protect the procedural rights of terrorist operatives without bequeathing to those individuals the sorts of privileges and prerogatives normally available to an American citizen accused of a criminal offense in the United States."
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Business Computer Security, 2007.
This paper discusses how companies can reduce the risk of illegal intrusion into their computer systems.
1,197 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that every company today is vulnerable to some form of illegal intrusion into its database. The paper explains the importance of the awareness of the need for protection. The paper also describes the many forms of protection available today and stresses that one system of protection is not sufficient; many layers of security offer the best protection.
From the Paper
"Every company today is vulnerable to some form of illegal intrusion into its database. Such an intrusion could be physical if an outsider can gain access to the LAN of a company, and if the company is connected to the Internet, such an intrusion can come from outside. Numerous means are used to prevent this sort of intrusion, such as firewalls, password protection, anti-virus software, and so on, almost all of which can be breached by someone who has the time and the equipment to mount a protracted assault. The types of assault that might be launched are varied as well, from direct entry to tamper with or recover records to the implantation of viruses, worms, spy programs, and so on."
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Risk Management, 2007.
This paper looks at the role of risk management in justice and security organizations.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that risk management may very well be the most under-appreciated aspect of administering any law enforcement organization. The writer looks at the role risk management plays in federal, state and local law enforcement and in security organizations in general. The paper illustrates how proper risk management is arguably the most important thing these organizations do on a daily basis and how much of what they do in this regard can be broken down into a simple mathematical formula that weighs risks, possible damages, and asset values. The writer notes that these are all with the aim of coming up with a system of defense that limits the ability of criminal elements to destroy property or endanger lives.
From the Paper
"Because they must also deal with the public in tense situations, and because they are likewise responsible for protecting physical and human assets, security agencies also must concentrate their daily activities and long and medium-range plans around risk management. While the ARM formula appears to be something most often associated with police departments, security agencies obviously can apply this approach to their own work and this will greatly determine which assets will receive the greatest attention and where human resources will be allocated; it will also be used to tailor training programs so as to produce employees capable of meeting the most pressing and likely scenarios."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper examines the problem of racial profiling in the United States and Canada.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that courts give the police discretion in who they stop during traffic stops, but statistics prove that more African-Americans are stopped than whites. The paper reveals that many African-Americans are frisked, their vehicles are taken apart and they either get a ticket or go to jail for some bogus reason. The paper points out the opinion that racial profiling is not a problem, but disagrees and argues that changes must be made to stop this racial profiling.
From the Paper
"Imagine a young African American driving A Ford Explorer to an interview when he is pulled over by the Georgia State Patrol. The young man was driving five miles over the speed limit or less. The police officer asks for back up though he does not appear to have a valid reason for back up. The two officers take apart the Ford Explorer looking for drugs (Callahan and Anderson 2001). Would this same scene have happened with a white male? It is important to look at the definition of racial profiling, how the courts give police officers the discretion to stop African Americans and how the problem of racial profiling should be stopped."
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