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The Use of Tasers, 2007.
An argument against the use of Taser stun-guns by law enforcement agencies.
1,567 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the main argument in favor of Tasers is that it is a non-lethal replacement for firearms and impact weapons such as batons and, hence, a more humane alternative for controlling violent individuals. The paper argues, however, that law enforcement agencies readily allow the use of Tasers in situations that would not even justify the use of batons or other impact weapons. The paper also asserts that Tasers cause severe pain and their touch stun function is designed to cause pain and debilitation. The paper claims there are an increasing number of deaths caused by the use of Tasers and contends that unchecked and increasing use of Tasers in law enforcement needs a serious review.
Outline:
Replacement of Lethal Weapons or a Routine Force Option?
Overuse
Causes Severe Pain
Stun Function Mode
Lethal Weapon
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The use of Tasers , dart-firing weapons designed to cause instant immobility by delivering a high voltage shock, has gained widespread use in recent times among the law enforcement agencies, particularly in the USA. Its supporters claim that they are a safer, non-lethal alternative to many conventional weapons in controlling dangerous or combative individuals and have resulted in bringing down the injuries to police officers and suspects since their introduction. A closer look at the pro-taser arguments, the use of the weapon by the law enforcers, and its effects, however, gives a contrary picture."
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Ted Bundy: A Lost Resource, 2007.
A discussion on how Ted Bundy's life story could have provided a fascinating and valuable resource for criminal and psychological studies today if he had been allowed to live.
1,979 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Ted Bundy, the man who violently stole the lives of more than forty women, does not easily fit into any compartment of criminal theory. An outwardly intelligent, responsible and gregarious person, Bundy's killing spree went unchecked over a period of years, because his personality and lifestyle did not fit with any previously established profile of a serial killer. It contends that Bundy, had he lived out his life in prison, may have provided the world with extraordinary insights into one of the most perplexing criminal minds in American history.
From the Paper
"In Dr. Charles Whitfield's 2004 book, The Truth About Mental Illness, he demonstrates a very strong link between mental illness and childhood trauma. Complex childhood post-traumatic stress syndrome is an area that is being explored in depth during this decade. However, during Bundy's incarceration, although childhood trauma was considered as a factor, it was not well understood. Born in Burlington, Vermont in 1946, Bundy was the illegitimate child of a woman whose family was so ashamed of his mother's unmarried status when she gave birth, that his grandparents claimed him as their own child. They led Ted and others to believe that his mother was his older sister. When he was thirteen, a cousin proved to Ted that his "older sister" was actually his mother. "
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Substance Abuse, 2006.
A discussion regarding the correlation between drug addiction and the tendency to commit crime.
3,477 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the high percentage of drug abuse amongst prison inmates. According to the paper, the United States Bureau of Prisons (BOP) developed a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program in 1989, in an attempt to alter both the criminal and substance abuse behaviors of inmates. This paper attempts to determine which treatment programs are most effective in treating inmates with substance abuse problems.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose
Problem
Review of Literature
Juvenile Correction Facilities
Discussion of Relevant Issues
Analysis
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the Paper
"Indeed program retention is critical as it has been found to be a critical part of ensuring that treatment is effective. The authors explain that there is a positive correlation between long term outcomes and retention rates four both adults and adolescents. In their analysis Hser et al (2001) assessed the correlation between after treatment outcomes and program retention for adolescents in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Project. This assessment was conducted across a range of program types that were inclusive of short-term inpatient, residential, and outpatient drug-free (Hser et al 2001). The study found that longer stays in treatment (90 days or more) could be correlated with lower levels of substance abuse in addition to lower rates of arrest in the year following treatment. "
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Vicarious Liability, 2007.
This paper examines the concept of vicarious liability and its applications in law enforcement.
843 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that vicarious liability is a legal concept which refers to one party being held liable for the injury or damage sustained by another party, in spite of the fact that they had no active involvement in the incident. The paper clarifies that the intent behind vicarious liability is to hold the proper party accountable when harm is committed. The paper relates the history behind this concept and looks at a variety of situations in which a party, including contractors, parents and employers, may be charged with vicarious liability .
From the Paper
"Before there was law enforcement, local communities operated self-help systems to keep the peace and enforce contracts. Before the thirteenth century a common law arose that there existed an involuntary collective responsibility by the whole community for the actions committed by each member of the community. Later this was formalized into law as the Community Responsibility System. It was enforced because community reputation would be lost and retaliation by the injured party would be leveled against the community if compensation was not paid. Costly wars were fought over the acts of one person committing a crime against someone in another community, and this had to be avoided."
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Female Psychopathy - Offenders in Perspective, 2006.
An in-depth look at the female psychopath.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the female psychopath. The paper reports that according to studies, there are perhaps more than two million psychopaths in North American. This paper maintains that a lot more research is needed in order to better understand the profile of the female psychopath.
Outline:
Introduction
Thesis Statement
Summary (Literature Review)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Without giving a specific breakdown of how many of the girls showed traits that matched the expected traits of psychopathic girls, the authors admit that this was only a beginning in a long series of research studies needed in the matter of determining the presence of psychopathy in girls' personalities. They stated that there were "notable differences" between the similarity and consistency when comparing Hale's model in adult males and the female responses. Five of the items in the sample which were found to be good "discriminators" in this sample ("conning/manipulative behavior"; "unstable interpersonal relationships"; "irresponsibility"; "juvenile delinquency" and "impersonal sexual behavior") did not match up with Hare's discriminators in adult females."
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Restorative Justice and Rape Victims, 2007.
An analysis of how restorative justice is used by rape victims to heal after the crime.
1,351 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of restorative justice with regards to rape victims. It gives a definition of restorative justice according to different groups and describes how this form of justice is meant to assist the victim. The paper discusses restorative justice in relation to past cases of rapes and how the victims and families dealt with the crime.
From the Paper
"Because Lucy's bones were part of the evidence, the family could not receive them until the case was ended, but Marian did see her sister's bones; "I gasped at the sight of her skull - it was so beautiful, like burnished gold..." Meanwhile in order to bring closure, Marian was advised by her Buddhist counselor about restorative justice, and she became involved in mediation for other rape victims. Marian told a group of incarcerated rapists that her sister had been gagged before being killed, and so she, Marian, wished to hear their truths. "One of the prisoners who had committed multiple rape said, '...Until you spoke I was just play at victim empathy,' and it clearly helped him to understand what he'd done." And moreover, Marian is planning to write a letter to one of the two persons (now in prison) responsible for the mass murders (and Lucy's murder). "Those who know her [the convicted co-murderer] have advised me that it is not yet time to suggest..." a meeting between the two. "Meanwhile, I am content to continue sending her compassion," Marian concluded."
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The Causes of Criminal Behavior, 2007.
An analysis of the factors influencing criminal behavior.
1,236 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how experts have blamed biological, psychological and social factors for the making of a criminal. The paper looks at the biological theory that certain individuals are predisposed to the commission of criminal acts as a result of their genetic make-up. The paper points out, however, that environmental conditions must still be present that induce criminal tendencies to manifest themselves. The paper also examines how individuals may be affected by psychological factors and social influences. The paper concludes that while biology may play a role, it is clear that criminals are made, not born.
From the Paper
"The perennial problem of crime has led to many theories on the origin of criminal behavior. Over the years, experts have blamed a range of factors: biological, psychological and social. Supporters of the biological explanation look for genetic attributes that can be associated with criminality. They seek either "criminal types" or specific genes that create a propensity for such personality attributes as violent behavior, amorality, mendacity, and so forth. Those who favor a psychological approach examine the ways in which an individual reacts to the life situations that he or she encounters. Perhaps the adult criminal was sexually abused as a child. He or she responded to this treatment by becoming violent and abusive toward others, venting his or her rage through criminal acts directed against persons who call to mind his original tormentors."
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Youth Crime in Canada, 2007.
This paper explores the media's role in the perception of juvenile crime in Canada.
1,541 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a detailed examination of youth crime in Canada and how the media promotes fear in the way it presents the problem to the public. The paper describes how the media's focus on crime has created a moral panic throughout the country, in which people believe that juveniles are a dangerous threat to the safety of adults. The writer explores several academic journals on the topic and concludes that part of the nation's fear of juveniles with regard to crime is caused by the media's decision to over-cover crimes in which juveniles are involved.
Outline:
Introduction
The Trend
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For the past several years it has appeared that youth crime is on the rise throughout Canada. Whether it is an increase in truancy, shoplifting or more violent crimes including school shootings, the nation seems to be faced with a significant rise in the number of juvenile offenders willing to commit illegal acts(Gaetz, 2004). Recently, the Canadian legislators have moved toward increasing the punishments for juvenile offenders in the hopes that it will deter future young people from deciding on a life of crime, however, the media continues to report issues involving teens."
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Interrogating Juveniles without Parents, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical and legal ramifications of interrogating a minor without his/her parents present.
3,149 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethics and legality of interrogating juveniles without their parents being present, particularly if the juvenile has requested their presence. It discusses tactics used in interrogations in order to improve the chances of receiving a confession. It then discusses whether there are special Miranda rules for juveniles and the consequences of that. The paper ends by discussing any practical considerations that should be taken into account when dealing with juveniles.
Table of Contents:
Just the Facts
Case by Case
II. The Interrogation
Interrogation Points
Criminal Interrogation Ethics
To Tell the Truth
Juvenile Facts
III. The Presumption of Innocence
BARD
Just the Facts
No Question
Practical Considerations
From the Paper
"Geraghty & Drizin (1999) contend that Judges frequently fail to speak up and propose thoughtful solutions for the senseless injustices they see done to children on a daily basis. Some judges who are empathetic to the new juvenile justice draconian approaches fail to speak out as they support the "get tough" policies. Other judges fail do not verbalize counter thoughts as they are concerned they would inevitably become entangled with the political process and violate the Code of Judicial Conduct's prohibition and foster the impression they lack impartiality. This researcher posits that one daily injustice regularly practiced in the legal system is the interrogation of isolated juveniles."
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"Losing Matthew Shepard"--A Review, 2007.
A presentation of the facts surrounding an anti-gay murder from B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard."
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the murder of Matthew Shepard, its background and repercussions, as portrayed in B. Loffreda's book "Losing Matthew Shepard." The reviewer first delves into the myths Loffreda presents surrounding gay populations outside of major urban centers. The paper then outlines the active homophobia in some rural areas, such as Wyoming, where the Shepard murder took place. The reviewer finds Loffreda's analysis to be extensive, since she was able to talk to many people in the town who otherwise avoided speaking to the media. Her investigation took place at the same time as the trial and other events related to the crime, making her ability to get answers from a shell-shocked public all the more remarkable.
From the Paper
"Wyoming is a part of the country that sees itself as separated from the sort of tensions ascribed by the populace to places like New York City. Some may also see New York and Los Angeles as bastions of gay populations while trying to deny that there are any gay people at all in the hinterlands, though clearly there are. Shepard had jus recently joined a group at the university called the Lesbian Gay bisexual Transgender Association (LGBTA), and though this was the only gay organization on campus and in Laramie as a whole, its existence shows that there was a sizeable gay population in the area. Others in the group had been attacked, leading to a view that anti-gay feelings were pervasive and that these might have contributed to the death of Shepard."
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Community-Oriented Policing, 2007.
A discussion on the benefits and limitations of community-oriented policing.
1,252 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how community-oriented policing can be an incredibly effective method for reducing crime in areas where mistrust of the police has hampered law-enforcement efforts in the past. The paper discusses how a community might see the police as negative authorities, possessing racist or authoritarian attitudes, rather than as potentially positive social influences of control. The paper explains that, by involving the entire neighborhood in reducing drug abuse, violence, the use of unauthorized weapons, and other such activities, crime can be reduced through community policing. The paper further examines how in the case of so-called victimless crimes, such as illegal smoking in restaurants, community policing becomes more problematic.
From the Paper
"Cigarette smoking in non-designated places is seen as a victimless crime. Of course, the idea of a victimless crime is something of a misnomer. The law banning smoking in restaurants was passed to protect the health of food servers and other restaurant staff, so that these employees would not have to suffer the affects of second-hand smoke all day long. The law was also designed to protect the health of patrons, some of whom might not have consciously chosen to be exposed to second-hand smoke in a small, closed environment."
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Adult Prisoner Reentry, 2007.
An examination of issues associated with convicts reentering society following prison terms.
1,457 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems associated with the current national movement in corrections known as offender reentry. The author considers the challenges that the released prisoners face, including integrating into their former communities and the probability of recidivism. Several viewpoints are considered in connection with prisoner reentry, ranging from those in favor of prisoners serving sentences without the possibility of release to prisoners being given skills, such as job training, to facilitate their integration into society. The Second Chance Act, legislation to facilitate prisoner reentry, is described at length.
Outline:
Second Chance Act
The Institutional Phase
The Step-Down Phase
Community Release Phase
Aftercare Services
References
From the Paper
"Challenges presented by reentry, along with concerns regarding ex-offenders returning to their former communities, range from the released individual posing a danger to their former victims to extra expenses related to a crime being committed to the ex-offender not being reestablished and committing another crime. As most offenders eventually return to their home communities, however, counters that contribute to an ex-prisoner becoming a positive part of society need to be assessed and addressed. '"We know from long experience that if they [ex-offenders] can't find work, or a home, or help, they are much more likely to commit crime and return to prison." (Ibid.) "
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The Plea Bargaining System, 2007.
An analysis of the pros and cons of the plea bargaining system in the United States.
1,213 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the plea bargaining system in the United States. The writer explores the history of the system and discusses when it may be used. It then discusses the benefits and the negative elements involved in using the plea bargaining system. The paper concludes that while there are pros and cons to the system, the benefits far outweigh the negative elements because of the time and money that the system saves.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What Is It?
History
Benefits
Negative Elements
The Comparison
From the Paper
"There are numerous benefits to using the plea bargain system. The first and most important benefit from the standpoint of a prosecutor is the fact that it provides an automatic conviction. The prosecution does not have to worry about whether the evidence will hold up under the scrutiny of the system. They have to wonder if their witnesses will be believable during a traditional trial. In addition the prosecution is always at the mercy of the jury members. Jury members are human and subject to human emotion and error. A prosecutor faced with a trial will always be concerned that the jury will feel sorry for the defendant and even if convinced that the defendant committed the crime will acquit or provide a not guilty verdict."
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Hispanic Drug Gangs, 2007.
An examination of the population and issues associated with Hispanic drug gangs.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the ethnic composition of street gangs, with an emphasis on those that attract Hispanic youth. Also discussed are the activities of drug gangs and their association with organized crime. Several theories describing the Hispanic gang phenomenon are presented, although the author believes they do not account for all the factors affecting Hispanic street gangs. Other theories also have to be considered in the understanding of this phenomenon.
Outline:
Introduction and Overview
Theoretical Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
" There are a number of different characteristics that set Hispanic street gangs apart from other gang types. These include the fact that Hispanic gangs are more likely to develop along ethnic and racial lines. It should also be noted in this regard that the term "Hispanic" is a nebulous term which is often used to include other indigenous cultures such as "...Chicanos, Mexicans, El Salvadorians, Cubans, South Americans, and anyone else from a Spanish-speaking country." (THE PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONS ) Latino gangs are usually mainly male dominated. "Females who seemed to be with the gang all the time were perceived as more of a support system, companions, girlfriends, and some were referred to as "party animals." (THE PROBLEMS OF DEFINITIONS ) "
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