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The Graying Inmate: An Accelerating Crisis, 2008.
An examination of the aging prison population in America.
3,425 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the troubling phenomenon of an aging prison population in America. The paper looks at the threats posed by chronic ailments common to old age as well as the shortcomings of the current system when it comes to assisting the elderly. The paper further explains that chief among these shortcomings is the lack of a universal, national program or curriculum for meeting the needs of prisoners above the age of 50. The paper also examines some different options available to policy-makers eager to improve the situation. The paper then suggests that far from being mutually exclusive, many of these programs can serve as individual parts of a multi-pronged assault on the problem of the geriatric within the prison system of the United States. In conclusion, the paper shows that strong diagnostic and predictive capabilities, an on-going treatment program that reaches beyond release, recreational activities, and universal standards are all things that, working in tandem with specialized geriatric units, can save lives and make American prisons more humane.
From the Paper
"The American population is growing steadily older - literally year by year. This phenomenon has obvious and very serious implications for the nation's social welfare policies, but it also does not bode well for the United States prison system insofar as a graying prison population means the diversion of more and more scarce resources towards tending to the elderly individuals (or those individuals in late middle age) who happen to be behind bars. What the next several pages intend to show is that, while far from perfect in its response, the United States prison system is belatedly taking steps to assist those over 50 who are being held in our country's incarceration facilities; now what the US penal system needs to do is to work towards a universal geriatric prisoner care policy that will involve all states and hold all states rigidly accountable if they deviate from that policy."
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Intermediate Sanctions or Prison, 2008.
A discussion on whether intermediate sanctions are a better alternative than traditional incarceration in the public or private prison system.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how both public and private prisons have certain strengths as well as weaknesses in their administration and how intermediate sanctions are a viable alternative to prison sentences. Through a review of the literature, the paper examines how alternative sanctions appear to be effective options to long prison terms and how they may reduce recidivism rates, while saving American taxpayers money.
From the Paper
"On the other end of the spectrum, Blakely and Bumphus (2004) define private prisons as those run by private entities that have contracts with government agencies. Curtis R. Blakely is on staff at the University of South Alabama, while Dr. Vic W. Bumphus is on staff at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Private prisons are not a new concept by any means and were operational in Europe during the seventeenth century. The recent trend towards this type of facility began in 1984 in several States such as Tennessee and Florida. A great advantage in the private prison system as compared to the public prison system is cost: private prisons can deliver the same correctional service as a government facility, however at a significantly lower cost. "
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Implementing Mobile Data Terminals for Police Work, 2008.
An analysis of the implementation of mobile data terminals for the specific needs of police work.
2,141 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the process of managing change when adapting information technology (IT) to new uses. It discusses the need for core technology with enabling technology, which enables the core to achieve certain specific tasks. The paper particularly focuses on a police agencies, using mobile data terminals that have been adapted to the specific needs of police work.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
IT and Change
Management and IT
Traditional v. High-Technology Companies
Mobile Data Terminals
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In New York City, the NYPD is not the only police agency operating in the city. The Port Authority Police Department is another such entity, with a jurisdiction that ranges over a radius of twenty-five miles and covers all of the major arteries into New York City. JFK alone encompasses 5,000 acres with ten terminals and can be seen as being like a small city. The PAPD has an authorized strength of 1,400 police. AS in most departments, the PAPD commanding officers use the analytical data they can gather so that they can recognize anticipated public safety threats and allocate their resources to those threats. State-of-the-art communication capabilities are an important component of this preventive strategy, and to this end, the PAPD has placed mobile data terminals inside police cars to enable police to communicate immediately with motor vehicle bureaus and other government entities for fast background checks of detained persons (Morrone, 1998, paras. 9-12)."
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Sense and Nonsense about Criminal Justice, 2008.
A discussion, based on S. Walker's "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs", of the political nature of criminal justice in the United States and empirical evidence that should be used in making it independent.
3,477 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the link between the criminal justice system and politics in the United States. It suggests that independence for the criminal justice system would have to be paired with strict oversight, but could permit the development of new criminal justice policies that were based entirely on the empirical evidence and not on the political ideologies of politicians. The paper bases its arguments on "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs" by S. Walker.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant reason why criminal justice policies have had such limited effect is because they have not been based on available evidence and rigorous testing. Evidence-based policymaking is only recently coming into its own in the United States. This trend in criminal justice is perhaps the most important one to date. It should be encouraged without question. Evidence-based policymaking will help actors in the criminal justice system to sort through the current policies and weed out the ones that simply do not work to reduce crime or, worse, actually have an adverse effect on the goals of the system. Additionally, this approach to criminal justice can help design new, more effective, policies that are based on sound science and evidence instead of wishful thinking and faith in commonsense metaphors. It short, the lack of evidence-based testing in the criminal justice system has been a major factor in the limited effectiveness of existing policies. Incorporating empirical evidence and testing into the policy process will improve the quality of criminal justice policies in the future."
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Treatment & Intervention Strategies, 2008.
An intensive study on methods of treatment of crime specifically concerning recidivism in prison situations.
1,568 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes and evaluates treatment and intervention strategies within the correctional system, along with their effectiveness in influencing offender behaviors, as well astreatment and intervention impact on operations. It includes a discussion on studies of substance abuse, educational programs, community-based and faith-based programs, and programs geared to successfully acclimating offenders to a world outside of prison. The paper highlights major goal of each of these programs to effectively maintain the offender in the community and to prevent recidivism in the future.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem
Purpose
Goal and Objective
Relevant Literature
Research and Design Methods
Implications for Policy and Practice
Dissemination Strategy
From the Paper
"To assist in literacy efforts, the policymakers, corrections officers, and instructors within the prison system need to treat each prisoner as a valuable human being with potential to improve themselves through education. Additionally, studies have shown that "inmates reported that they were more inclined to participate in educational programs when they saw clear opportunities to improve their capabilities for success after being released. Further, ex-prisoners who participated in employment and vocational education programs in prison had a better chance of maintaining employment and earning slightly more money than similar ex-prisoners who had not participated in the programs"
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Psychology: State of Mind - A Critical Analyses, 2008.
A report on an individual's state of mind and the impact on responsibility for criminal activities.
780 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the controversial issue regarding the extent to which an individual's state of mind should impact his or her responsibility for criminal activities. The paper bases most of its discussion on D.W. Denno's article, "A Mind to Blame: New views on Involuntary Acts", from the "Behavioral Sciences and the Law" journal and concurs with Denno's call for a three-tiered approach that will allow for the inclusion of "semi-voluntary acts" to the legal conceptions of voluntariness and involuntariness .
From the Paper
"In terms of how the courts should handle such a matter, I am convinced that - for criminal offenses - it is best to take into account the defendant's altered consciousness after conviction, during the sentencing process, in other words. The reason is that a crime has clearly been committed and some form of redress is appropriate. However, a "discount" should be applied to the sentence in proportion to just how "conscious" the individual's actions were; in other words, if they were acting in a suspicious manner weeks prior to the event, that could be construed as premeditation and would work against them. As for individuals who are acquitted because of an altered state, it is fairly evident that they should receive some kind of conditions imposed upon their freedom insofar as their mental state did lead them towards the commission of criminal acts ."
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Identity Theft, 2008.
Argues that the increase in identity theft results directly from the uncontrolled explosion of personal and intimate information on the Internet.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the identity thief no longer needs to master the technical intricacies of computer science and hacking before setting out to appropriate a stranger's personal data. The author underscores that all the identity thief has to do is join one of the new on-line social networks, such as YouTube, FaceBook or JDate. The paper relates that many fans of these sites are alarmingly honest giving out their personal data, such as their social background, financial status, places of residence and career position. The author describes the method by which the identity thief gauges the desirability of a potential target and the way identity theft affects the victim.
From the Paper
"In addition, these same networking sites can often aid the identity thief in selling his stolen information to eager buyers: "The ability for hackers to go onto the Internet and chat up fellow hackers is as old as the Net itself. But with identity theft becoming a more popular form of fraud, according to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), more attention is being paid to chat rooms that serve as flea markets for hackers." Again, anonymity is a major incentive here, and the FBI's dismal failure at apprehending the thieves stems directly from the fact that criminals always operate under the cover of multiple screen names."
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Is The Death Penalty Biased?, 2008.
This paper explores whether there are biases in the application of the death penalty in the United States.
1,636 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.
Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "
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White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper explores white collar crime and offers a defense of corporate deregulation.
2,511 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper offers a definition of white collar crime and identifies the often neglected victims. The paper looks at the argument that deregulation of the business sector is a good thing even in the face of numerous allegations of corporate fraud and embezzlement. The paper discusses how the American system is not perfect, but maintains that it ultimately falls to companies to enforce their own moral codes and business protocols. The paper further contends that it is the responsibility of share-holders to ask tough questions, to exercise caution and prudence and to educate themselves on the business situation confronting them.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Defining White Collar Crime
The Neglected Victims of White Collar Crime
And Still, a Defense of Deregulation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"White collar crime emerged as a conspicuous problem in American society right around the same time as the heady, materialistic culture of the 1980s reached its height - or nadir, as the case may be. To wit, while always a part of the American business landscape (at least during the first four decades of the twentieth century, but surely earlier) white collar crime veritably exploded in the 1980s with the huge savings and loans scandals that rocked Wall Street. In this decade, the 2000s, the government has belatedly responded to the most recent rash of white collar crimes by passing a number of laws intended to curb corporate wrong-doing. Unfortunately, it is still too soon to ascertain whether or not these measures are actually working to reduce white collar crime - or simply producing more bureaucratic entanglements (for a broad discussion on all of this, please see Feeley, 2006)."
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Racism and the Judicial Process, 2008.
This paper argues that the judicial process does not result in racial discrimination.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the argument that the judicial process is to blame for the large percentage of African-American prison inmates in the USA. The writer argues against the idea that the large number of African Americans in jail is due to racism in the judicial system. The writer maintains that it is not the judicial process that is to blame. The writer concludes that it seems likely that more African Americans are arrested and later put in prison simply because more African Americans commit serious crimes.
From the Paper
"It supports the argument that more African-Americans are arrested and put in jail simply because they commit more serious crimes. It cannot be because of bias at the arrest stage, because the data shows that African-Americans are less likely to be arrested. It is of course possible that African-Americans are discriminated against later in the judicial process - for example, at the sentencing stage. However, we can conclude that their race does not make them more likely to be arrested in the first place, at least in the three crimes of rape, robbery and assault. D'Alessio and Stolzenberg sum it up as follows .. "
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Restorative Justice, 2008.
This paper describes the concept of restorative justice and applies it to the situation of children soldiers.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that restorative justice is an organized system designed to promote interpersonal reconciliation, to provide alternatives to more punitive justice systems and, hopefully, to do more lasting good than punishment alone. The author points out that restorative justice in the United States includes victim impact statements and often community service, where the criminal attempts to pay back the community as a whole for the harm he or she has done. The paper then looks at how a system of restorative justice could be used in societies with child soldiers. The paper concludes that, while restorative justice is not a one size fits all solution to criminal actions, it may be the only way to put back together a society wracked by a damaging domestic war.
From the Paper
"Recruitment of children can provide opportunities for children to observe how violence can trump reason. Recent studies of the civil war in Sri Lanka (Human Rights Watch Summary), describe the forceful recruitment of children by the LTTE, Tamil Tiger, rebel movement. Children can see how their unarmed parents are unable to resist the armed and brutal rebels. One can imagine the lesson the children would learn is that being armed would have enabled their parents to protect them; that violence will always win over reason."
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Offender Treatment Programs, 2008.
An evaluation of drug treatment intervention strategies within the correctional system.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates strategies within the correctional system and their effectiveness in influencing offender behaviors. The paper presents research on substance abuse, educational programs, community-based and faith-based programs and programs geared to successfully acclimating offenders to a world outside of prison. The paper also explains the research's implications for policy and practice.
Outline:
Abstract
Problem
Purpose
Goal and Objective
Relevant Literature
Research and Design Methods
Implications for Policy and Practice
Dissemination Strategy
From the Paper
"Drug abuse does not end after an offender is released from prison and is under community supervision. To the contrary, drug-using felons constitute a majority of offenders committing crimes while under community supervision. "Evidence has been consistent in demonstrating that successful substance abuse treatment not only reduces alcohol and other drug use, but also reduces criminal activity" (Wilkinson). Therefore, treatment that targets eliminating substance abuse is a valuable tool for reducing criminal activity and other social problems associated with substance abuse."
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Don't Abolish D.A.R.E.!, 2008.
An argument for the continuation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) drug prevention program.
723 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why the D.A.R.E. Program should not be eliminated from the curriculum in the face of strong statistical evidence that it is not effective in preventing drug abuse. The paper demonstrates the positive contributions of the program in spite of its ambiguous results. The paper contends that in the absence of an effective proven alternative, it is best to continue with even a slightly effective method to prevent drug abuse.
From the Paper
"The question is posed, in light of seemingly overwhelming evidence of its ineffectiveness, why not abolish the D.A.R.E. Program? There are several reasons as why not to abolish the program, the least of which is the statistical data that supports the supposition that the program does not reduce the incidences of drug abuse by the students that participate. However, the program is profoundly popular with parents and supporters of the schools and continues to garner near religious support for its continued inclusion in the school curriculum. Exposure to the course material is not shown to be harmful or increase the instances of drug use. Further, the cancellation a drug awareness program just might send the wrong message to the students."
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Drug Offender Treatment Programs, 2008.
A review of how future research can explore the relationship between drug offender treatment programs and the criminal justice field.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates how drug offender treatment programs have become an integral part of the overall correctional framework. More specifically, the paper shows that ofender treatment programs have become embedded in the structure of the prison-based treatment and criminal justice enforcement policy. The paper also outlines how future research that will be conducted will highlight the major facets of this relationship and show how drug offender treatment programs have been an integral part of the criminal justice realm.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Role of the Research - Why Focus on Drug Offender Treatment Programs
From the Paper
"There are a plethora of research topics that can be examined; however drug offender treatment programs provided one of the most expansive areas that had 'spillover' effects on other issues that were worth examining. In particular, while perusing the literature there seems to be a clear link between drug offender treatment programs as a punishment or deterrent to crime - that is, some non-violent drug offences are given sentences that force them to be enrolled in these drug offender treatment programs (MacKenzie, 2006, p. 200)."
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