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The Virginia Tech Shootings Media, 2008.
A content analysis that compares national versus international media coverage of the Virginia Tech shootings.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the hypothesis being tested in the paper is whether national coverage of the Virginia Tech shootings differed in the practices of journalism ethics when compared to international media coverage. The author describes the use of a statistical modeling analysis called content analysis to identify trends. The paper concludes that, from the content analysis of articles and media presentations on the Virginia Tech Shootings, the national coverage seemed to violate most of the journalism ethics principles; whereas, the international media was more consistent with ethical principles across the content. The paper concludes the content analysis is an appropriate method to analyze this case.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Using Content Analysis to Identify Trends
Journalism Ethics
Validity and Robustness of the Model - Is content analysis a suitable methodology for analyzing the VIRGINA TECH media coverage?
From the Paper
"This is a social issue and has an audience across a wide cross-section of society. The general attitudes towards the Virginia Tech shootings differed across the world, since many argue that the focus on the national news was on the perpetrator Seung-Hui Cho and his personal responsibility for the massacre as an individual with a psychological disorder. However, the international media more so focused on the United States gun laws and how easy it was for a mentally unstable citizen to access weapons that later laid to the death of thirty-two individuals at the University campus."
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Three Legal Doctrines, 2008.
Examines three legal doctrines: criminal liability, strict liability and justification of criminal conduct.
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that criminal liability is the idea that elements of a crime need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt and should be proven to have been committed by the defendant. The paper also relates that strict liability assigns some minimum level of social behavior and conformity to the actions of individuals; hence, it does not require the principle of mens rea to hold. Next, the paper reports that justification of criminal conductrefers to any act that would ordinarily be considered a crime but is negated by the fact the action was used to mitigate some aspect of criminal activity.
Table of Contents:
Criminal Liability
Strict Liability
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Justification of Criminal Conduct
From the Paper
"Self-defense as a justification for criminal conduct is not uncommon and simply refers to actions taken by an individual to prevent another individual from inflicting harm. For example, if a burglar enters an individual's premises and during a struggle gets killed, this can be classified as self-defense. However, choosing to not walk away from a challenge and killing or hurting an individual who attacked, may not be self defense.
"The defense of others is similar to the self-defense scenario above except the act of defense is done by another party."
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Corrections in Modern Society, 2008.
This paper discusses the "Three Strikes" legislation, mandatory minimum sentences and the effects of prolonged incarceration.
706 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two opposing views of the "Three Strikes" legislation and contends that the proponents of this legislation demonstrate a more convincing argument. The paper looks at the issue of mandatory minimum sentences and their effects upon drug crimes. The paper also reviews the length of incarceration time and its effect upon recidivism. The paper concludes that it is the duty of the citizenry to be sufficiently informed in order to encourage the proper actions of their political leaders.
From the Paper
"Few topics create political turmoil more than crime and punishment, and thus being such a hot button issue there are equally passionate and divergent points of view on the subject. Each point of view generally relies upon the same data set to draw their polar opposite opinions, and rarely do the facts get in the way of a strong politically motivated opinion. It is important to bear in mind the realities of a politically charged climate when reviewing these subjects, especially when each party is equally interested in the same goal, an overall reduction in crime and victimization of the innocent."
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Contemporary Death Penalty, 2008.
An examination of the issues surrounding capital punishment in America.
1,169 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the past history of the death penalty in America and the present state of the issue. The paper points out that this paper is intended to serve as a guide for a local police chief and for the local prosecutor. The paper then offers predictions about the future of the death penalty in America and recommendations on how this issue should be handled in the future. The paper also explains the past history of the death penalty in America. In conclusion, the writer believes that the evidence does not support the wide-spread use of capital punishment, and law enforcement authorities and prosecutors should avoid lobbying for it except in the most heinous crimes and when dealing with the most incorrigible and dangerous criminals.
Outline:
Introduction
Past History of the Death Penalty in America
Present State of the Death Penalty Issue
Prediction on the Future of the Issue and Recommendations for the Local Police Chief and the Local Prosecutor
From the Paper
"Further, even as Americans "humanized" the means by which the death penalty was carried out in the nineteenth century, African-American slaves habitually received little protection under the law and were brutally punished with death for reasons that had little to do with dispensing justice. Those who have studied the history of the death penalty in American society since the nineteenth century note that the practice, though it became comparatively more humanized, still used "rough means" in executing its task; to wit, the not-always-reliable electric chair emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century and the gas chamber began to proliferate in the 1920s."
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Impact of Schools and Family on Deviant Behavior, 2008.
A discussion of risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior and the role of school and family in the development of deviant and criminal behavior.
2,583 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of schools and family on future deviant or criminal behavior and discusses the proven correlation between negative school and family environments and future deviant or criminal behavior. It describes risk factors for adolescents and the development of antisocial behavior. The paper looks at the role of escape conditioning during family interactions in the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior and discusses the application of the social learning theory.
From the Paper
"According to Williams (2000) Long Beach school officials found that in the year following implementation of the school uniform policy, overall school crime decreased thirty-six percent, fights decreased fifty-one percent, sex offenses decreased seventy-four percent, weapons offenses decreased fifty percent, assault and battery offenses decreased thirty-four percent, and vandalism decreased eighteen percent. Unexpectedly, fewer than one percent of the students have elected to opt out of the uniform policy."
"Some school systems have allowed students to decide whether to wear uniform clothing, but others have determined that a mandatory school uniform policy with no opt out provision is necessary to address a disruptive atmosphere. According to Cruz (2001) a Phoenix, Arizona school, for example, adopted a mandatory uniform policy requiring all of its students to wear school uniforms, or if they choose to defy the policy, attend another public school. Encouragingly, this Phoenix school uniform policy was recently upheld by a state trial court."
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Individual Rights and Public Protection, 2008.
An analysis of individual rights versus public protection within the Canadian criminal justice system.
2,932 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the balance between individual rights and public protection within the Canadian criminal justice system. It describes the importance of equilibrium between criminal justice agencies and their ability to apprehend and prosecute offenders as a form of crime control, and the right of citizens to be protected from potential abuses of this power, known as due process. The paper examines this balance and attempts to determine whether the public or the individual is losing out in the Canadian criminal justice system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Major Themes Intrinsic to the Balance
Legal Recognition of Individual Rights
The Dangers of Imbuing Police with Too Much Power
In Favor of Individual Liberty and Accountability?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Without a doubt, the criminal justice system is not a perfect one. Infringements of individual rights often occur at the expense of concern for public safety. Actions that compromise individual often come from the police, who act on behalf of the Criminal Code and related charters. When one points to illegal actions of the police on behalf of justice enforcement, one must also remember that police are accountable for their actions, just like every other individual in society. It appears moreover that such monitoring is on the increase: for example, "accountability of systems of correction is an emerging trend" (ibid, p. 381) and some may say that increased accountability of the police is a defining criminal justice trend (Griffiths, "Introduction to the Criminal Justice System", Unit 4). This is evidence of the fact that the justice system, although imperfect, strives to imbue the police with the right amount of control and power so that the justice of both individuals and the public are simultaneously upheld."
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Perspectives on Gang Related Behaviour., 2008.
A review of the causes of behaviour and activity in criminal gangs.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses three explanations for the behaviour of gangs in society and notes that their behaviour is composed of a complex of social, cultural and psychological contributory components. The paper relates that increases in gang incidences appear as a result of social, cultural and economic activity and that evidence shows that gang involvement is a socio-economical phenomenon and should be dealt with in this category. The paper further investigates the psychological point of view and gives explanation and understanding for this type of activity and suggests that only a criminal justice policy can correct these types of behaviour.
From the Paper
"Gangs have been the subject of detailed scholarly analysis for almost a century, with this analysis tending almost from the beginning to recognize gangs not simply as a criminal justice problem, or an example of disturbed youth, but rather as a form of social organization that develops in response to a range of specific social, economic and cultural stimuli, and actually comprises a spectrum of behaviours which - although often deviant and anti-social - nonetheless represent a logical response to these stimuli."
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Terrorism and Conflict Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses terrorism as a subject of criminology and conflict theory.
2,064 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that terrorism is a methodology that belongs to military science in a collection of techniques, but terrorism is included under the category of criminology in library cataloguing systems. The writer notes that terrorism can be well understood through the approaches of criminology, however, conflict theory seems best equipped to explain terrorist organizations and acts, depending upon circumstances, for reasons that are explained in the paper's later sections. The writer concludes that like well planned crimes, incidents of terrorism often do work, as a set of considerations to be kept in mind before denouncing crime or terrorism, or acts of terrorism as mere random crimes which they are not.
Outline:
Introduction
Classical Theory and Terrorism
The Consensus School and Terrorism
Conflict Theory and Terrorism
Conflict Theory, Sri Lanka and Tamil Terrorism
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
" If one traces the rise of modernity from the Industrial Revolution, capitalist development and the ideas of the Enlightenment, one appreciates classical models of criminology to assert that deviance was a natural result. Since human beings are rational creatures, they should have and will demand rights and freedoms, eventually. The deviant person asserts his or her rational self-interest due to a particular form of 'free thought' and agency that we discuss as deviant and thus, criminal, because it departs from a society's legal framework and moral standards. This classical approach has replaced earlier ideas of the criminal as a person acting under supernatural influence, as in medieval ideas of the criminal as a person possessed by the devil. Instead, crime came to be seen as a rationally calculated action with the result that reducing crime meant deterrence, in approaches based on how the deviant could be dissuaded from committing a crime, its penalty helping a criminal to see that a planned crime was not rational or appealing because of its risks. Further thought moved from a concept of the punishment fitting the crime, proportional to the harm done to society, or a specific victim."
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Plato's Cave and Individualism, 2008.
This paper discusses Plato's allegory of the cave and the group think mentality common in organizations today.
1,468 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the dangers inherent in blind obedience and group think as illustrated in Plato's allegory of the cave. The paper discusses the relevance of the allegory to contemporary organizational law by drawing upon the author's experiences as a member of law enforcement. The paper then looks at the mechanisms that we use to avoid or subvert ideas that appear different from our own and challenge the status quo. The paper concludes that we must embrace different ideas and nurture a respect for different cultures and world views.
From the Paper
"Plato's allegory of the cave captures the essence of organizational culture. Obviously, the ideology of sameness and normative thinking has transcended from Plato's time to today. Thus, the allegory is relevant to contemporary organizational life. Organizations are known for fostering a culture of group think. The dangers inherent in group think is the object lesson that Plato tries to convey. When we refuse to engage in critical thinking, we are goaded into a false sense of security, and create our own prison. The allegory of the cave is particularly relevant to corporate culture, and the blind obedience that is encouraged and often rewarded. There is an insidious force in organizational culture, which subsumes individualism for the corporate good. Like prisoners chained in a cave, employees have been trained to see through the lenses of the corporate image."
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The Key Role of Encounter in Restorative Justice, 2008.
A discussion of the important function of personal encounter in restorative justice.
2,590 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that a person to person encounter in a relatively informal, extrajudicial setting is a key aspect of the restorative justice process and paradigm. The paper explains that a personal encounter encourages progress to be made in restoring harms, because it allows people to meet as suffering human beings. The paper discusses the moving personal encounter between King Priam of Troy and Achilles the Athenian, as recorded in Homer's "Iliad" and also makes a reference to Aboriginal healing circles.
From the Paper
"Van Ness and Strong (2006: p. 61) begin their chapter on encounters with an account of the moving personal encounter between King Priam of Troy and Achilles the Athenian, as recorded in Homer's Iliad. Hector, son of Priam, had killed Patroclus, much-beloved friend of Achilles. To make matters worse, he had done this while Achilles, in a fit of pique directed at Agamemnon, was refusing to fight on the side of the Athenians. As Achilles was not fighting, Patroclus had borrowed Achilles' armour. This had the unfortunate result that Patroclus had been mistaken by Hector for Achilles, and Hector had therefore killed him (somewhat to his own surprise, for Achilles was widely feared as a warrior)."
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Inhumane Prisons?, 2008.
An argument against the harsh conditions of supermax prisons.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals the incredibly harsh prison conditions that include extreme isolation, no privacy and a significant reduction in stimulation. The paper questions the ethical aspect of these facilities, whether the conditions of the supermax prison are justified and whether such environments encourage the inadequacies of prison guards and supervisors. The paper then claims that the United States is living with the lack of morals and value for human life that is prevalent in Third World Countries.
From the Paper
"In the 1990's there was a conservative push to build supermax prisons that would house the most dangerous criminals. These inmates would require extraordinary security and the location of their incarceration would be based on their behavior rather than their crime. Two supermax prisons were constructed in Virginia. These identical prisons housed 1200 extremely dangerous inmates each. The supermax prisons represented a government that was tough on crime--during the 1990's parole is nearly abolished and prison sentences were made longer. Virginia is used here as an example of a national trend of isolating disruptive prisoners. There are actually thirty-six supermax prisons open currently in the United States (Lynd, 1996)."
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Leadership within Law Enforcement, 2008.
A review of leadership within law enforcement, focusing on Jim Collins' book entitled "Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don't."
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses leadership as it is found (or perhaps should be found) within law enforcement. The paper focuses on the views of Jim Collins in his book entitled "Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don't." The paper suggests that the business community has much to offer the institution of leadership within law enforcement.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Finding Leaders
Cultivating Leaders
Turnover vs. Churn
Facing Facts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is not accidental that the concept of core mission recurs in the discussion of leadership. If nothing else persists of this paper's discussion of leadership and law enforcement, preserve the idea that leadership in law enforcement must clearly define and disseminate the core values and core mission of their entities and make every effort to ensure that the individuals responsible for realizing that common vision are the best possible candidates, empowered to question authority and effect change and progress and armed with facts. Then they can make what would otherwise be empty slogans into a reality that the community can see in action and rally around. In this way, those remarkable individuals who stand in the intersections of our society can be made powerful and positive agents for the safety and preservation of the communities to which they have been entrusted."
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The Effects of Shoplifting on Society, 2008.
This paper assesses the effects and consequences of shoplifting from the personal view of the author.
1,633 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the societal costs of shoplifting and how it effects everyone involved, regardless of whether it is the consumer, the store employees, other shoppers, loved ones of the shoplifter or the shoplifter him or herself. The paper also discusses both the legal and social consequences of shoplifting. The author then asserts that ultimately, society must instruct children on the dangers of shoplifting.
From the Paper
"Besides the tangible costs to society and the personal embarrassment that arises from shoplifting (even unintentional shoplifting), this activity hurts those working within the store on a bunch of different levels. A supervisor or employee who has something stolen from within his or her department feels embarrassment, too, and that discomfort is often accompanied by a sense of violation. For instance, if you have spent hour upon hour organizing your little section of the store, cataloguing everything, making sure that the prices are correct and that nothing is damaged during the course of a long day, then discovering that an item has been taken without payment is a little like having something taken from your own home. I am grateful that I have never had to go through something like this at my job, but I know people who have and I know how hurt they feel - and how they keep themselves awake at night wondering if they could have done something to prevent the situation from happening."
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Crime Reduction Plan, 2008.
An overview of a five point plan to reduce crime.
1,548 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the development of a plan for crime prevention must carefully balance the civil liberties of the citizenry with requirements of a strong enforcement program - a difficult fence to straddle. The paper also looks at how the core of a crime prevention program must contain elements of diligence, deterrence and diversion. The paper then proposes a five point plan for reducing crime that includes a proactive and intensive community oriented policing policy, an aggressive enforcement of existing laws, and sure justice for offenders convicted of violent crimes with particularly long sentences for repeat offenders. The paper also proposes an availability of alternative programs for at risk members of society to prevent them from engaging in criminal activity as well as a system for developing performance goals and measures to determine the effectiveness of the first four points of the crime reduction program.
From the Paper
"The first point of the proposed plan to reduce crime involves the proactive approach to the crime problem. Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) is the proactive approach. COPS is an integral program of community engagement, traditional law enforcement, prevention through problem solving and strategic partnerships with community leaders ("What is Community Policing?" n.p.). The intent of this program is to reduce community trepidation towards the law enforcement community and bring it into the neighborhood through a high profile presence. It has been shown that this increases trust in the community and demonstrated the ability to reduce crime by proactive means. "
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