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Gender and Criminal Theory, 2007.
This paper explores gender-based theories of criminal behavior.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.
Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
This paper analyzes the racial profiling policy of the Los Angeles Police Department.
2,738 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in order to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. The paper discusses the criticism that racial profiling is unconstitutional as well as the arguments that it is a valuable, realistic tool for law enforcement departments. The paper investigates the influence of longtime Chief Daryl Gates on the structure, practices and procedures of the LAPD and portrays the institutionalized racism present. The paper concludes that although police should be able to use racial profiling, they should be cautious in its application and restrict its use to situations involving compelling reasons.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Text
From the Paper
"The general goal of this case study is to examine and analyze the use of racial profiling by the Los Angeles Police Department, and to identify the consequences of this controversial policy. Racial profiling has gained support over the last fifteen years in Los Angeles and many other large cities, and first emerged during the highly publicized explosion of the use and selling of crack cocaine in scores of inner-city neighborhoods in the 1980's, which bolstered the perception by some observers that crimes involving drugs are primarily an African American problem--even though statistics showed most cocaine users were white."
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War on Drugs, 2007.
This paper analyzes past, present and future implications of the criminal justice system for the war on drugs.
1,668 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the past history of the war on drugs is centered on the arrests made against non-violent criminals who were found guilt of carrying, using, and dealing many different types of drugs. In many cases, non-violent drug offenders were often placed into prisons or jails with violent offenders. The writer points out that this was often the case with the war on drugs, as the charges brought against these offenders would often bring about stiff sentences that made them eligible to be placed alongside violent criminals in prison populations. The writer then looks at changes in legislation regarding the use of drugs. The writer also discusses how the legalization of marijuana could be helpful in solving the high prison populations and growing violence associated with drug offenses. The writer concludes that the criminal justice system must begin to realize the inefficacy of inappropriate prison sentencing and brutal reactionary police force that is currently doing very little to help fight the war on drugs.
Outline:
A Past History: High Arrest Rates and Violent Crime for the War on Drugs
Present Issues in the Criminal Justice System and the Affects of the Drug War on Prison Populations
Legalization: Future Implications for the War on Drugs
From the Paper
"Since President Nixon officially declared war on the drug markets in America, these legislative actions have led to the arrest of many thousands of drug offenders nationwide. Ronald Reagan played a large part in organizing funding for police and for the prisons that would incarcerate drug offenders after arrests were made. The 1970s and the 1980s saw a steady growth of law enforcement directives that sought to arrest and take off the streets drugs that were said to be causing urban decay and increasing violence in local communities. The criminal justice system was given the edict of minimum sentences for drug abusers and dealers, since the law dictated an unlimited amount of prison time for persons carrying even the smallest amount of drugs in their position."
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Crime Environment, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of environment in crime research.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that crime and the physical environment, as criminologists and researchers state, are two closely related concepts. The writer then notes that the exact nature of the relationship between crime and the environment has, however, come under much debate. The writer discusses that, though studies reveal a multitude of conflicting findings, it appears that the correlation between crime and the environment is determined by interactive and complex factors, involving much variation at the level of spatial and temporal determination. The writer maintains that crime and environment are interwoven in a complex tapestry of factors interpreted by the criminal, such as nodes, paths, edges, and the environmental backcloth of the situation - of which the criminal himself is an integral part.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime & The Environment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The researchers believe that crime should be investigated as a broad range of behaviour which comes from individual incentives. The environment works primarily in that it makes the offender feel comfortable about committing the crime. An individual may feel that an environment is suitable for crime based on physical factors such as the type of neighbourhood, the crime site's exact location, the crime's surrounding street layout and other factors that are social, psychological and physical. These latter factors include the location's sense of territoriality, the socioeconomic status of the criminal and crime area inhabitants, the readiness of the criminal, triggers, the criminal's routine behaviour and familiarity with a crime area, awareness and activity space, opportunity, layout of the city and streets, potential suitable targets, surveillability of the crime area, the building construction within crime areas and edges and nodes defining the crime area."
"People have been long aware of the effect the environment has upon criminal behaviour. In fact, historically crime was viewed as very environment-based and solutions to crime were based on environmental changes."
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Criminal Profiling, 2007.
This paper explores criminal profiling and its benefits.
1,582 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that criminal profiling material is useful in crimes not solvable by conventional police methods. The paper describes how criminal profiling has helped to reopen cases, has given shortcuts for investigations that have proved accurate and has also helped in the monitoring of known serious offenders in the community. The paper also shows how it is an imperfect but still promising science and discusses the challenges faced by investigators who are aware that many dangerous perpetrators are not in their data systems but remain dangerous to others.
Outline:
Introduction
An Imperfect but Promising Science
Victim Testimony and Other Data
When Profiling Leads Nowhere
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Matters of criminal profiling tend to have a certain glamour in public understanding due to various media influences. As McGrath comments "the popular image of the criminal profiler is that of a retired FBI agent who has written several books highlighting past profiling efforts" (2000:315). More accurately, one finds mundane persons involved in an applied social science rooted in forensic psychology and psychiatry, actuarial science, data harvested from criminal justice and mental health facilities, and information technology, towards plotted tendencies and patterns of use to investigators of usually very serious crimes whose perpetrators a strong risk to society. The field is also intriguing, too, for insight into dynamic and static forces, as criminal profiles alter over time while some patterns remain constant. The field retains knowledge from the 1940s as much as its practitioners are alert to changes in criminal patterns due to changes in society, how people fit into newer laws and legal systems, and what are seen as serious crimes warranting research or which bring repeated requests for information (Kocsis:2006:49-64). Criminal profiling material is useful in crimes not solvable by conventional police methods."
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School Violence, 2007.
This paper discusses school violence and the often missed factor of crack cocaine.
3,466 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that school violence is addressed in various areas of research, often associated with impoverished urban American areas. The writer maintains that models pursued by researchers in different countries offer no conclusive explanation for school violence and they generally fail to comment on crack cocaine's various contributions to youth violence since the mid-1980s. This paper refers to studies of school violence that often omit a prism of crack cocaine-related issues that all educators now need to understand. The writer claims that insight is needed into what is different about the crack cocaine 'epidemic' and affiliated youth gang activity to promote several kinds of school violence, to which zero tolerance policies can be the only helpful recourse. This paper also includes reflection and presentation points.
Outline:
Introduction
American Studies, Forever
A Western Epidemic
Crack Cocaine in the Canadian Context
Zero Tolerance and the School as Refuge
The Emotionology of School Violence
Concluding Remarks - the Challenge for Teachers
From the Paper
"If one listens casually to North American adults discussing school violence, one gains a sense of how it is denounced in terms of bullying, under-disciplined or over-indulged children, or for that matter, under-privileged youths who are induced by the mass media to produce weapons in school settings. For example, Toronto's youth shootings of the last years have been discussed in terms of poverty, anti-Black racism or Black disadvantage, low opportunities, gangs and accessible handguns but without explaining in full to the public the drug around which youth gangs revolve and as crack cocaine has devastated several affected neighbourhoods in Toronto. When this factor is understood, a great many North Americans still fail to see how crack cocaine affects the individual, its links to serious mental disturbance and, as a prime symptom, frequent and uncontrollable violence in ordinary settings."
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Girl Gangs, 2007.
A look into a school intervention program for high school girls involved girl gangs.
5,176 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 36 sources, APA, £ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses research into North American youth gangs and suggests a basic intervention for senior public school girls involved in girl gangs. The paper focuses on explaining the vulnerabilities of girls when they're involved in gangs or associating with gang members and paper discusses urban youth gangs according to a systems approach borrowed from the study of North American families. In particular, the paper examines how the school has proven to be a place where parents or other adults can commence volunteer service towards protecting girls and their communities from gang influences. The paper also looks at how school-based interventions for young people tend to attract concerned adults who can make strong everyday contributions to 'reclaiming' their areas while aiding youths involved in gangs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Problem
Significance
Review of Literature
A School or Community Centre Intervention
Presenting Materials
Responding to Questions on Girl Gangs
Including Adults
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Alarm at the crack cocaine culture of often violent youth gangs began in the mid-1980s, at first, failing to address the reality of girls as opposed to gang-involved boys, but by the time of the 1990s national assessment of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program, it was known that girls should be addressed as a distinct entity, that one could not refer to generic young people. (Ramsey Et Al: 2003, Williams Et Al: 2002, Esbensen & Osgood: 1999) Girls are threatened by gang membership because their experiences of gang life differ from those of most boys in the presence of a very sexist subculture. "
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Police Case Study: The Easy-Money Department, 2007.
This paper discuses problems of leadership, communication and motivation in the police case study of the Easy-Money Department.
2,305 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the lack of effective leadership, the absence of horizontal communication and the critical component of expectancy
motivation were the critical factors in the deviant organizational behavior that resulted in the degree of employee de-motivation depicted in the case of the Easy-Money department. The author points out that the failure of the division commander, who was the sole administrator of police services for that section, is evident in his inability to restructure his force and his unwillingness to accept the blame for what happened. The paper relates that expectancy theory of motivation holds that the consequential relationship between effort, performance, reward, expectancy, instrumentality and the value of a reward are all essential components of motivation, which are conspicuously absent in this case.
From the Paper
"The blunt fact is, however, that for whatever reasons, the Chief did
not demonstrate the two crucial behaviors of leadership: "consideration", ("concern for others") and "initiating structure" or in
this case, restructure. The result was that the personnel who comprised his force found themselves on a rudderless ship without anywhere to turn because the officer task force he formed to present "some"(!) of their concerns to the Divisional management was a pathetic effort and not really taken seriously by management, who did not allow them to remain throughout the Divisional meetings."
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An Ineffective Penal System?, 2007.
This paper discusses the U.S. penal system and its flaws.
1,180 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that the American public's desire to exact retribution from criminals has resulted in ineffective policy, poor implementation, severe overcrowding in prisons and a whopping price tag. The paper discusses three main problems in the U.S. penal system; harsh sentencing, substandard prison conditions and corporate corruption. The paper asserts that a comprehensive change in the approach to sentencing and drug policy may be needed. The paper shows the benefits of restorative justice and strongly maintains that although alternative programs may be more expensive than tossing a prisoner into a crowded cell for twenty years, they are definitely worth it. The paper uses in-text MLA style citation and does not append a bibliography.
From the Paper
"In the United States, the "tough on crime" approach that has been guiding criminal justice policy since the 1970s has lead to a penal system that not only fails the "13.5 million adults who pass through them each year," (1 - www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/10/ar2006061000719.html) but also the American public. This punitive approach has involved: the hiring of more police; the construction of more prisons; and, longer prison terms for a wide variety of crimes, many of which are non-violent or drug-related. Since the media furor over Willie Horton during the 1988 Presidential election, the "tough on crime" approach has only gotten tougher. The result: the highest incarceration level in the world."
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Vipassana Meditation in Canadian Prisons, 2007.
This paper explores providing a Vipassana meditation course to a provincial prison in Canada.
2,362 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Vipassana technique pioneered in Indian prisons and penitentiaries that is a low-cost method of contending with addictions, mental illness and the characteristic apathy of timeservers. The paper examines Vipassana projects in the United States, New Zealand and elsewhere involving different kinds of Western prisoners. The paper determines that it would be easier to sell, rather than donate, services to a Canadian provincial prison.
Outline:
Introduction
Selecting an Institution
Learning a Skill
Vipassana Specialists in Addictions
Variables
Closing Gaps in Practice and Planning
More Points to 'Sell' a Win-Win Project
Western Experiments in Vipassana
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"A provincial prison to decide in favour of Vipassana program could offer a very good venue for an experiment especially if a facility not always noted for ideal management or inmate contentedness. With Ministry approval, and having brought onside the Meditation Society as is now active in three Canadian provinces, a likely logistical step is to contact the local prison chaplaincy service as a non-governmental area perhaps more familiar with how to stage a short-course in-reach program for a number of inmates to be advised by the Ministry and prison superintendent. Vipassana meditation was first attempted with great success in a Delhi prison once said to typify the worst of Indian prison cultures. (See Mazumdar: 1981)"
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Two Police Organizational Case Studies, 2007.
This paper compares two police organizational case studies: "Easy-Money Department A" and "The Police Department".
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that each case study concerns a specific department, which is a "subsystem" within a larger entity, that displays "deviant organizational behavior". The author points out that an accurate analysis of feasible solutions needs to reference the harmful external forces and inadequate internal responses that characterize both cases. The paper concludes that the effect of the decentralization process was not the primary cause of the Maidstone Field Office problems but rather these problems were the result of an
institutional inertia that did not encourage effective work. The author suggests that the police officers themselves should have been empowered to find the solution to the problems, which might have included replacing the division commander with a more proactive officer who is aware of his or her leadership role.
From the Paper
"The Easy-Money section of the Maidstone Field Office, a revenue-
producing department of a governmental ministry, has been the only
section singled out and adversely affected by the organization's new
policy of decentralization. Although decision-making is still centralized in the Head Office, it is unclear whether the Territory Managers or the Production Head Managers are responsible for operations in this section. This has resulted in an internal stalemate because the Field Office Manager, Mr. Jones, and the Audit Supervisor, Mr. Smith, are unable to work together."
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African-American Youth, 2007.
A research paper into why many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison.
742 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 14.95
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Abstract
This paper presents research that looks into African American youth. It hypothesizes that many African-American children drop out of school, join gangs and end up in prison primarily because they grow up in poverty. It suggests that this trend breeds resentment and generates hostility towards society. The paper analyzes the literature and draws conclusions on this topic.
From the Paper
"This research question is important, and we should care about it because drop out, gang membership, and crime rates among young African-Americans can be reduced if effective measures are taken. Garbarino (2000) notes that adolescents need to have someone to look up to and emulate. If their role model is positive and demonstrates a strong moral code through their actions and not just their words, the adolescent will most likely emulate these positive traits because they have seen first hand how they should behave."
"In contrast, when their role models are drug dealers, gang members, or violent adults, they most likely will exhibit the same behavior. According to Schwartz (2003) this demonstrates why high drop out rates, gangs, drug abuse, and crime in many African-American neighborhoods are such chronic and intractable problems, for there tend to be far more negative role models than positive role models. This role model imbalance perpetuates dropping out of school, drug abuse, and crime in each succeeding generation, in a vicious cycle that is very difficult to break."
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Competency to Stand Trial, 2007.
A case study presentation questioning whether a patient would be considered competent to stand trial.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a patient named Wilson, looking at whether he is competent to stand trial. The paper presents the details of the case and analyzes Wilson's physical and mental state. The paper then focuses on whether Wilson would be considered competent to stand trial in his current condition. It discusses his cognitive and behavioral functions and how these will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life.
Table of Contents:
Case History
Competency To Stand Trial
From the Paper
"Given the information that has been provided to date regarding Wilson and his interactions with other medical personnel, it would appear that he is capable of standing trial at this time. This is indicated by his knowledge of his previous behavior and his admitting to the fact that he had previously failed to take his medications, using this as an explanation for his violent behavior. Wilson was capable of discussing these elements of his life with logic and reasoning, which would lead an evaluator to conclude that Wilson was no longer hindered by his mental illness.
However, it must be noted that Wilson will always have the ability to stop taking his medications and of progressing in his paranoid schizophrenia because there is no cure for the illness ("Paranoid", n.d., sec. 1). The use of medications "such as Thorazine, Haldol, and Risperdal" may alleviate Wilson's symptoms and allow him to continue to function normally. Yet, as time progresses there can also be changes in Wilson's cognitive and behavioral functions, which will also be impacted by Wilson's mild retardation throughout his life."
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Why Prisons Breed Criminals, 2007.
This paper contends that prisons lead to recidivism, allowing inmates to become better criminals.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that prisons, by providing an environment unlike anything in society, hamper a convict's ability to reintegrate into society, thus leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication. The paper relates that the stigma of being a convict, in addition to the violent milieu created by jails, leave inmates with a skewed vision of how to act and interact with citizens. The paper contends that prisons need to provide venues for realistic social interaction.
From the Paper
"While many proponents of prison cite jail as a determent for crime, Michael Windzio (2006) has shown that, despite a growing prison population, the crime rate in America has increased. More than this, most people incarcerated are in prison for the second or third times, having fallen prey to recidivism. However, the fact is that most criminals relapse back into crime because the prison system is forcing an evolution of the criminal. Prisons create an environment so far removed from societal norms it in turn necessitates the evolution of criminals, leading to recidivism at a higher level of sophistication (i.e. better criminals) in order to ensure that convict's survival as a citizen."
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