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Assault and Battery, 2008.
An examination and the history and development of common law assault and battery.
1,571 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the history of common law assault and battery elements and it compares those with the statutes developed for one of the states in America, Idaho. The paper looks at specific cases to discuss the developments. Additionally, the paper discusses possible reasons for the changes and then examines future alterations in terms of modern society.
From the Paper
"The definition of aggravated battery also differentiates from common law, which has no such definition. Idaho statute IC 18-907 defines the crime as someone who, in the course of committing battery, commits great bodily harm, disability, or disfigurement, uses a deadly weapon, uses a chemical, or attacks a pregnant female and causes harm to the fetus. The statute continues to state those performing consensual abortions, giving appropriate medical treatment to a pregnant female, or a woman who injures her own embryo or fetus, is not to be subject to aggravated battery (IC 18-907). It is clear through the very detailed description of instances regarding pregnant females that such a population was a primary focal point of this statute."
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Private Detectives/Investigators, 2008.
This paper focuses on private detectives/investigators and their ethical standards.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the occupation of private detectives/investigators and the code of ethics associated with the occupation. The paper also explores the unique ethical standards for the profession and identifies at least two examples of potential ethical dilemmas specific to this line of work that the code of ethics is meant to discourage.
Outline:
Introduction
Job Description
Ethics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the occupational handbook published by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS), private detectives/investigators are responsible for carrying out a wide range of services. Depending on the type of crime that has been committed, private detectives might be involved in surveillance activities that may include following the individual or tracking communications (Private Detectives and Investigators, n.d.). In some cases, private detectives/investigators may have to conduct background checks or conduct interviews. Private detectives/investigators may also be responsible for investigating cyber crimes such as identity theft or electronic harassment."
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Death Penalty and Race, 2008.
This paper explores the implications of racial prejudice on the death penalty.
4,704 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 76.95
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Abstract
The paper takes the position against the death penalty and examines the theoretical models of criminal justice known as criminal justice as oppression. The paper explores the contention of many that the application of the death penalty is itself discriminatory and unfair to minorities. The paper looks at many studies that prove the effects of racial bias on the application of the death penalty.
Outline:
Introduction
Criminal Justice as Oppression
Capital Punishment
Ongoing Debate
Outcome for Capital Punishment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Arguments have raged for decades about the use of capital punishment in the United States, with some holding that there is a need for society to express its disapproval for certain acts by ending the life of the convicted person, while others see this as an act outside the boundaries of what a civilized society should do. The discussion can be much more complex, beginning with assumptions about why the death penalty is used at all, how well these reasons can be supported, how likely it is that a mistake will be made, and so on. Fairness is always an issue in these discussions, referring to fairness to the accused, fairness to the victim, and even fairness to society at large and to any future victims if a murderer is free to kill again."
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Use of Force, 2008.
A discussion on whether the use of force is reasonable and necessary in policing society.
4,411 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the use of force is most justifiable in a clear situation of direct threat of harm to the police and innocent persons. The paper further argues that this is not the only justification, however, as within police work there are many gray areas. In addition, the paper argues that the adoption of a policy of only allowing the use of force when there is a perceived threat of injury to an innocent is too simplistic a model for the many gray areas that are involved in police work. The paper argues this by first discussing scenarios of apprehension and then by discussing the issue of interrogation and, lastly, by developing, from the literature, a better sense of the existing rules, regulations and laws pertaining to the use of force and their moral ground.
Outline:
Introduction
Grey Areas
Suspect Coercion by Force or Threat of Force
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Yet, this is simply one example which can be dissected to a myriad of gray eras that often face officers in the field. For Locke, or Hobbes, there is no question that if one person is seeking to take another's life or liberty than the acts of a civil government are justified, as use of force may need to be used to subdue the infringement. What if the weapon is concealed, by the individual or even simply suspected to be a lethal weapon by the officer, in a moment of assumed danger and fast movement, but is in fact not a weapon at all? What if the individual is reaching for said weapon to relinquish it and the officer perceives that they are doing so to use it? What if the distance from the suspect is so great that the officer cannot confirm that the item in question is a weapon but if it is it is still within lethal striking range of the officer or another innocent bystander?"
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Social Psychology in Court, 2008.
This paper examines the role of social psychology in jury selections today.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how social psychology sheds light on the dynamics which influence decisions made by juries in court cases. The paper first looks at the typical concerns about the reliability of a jury to be unbiased. The paper then refers to several court cases that show how, since the 1970's, social psychologists have been used by counsel to help ensure victory in the outcome of certain cases. The paper concludes that although many feel that using social psychology in the act of jury selection is unfair, the field of mastering jury selection is still young and will continue to be debated.
From the Paper
"The psychology of groups shows up in unique courtroom situations. This group mentality is in the realm of social psychology. Social psychology "concerns the study of the individual in a social context," (Hughes 2007). In recent years, many researchers have seen correlations between the findings of social psychology and the dynamics which influence decisions made by juries in court cases. Audrey Cleary, in her work "Scientific Jury Selection: History, Practice, and Controversy," states that the concept of jury selection is "the application of behavioral and social scientific principles to the selection of jurors most sympathetic to a particular side of a court case," (Cleary p.1). Both prosecutors and defense lawyers utilize individual and group psychology in order to choose a jury that best serves their purpose, which is to win the case."
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White Collar Crime, 2008.
This paper examines "Profit Without Honor: White-Collar Crime and the Looting of America" by Stephen M. Rosoff, Harry N. Pontell and Robert Tillman, which discusses white-collar crime with specific attention to accountants' and auditors' fraud.
949 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper looks closely at the book "Profit Without Honor: White-Collar Crime and the Looting of America" by Rosoff, Pontell and Tillman and asserts that the book is a testament to the need for dramatic change in the government to gain control of white-collar crime. The paper discusses the authors' contention that white-collar crime, especially in accounting and auditing, continues despite many efforts by law enforcement agencies and government officials. The paper agrees with Rosoff, Pontell and Tillman that white-collar crime is as affecting and malicious as other forms of crime and should be addressed appropriately.
From the Paper
"Rosoff, Pontell & Tillman address the subject of fraud and white-collar crime in their work, Profit Without Honor: White-Collar Crime and the Looting of America. This book provides the reader with an overview of the many types of white collar crimes occurring in the States including fraudulent actions in accounting and auditing. Rosoff, Pontell & Tillman (2004) note how history is infamous for showing the many ways that institutions can create, distribute and store money, and how easy it is for employees to gain access to that money. The manner in which money is stored according to the authors, is partly to blame for the "evolution" of white-collar crime as they refer to it."
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DNA Identification of Mass Fatalities, 2008.
A look at the importance of DNA analysis, particularly after mass fatalities occur.
4,910 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how DNA analysis is carried out and its importance in certain circumstances. It particularly deals with the trauma of 9/11 and explains the advantages that DNA had over other identification methods in such a scenario. The author has included references to several studies that have been carried out as well as a diagram depicting human chromosomes and other tables of interest.
Outline:
Introduction
The aftermath of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers
How important is DNA evidence in this case?
Will everyone get identified?
Restrictions on how DNA evidence can be used
Fragment sizes
Decomposing DNA
How does the analysis get proper resource and funding?
DNA management
Source of DNA samples
Using Identification Number on the site
Storing into the database
How DNA analysis (methods) can be utilized in making identification
DNA Extraction
DNA amplification and analysis (PCR)
Mitochondrial DNA
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Short Tandem Repeat analysis
Identifying victims
Probability ratio in linking to the victims
Linking victims using relatives and family member's DNA
Limitation of modern technology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"The deaths of thousands of innocent people can traumatize an entire nation, and this was the case on September 11, 2001 when terrorists attacked the World Trade Center and Pentagon. According to Gonzalez, Schofield and Schmitt (2006), "On September 11, 2001, 2,792 people were killed in terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City. The number of victims, the condition of their remains, and the duration of the recovery effort made the identification of the victims the most difficult ever undertaken by the forensic community in this country" (p. 3). The use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a means of providing virtually positive identification of victims of mass disasters is of fairly recent origin having been introduced about 50 years ago, but the impetus is on to use these techniques for a wider range of forensic applications. For example, during the 1990s, a number of states began to develop DNA identification programs, and in 1993, the FBI implemented CODIS, a national program designed to (a) support federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies in their creation of a population statistical database; (b) improve DNA forensic analysis methods; and (c) to serve humanitarian purposes such as the identification of missing persons or the human remains from mass disasters (Lyon, 2002). The FBI in particular favored the development of the CODIS application based on its "productivity and efficiency," but former director of the FBI crime laboratory John Hicks described the computer databank as "nothing more than an information management and screening tool" (Hoeffel, 1990, p. 527). The former director also indicated, though, that he expected that the initiative would ". . . save time and effort, and courts will have fewer cases to process because investigations can be better focused and coordinated" (FBI, 1991, p. 37). The CODIS application links the DNA profiles of convicts gathered by scattered state law enforcement DNA labs, encourages uniform standards, and pools DNA data to facilitate identification of criminals across borders (Lyon, 2002). The thirteen DNA sites used in the CODIS database are illustrated in Figure 1 below."
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Clearance, Crime and Detectives, 2008.
This paper shows how rates of clearance and crime are unaffected by changes in detective work.
2,749 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper examines research and statistics that reveal that increases in the number of detectives on the job will not have an appreciable impact on the clearance rates of police departments. The paper provides evidence to show that clearance rates are not positively associated with crime rates and so changes in detective work will also not affect the rates of crime.
From the Paper
"The FBI Uniform Crime Reports for 2001 indicated that the clearance rate for homicides was 65% (Richardson and Kosa 1). The clearance rates for other types of crimes--such as assault, theft, or rape--were all much lower than this. For the uninitiated, clearance rate refers to the rate at which police departments are able to gather sufficient evidence to charge and arrest an individual. Clearance rates are not the same as conviction rates, nor do they necessarily imply a one-to-one correlation with crime rates. Nonetheless, increasing clearance rates is generally perceived to be a good thing, primarily because it means that police are solving a greater number of crimes."
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Increased Incarceration Rates from 1980 Onwards, 2008.
An analysis of the causative factors relating to the increase in incarceration rates in the United States from the 1980s up until today.
4,413 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 23 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relatively dramatic increase in the rate and levels of incarceration in the United States from the 1980s until today. The paper discusses some of the most prominent causative factors for the increased levels as they relate to available statistics and figures. The paper focuses on investigating the reasons and possible causes of the present situation that has been accelerating since the 1980s. The paper contains figures and graphs.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statistic and Figures
Causative factors
Gender
Race and Minorities
Legal Aspects and New Laws
Drugs
Social Aspects
Specific Areas
Conclusion
Appendix
From the Paper
"The above findings and analysis of the reasons for the high rate of incarceration in the United States leads to a number of corners. The first is that the rate of incarceration is too high in comparison to other countries in the world. This leads to a search for causative factors that may be contributing to this situation. As has been discussed, these factors include gender, legal issues, as well as racial and social aspects. The possibility of racial bias and profiling as central causative feature seem to be borne out by the disproportionate number of minorities in the penal system. Gender is also another disturbing factor. When this is combined with high rates of juvenile crime and the tendency to repeat criminal acts, then it must be admitted that the present situation is one that is a case for concern. Laws that increase incarceration rates also are not helpful. Therefore, there is a growing realization that there are serous issues that have to be addressed in various sectors of the society and in the penal and legal system in order to reduce the high rate of incarceration in the United States."
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GHB and Date Rape, 2008.
This paper discusses the gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB) that is increasingly used as a date rape drug.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the increased use of gamma-hydroxybutric acid (GHB) to facilitate assault is a growing concern across America. The writer points out that colloquially known as the 'date-rape' drug, GHB is not only inexpensive, it is also easily accessible and easy to use by those wishing to conduct sexual assault. The writer discusses that for this reason, there is a need for women to be better informed about the uses of GHB, its effects, and how it is used in sexual assault. In addition GHB's legal status is discussed as well as the regulations that are in place from the FDA and DEA.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
GHB Overview
GHB and Date Rape
Legal Status of GHB
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Traditional cases of date rape involve substances that will likely physically disable their victims, sedating them into a state of unconscious anesthesia, which deprives them of cognition. This includes the ability to be oriented, the ability to remember what happened during the event, and the ability to maintain consciousness. The ideal drug, according to Jansen and Theron will create profound memory loss and will last at least a few hours, while impairing the ability to move. The ideal date rape drug is colorless and odorless, and can be dissolved easily in alcoholic or other beverages. GHB meets all of these requirements for the perfect date rape drug.
"Once awakened from their drugged coma, victims report a significant period of memory loss, where they typically have been moved to a new location. Often, the last memory a victim recalls is drinking a strongly flavored beverage that has been given to them by the perpetrator."
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Al Capone, 2008.
Discuses the life of Chicago gangster Al Capone, who was never proven to be a murderer.
2,710 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper dispels the urban myth, which associates the brutal and destructive behavior of the infamous gangster Al Capone with the goodness of a legendary Robin Hood, which was the public image Capone attempted to cultivate in the community. The author describes Capone's career and his relationship with politicians and law enforcement agencies. The paper concludes that it was not surprising to find that the authorities could not document Capone's many murders because their prevailing behavior at every level of city, county and state government would have implicated themselves in the organized criminal graft and corruption of this period. The assessment of the federal government was that Capone and other gangsters like him were an indication of something morally awry in America.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Capone's Political Influence
The Murders
The G-Men
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The federal government felt a need to respond to the people's misdirected values and morals as it did to respond to the likes of Al Capone. The Department of Justice had a vision of handling crime in a way that would be a deterrent to organized crime and to lesser gangs and bank robbers. That vision included building super maximum prison complexes These complexes would use the notoriety of the inmates and their murderous crimes to serve as the impetus for the complexes; and the complexes would be unbeatable, meaning no breakouts."
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Miranda Rights, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of criminal justice and provides an in-depth exploration of the utility of the Miranda Rights.
4,310 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a discourse and analysis of the Miranda Rights, providing an analytical debate of both sides of the current legal issue in constitutional criminal justice. The researcher proposes that the efficacy of Miranda Rights are questionable largely because of how they are misused and how law enforcement agents "enforce" or fail to enforce them. Specifically, the paper reviews an issue the courts have recently decided involving the Miranda Rights, beginning with a factual analysis of the issue and synopsis of how it pertains to current criminal justice events. The writer also proclaims why this issue is worthy of consideration and provides the present status of the issue as well as both sides of the issue prior to offering any conclusions about the case at hand.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose/Review
Exploration of Utility of Miranda Rights in Modern Society
Opposition to Miranda Rights
Discourse of Efficacy and Controversy Related to Miranda Use
Implications of Miranda Rights
How Changes in Policy May or May Not Benefit Those Affected by the Miranda Rights
Discussion of How Proposal and Conclusions would Affect the CJS.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Miranda Rights are a subject of controversy and interest in the criminal justice field. Within the United States, the Miranda Rights refer to a warning provide by law force agents when a suspect becomes apprehended under police custody for one situation or another. The Miranda Rights also involve the courts, as they are presented to witnesses when they are in court and asked questions regarding their recollection or involvement with a suspected criminal or suspected criminal activity. The Miranda Rights for many are part of the rights provided to citizens as part of the Constitution. The Miranda Rights clearly state the incarcerated individual or one in police custody cannot be harmed by any statements made that are incriminating if the law enforcement agent in question failed to delivery the Miranda rights. There are many cases brought before the courts involving suspects that proclaim their Miranda Rights have been violated. This research proposal will review many such cases to determine the efficacy of the Miranda Rights in modern day law enforcement."
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Crime and Intelligence Analysis, 2008.
A review of crime and intelligence investigations for improving policing.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the roles of crime and intelligence analysis in the future of policing and homeland security. The paper conducts a synthesis of the various concepts, tools, issues and perspectives in a critical analysis. The paper is well documented with descriptive tables.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Integration Of Intelligence And Crime Analysis
Tactical Intelligence
Operational Intelligence
Strategic Intelligence
GIS for Law Enforcement
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Operational intelligence is the type of criminal intelligence that "exists at a broader, organizational level. Operational intelligence is the creation of an intelligence product that supports area commanders and regional operational managers in planning crime reduction activity and deploying resources to achieve operational objectives (Ratcliffe 2004). That some professional organizations do not consider this to be a distinct level of intelligence work is a mistake; if anything, this is the fastest growing area of criminal intelligence."
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The Hells Angels, 2008.
A review of the organized crime motorcycle gang referred to as "Hells Angels".
894 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of organized crime, specifically concentrating on the Hells Angel's motorcycle crime group. The paper highlights the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) as a notorious motorcycle group that evolved into a gang engaging in criminal and organized crime activities. The paper notes that the group, formed in 1948, is notorious today for its violence, drug dealing, and extortion practices. The Hells Angels Bomber Squadron of World War II inspired their name, but none of the bomber squadron members became members of the HAMC.
From the Paper
"In addition, many other criminal investigations have turned up large amounts of money, weapons, drugs, and evidence of other illegal activities, such as extortion and coercion by club members and in clubhouses across America and the world. The club Web site maintains that "1 percent of their members are bad, and ruin the reputation of the remaining 99 percent", but the evidence continues to point to the fact that many HAMC activities are gang and crime related, and that many of its members join the organization for reasons other than a passion for motorcycles."
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