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Homicidal Crimes, 2009.
Looks at gender differences in homicidal crimes.
3,270 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, whereas occurrences of male homicides are spread across the myriad circumstances, incidences of female homicide are clustered very narrowly around domestic crimes of intimacy involving significant others. To further investigate this phenomena, the author reviews Merton's general strain theory of deviant behavior, Agnew's strain theory of criminology and the structured action theory of criminology. The paper presents two preferred methods of research for this field and reviews some of the research literature.
Table of Contents:
Demographic and Historical Distribution
Criminology Theories and Gender Differences in Homicidal Crimes
Merton's General Strain Theory of Deviant Behavior
Agnew's Strain Theory of Criminology
Structured Action Theory of Criminology
Research Methods for Analyzing Gender Differences in Homicidal Crimes
Preferred Research Method for Studying Homicide and Gender
Least Beneficial Method for Studying Homicide and Gender
Prior Research - Homicidal Crimes and Gender Differences
From the Paper
"Male homicides frequently involve family and significant others as well; in fact, males still commit homicides much more frequently against their spouses and significant others (in addition to infanticide and eldercide) than females. However, whereas male homicides are spread across the myriad circumstances in which such crime may occur, female homicide is clustered very narrowly around domestic crimes of intimacy involving significant others."
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Gender and Crime, 2009.
A look at Agnew's strain theory and gender differences in criminal conduct.
1,014 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Agnew's strain theory of criminology that deviant behavior is likely to be triggered by virtue of anger. Research that shows that males are more at risk of criminal behavior is included in the paper. The paper then studies this research together with the strain theory to explore the several possible associations that suggest possible mechanisms explaining the apparent greater susceptibility of males to the negative consequences of stressful stimuli defined by general strain theory. The paper also analyzes social relationships and copings skills that females have that enable them to overcome negative emotions and anger to generate deviance and criminality.
Outline:
Agnew's Strain Theory of Criminology
Strain Theory and Gender Differences in Criminal Conduct
Male Violence as a Function of "Doing Gender"
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Expressing emotions and sharing frustrations is hardly the only aspect of gender-specific socialization that affects males and predisposes them disproportionately to the risk of reacting to strains in deviant, criminal, or violent manners. To a certain extent, males of most biological species including human beings are larger and more powerful than females as a result of evolutionary necessity. Higher testosterone levels and other inherent differences between the genders contributes to the greater male tendency to confrontations and to violence under the influence of comparable internal frustrations and external provocations."
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9/11 and Wiretapping, 2009.
This paper discusses the post-9/11 expansion of government powers in the US and the significance of wiretapping.
2,214 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses wiretapping in light of the post-9/11 expansion of government powers in the US. The paper first presents a discussion of the purpose of wiretapping and a brief history of its use in the United States. Next, the paper explores the arguments for and against the extended use of wiretapping to improve law enforcement's understanding of the terrorist situation in the country. The paper maintains that, given all the information discussed in the paper, one can understand the post-9/11 expansion of government through wiretapping.
Outline:
Introduction
Purposes of Wiretapping
Brief History of Wiretapping in the United States
An Exploration of the Arguments Concerning the Government's Expansion of Wiretapping Privileges
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Although their impact on United States history names them as one of the most significant events to occur in decades, the attacks not only affected American history. From fast food joints selling freedom fries to bankrupt airlines who had lost the patronage of frightened customers, nearly every aspect of American life was altered by the colossal events of that day. The government was not excluded. In fact, the events of September 11, 2001 lead to some of the most radical and sweeping national security policy in the recent era. Similarly, these policies have been some of the most controversial since the 1960s Civil Rights era, proposing actions that many believed invaded the privacy of ordinary citizens, violated the constitution, and proved that the government was above the law. This is certainly the opinion of Michael Moore, whose documentary Fahrenheit 911 presented its audience with images of ordinary citizens being persecuted for their negative feelings toward the government."
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Crime and Gender, 2009.
This paper examines the social control and routine activities theories that shed light on the core variables that impact the gender gap in criminal behavior.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of social bonding, a core component of social control theory, and how it creates pressure to conform to acceptable standards of behavior. The paper then explains how routine activities and lifestyle theory present crime in terms of opportunism, the individual choices that increase or decrease risk factors for crime. The paper concludes that different patterns in male and female behavior are due at least in part to the social bonds men and women create, differences in desire to conform, and to different opportunities for deviance.
From the Paper
" As Steffensmeier & Allan (1996) point out, "men offend at much higher rates than women for all crime categories except prostitution," (p. 460). Official crime statistics substantiate the universal truth that men commit more crimes more frequently than women. The gender gap in crime is more pronounced for violent than for property crimes. Criminological statistics provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting Program are shocking, showing a definite, distinct gender gap in criminal behavior. Psychological and sociological theories including social control theory and routine activities theory explain core variables that impact the gender gap in criminal behavior."
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Prevention of Drug Use through Community Intervention, 2009.
A proposal for a community prevention program that focuses on preventing drug use in high school athletes in Boise High School, Idaho.
1,102 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper is a proposal for a community based prevention program to combat the use of drugs amongst high school athletes in Boise High School, Idaho. The author includes risk factors of teenagers who might be susceptible to drug use and explains how family and community support can help deter drug use. The paper maps out and explains the program proposal, the target group and how the program is to be administered. The author also includes an estimation of costs.
Outline:
Risks
Protective Factors
Strategy
Institute of Medicine
Best Practice Program
Estimated Cost
From the Paper
"Risk factors include: a difficult home life, where there is for example constant discord between parents, or between the parents and children; parents and family members who use drugs; friends who use drugs; and the availability of drugs. Other risk factors could include individual emotional problems such as depression and a feeling of unworthiness, as well as less than average school performance. These factors are mitigated by perceived talents in sports, and hence the drive to perform better. This drive further strengthens the propensity towards using drugs."
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temporarily unavailable
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Law Enforcement Group Productivity, 2009.
A case study on how to improve performance and deal with insubordination, from the point of view of a senior patrol supervisor.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper details a firsthand proposal by a senior patrol supervisor for dealing with discipline issues among his immediate subordinates. The writer describes the logical steps he would take to identify the cause of the problem and discusses how he would select the appropriate method to correct it. Should the problem lie with his leadership, the writer explains how he would examine himself and his leadership style, and describes the changes he would make in his manner of relating to his subordinates. The paper concludes that if the proposed changes did not bring about positive results, the patrol supervisor would ask his superiors for assistance in reconciling the issue, because problems in law enforcement work groups can endanger the lives of both officers and civilians.
From the Paper
"As most law enforcement professionals are aware, law enforcement is a very stressful occupation. While law enforcement has traditionally been stressful, modern officers face new stressors, including shift work, exposure to violence and suffering, frustration with other elements of the criminal justice system, a decrease in camaraderie, fear of disease, increased scrutiny, and increased civil liability for officers. (Newell). Any source of stress can lead to a decrease in job performance. Because the problem is not specific to any officer, I would not look at personal lives or personal problems as the source of the problem. However, some problems can create stress across a unit, especially because if a substantial number of officers are stressed by something, they create a more stressful work environment for their fellow officers."
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Human Trafficking, 2008.
A look at human trafficking and it's impact on society.
2,914 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of human trafficking as well as the moral and legal obligations and the impact of human trafficking on the global community and its impact on the United States' foreign policy. The author discusses the difficulties that these immigrants endure and how they are victimized because of their poverty, lack of language fluency and misperceptions of laws. In closing, the paper examines the impact that human trafficking has on members of society and the solutions to the issue from a criminal justice standpoint.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
History of Human Trafficking
New Drivers of Human Trafficking Crimes
Societal and Health Implications
Examination of the Demand and Supply
Solutions for Coping with Human Trafficking Crimes
The Three P's Of Anti-Trafficking Responses
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Human trafficking crimes are as old as mankind itself however as the world has become more globalized so has too the trafficking of human beings. This work examines the history of human trafficking and the moral and legal obligations of society in addressing these crimes. Furthermore, this work examines the impact of human trafficking on the global community; the impact that human trafficking has on U.S. foreign policy and the impact that human trafficking has on the criminal justice system and possible solutions for addressing trafficking of human beings."
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Considerations in Juvenile Justice, 2009.
An examination of two articles regarding juvenile justice - "Juveniles and the Death Penalty," by L. Cothern and "Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program (SHOCAP)" by M. Medaris.
1,669 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses juvenile justice philosophy. It focuses on considerations for the enforcement of criminal laws upon juvenile offenders and the way these considerations have evolved over the years. It specifically examines two articles - "Juveniles and the Death Penalty," by L. Cothern and "Serious Habitual Offender Comprehensive Action Program (SHOCAP)" by M. Medaris.
From the Paper
"The program is very obviously intended to answer public fear rather that provide rehabilitative services for juvenile offenders that have entered the system more than once and likely on a sliding scale from relatively minor to very serious criminal offences. Though Medaris does outline, if very briefly, the research that was utilized to establish the need for such a program and the intention of collaborative communication between services is essential and necessary for the appropriate application of juvenile justice the program is a clear indication of the changing mentality of the juvenile justice system. Which is clearly in line with public sentiment regarding perceptions of public safety (or in this case lack of safety) rather than the need to intervene early enough and effectively enough not to have to identify so many Serious Habitual Offenders or SHOs, as the article labels them but to provide adequate rehabilitation alternatives that alter the perceived accelerated pattern of offences they are arrested and convicted of."
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Fighting Money Laundering, 2009.
A look at the difficulties in fighting money laundering in Lebanon.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the three stages of money laundering and looks at the reporting requirements for Lebanon's the Banque du Liban. The paper shows how the Lebanese case is difficult because of the traditions of banking secrecy; an investigator would have to work through Lebanese law and bureaucracy to obtain the information he or she needs. The paper emphasizes that combating money laundering in a way that aids American and international interests requires the maintenance of a healthy respect for Lebanese institutions and customs.
Outline:
The Stages of Money Laundering
Reporting Requirements in Lebanon
From the Paper
"Money Laundering has long been a major problem in fighting crime, in particular the kind of crime controlled by syndicates or unscrupulous businesses. Long associated with drugs, prostitution, and assorted "vices;" money laundering has taken on new importance in an age of global terrorism. Laundered funds can be used to finance a host of illicit operations from the purchase of deadly arms and weapons of mass destruction, to the setting up of terrorist or insurgent networks. Money laundering can be defined as, "the process by which one conceals the existence, illegal source, or illegal application of income, and disguises that income to make it appear legitimate." The Financial Action Task Force, an intergovernmental agency of the comprised of various member states and international bodies possesses its own methodology for discovering whether, in fact, an instance of money laundering has occurred. In 1990, the FATF introduced a set of Forty Recommendations that set the standard for investigation of international money laundering, the regulations being revised in 1996 and again in 2003."
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Routine Activities Theory and Gun Control, 2009.
This paper uses the routine activities theory to explain differences in gun-related crime rates between the United States and the United Kingdom
2,390 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the United Kingdom and the United States share a common history, language and heritage, but the similarities end there when it comes to gun control and ownership. The writer points out that in the U.S., gun ownership is a fundamental constitutional right guaranteed by the Second Amendment, while by contrast, no such guarantees exist in the United Kingdom because there is no constitution per se to begin with and gun ownership remains highly regulated and restricted. The writer uses the routine activities theory to identify and explain any differences in gun-related crime rates between the United States and the United Kingdom. This study uses an exploratory review of the relevant peer-reviewed, scholarly and governmental literature to develop the statistical data and empirical observations needed to achieve this purpose. Delivering this comprehensive review as well as a summary of the research, salient findings and recommendations is the final goal of the proposed study. The paper includes a color chart and a description of Geert Hofstede's Five Cultural Dimensions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study and Hypothesis
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Preliminary Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Discussion of Expected Results
Limitations of Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While comparable levels of gun-related crimes do not exist in the United Kingdom, British citizens also do not enjoy the same level of gun ownership rights as their American counterparts which conceivably adversely affects their ability to defend themselves, their families and their property. Identifying a balanced approach to gun ownership and regulation, then, represents a timely enterprise and is the focus of the study proposed herein.
"Rationale of Study.
Because gun-related crimes can reasonably be expected to be higher in those countries where gun ownership is a highly prized right, it just makes sense that the United States will experience a higher incidence of gun-related crimes than other countries without such a fundamental right to bear arms."
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Native-American Juvenile Justice, 2009.
An argument that the justice policy towards Native-American juveniles is a means to achieve the government's goal of eradicating their cultural identity.
1,435 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the United States' past efforts to bring about changes in the Native-American community in order to eradicate their identity and culture. The paper reveals that Native-American children have long been removed from their families for preemptive legal reasons, as a means to achieve the government's greater goal of eradicating their cultural identity. The paper reveals further that this same authority exercised by the government is seen in the juvenile justice policy today when youngsters are removed from their Native-American families in lieu of enforced foster care. The paper explains how this is the only way that society can continue to remove children from their family and Native-American communities. The paper concludes, therefore, that these communities must exercise their own preventative interventions aimed at curbing and resolving juvenile criminal behaviors.
From the Paper
"The legal relationship between the Americans and Native Americans has long been one that ensured the European descendants of the earlier settlers had and would retain legal domain over the territory and lands originally under Native American domain. Early laws governed fishing and hunting, and by the late 19th century, the courts were upholding the States' territorial rights over land claims made by Native Americans (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). In 1884, the Supreme Court delivered its decision in the case of Elk v. Wilkins, which held that an Indian was not made a citizen by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). The Court held, too, that acts of Congress do not extend to Native Americans unless it specifically mentions the Native American as a group in the decision (Johansen, 1998, p. 8). The ruling made clear that the government was not looking for assimilation (Johansen, 1998, p. 8), rather eradication was the goal."
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Policing Styles and Perspectives, 2009.
An overview of the three main policing philosophies and models.
1,511 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the community oriented policing model, the zero tolerance policing model and the problem oriented policing model that combines elements of both models. The paper believes that both extremes of attitudes to policing appear appropriate in certain situations, but in most cases, a hybrid comprising elements of both is more likely to allow policing functions to achieve their fullest potential benefit to the community. The paper concludes that the exact mix of policing approaches is determined by what is most beneficial and realistic for the community in which police services are at issue.
Outline:
Introduction - Policing Styles and Perspectives
Community Oriented Policing
Zero Tolerance Policing
Problem Oriented Policing
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Policing in the United States has evolved tremendously since its introduction 160 years ago in New York City (Conlon 2004). During that time police administrators and public officials have experimented with several very different policing philosophies, ranging from the zero-tolerance concept on one end of the spectrum, to community-oriented policing on the other. Both approaches to policing appear appropriate in certain situations, but in most cases, a hybrid comprising elements of both is more likely to allow policing functions to achieve their fullest potential benefit to the community."
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Canadian versus American Policing, 2009.
A comparison of the nature of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Force in Canada with policing in the United States.
2,452 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts policing in America and Canada. It looks at the nature of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Force in Canada as a national police force, compared to the U.S. which does not have a national police force. The paper concludes that policing in the United States and Canada are similar in some ways and yet are very different in others.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Policing in the United States
Prisons in the United States
Policing in Canada
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the Justice Watchdog website, the United States "incarcerates more of its citizens than any other country of the world." (2007) Privatization of the prison system has created new incentives which result in private groups attempting to impact politics, politicians and laws passed down by the courts because the more prisoners needing a prison cell the more money the privatized penal system is able to collect. One of the largest market pools for private prison corporations are non-violent offenders and the large majority of these being drug offense which have mandatory minimum sentencing and which are the focus of longer sentencing terms than even for murder and other much more heinous crimes. Among the 37 states who have legalized prisoners being contracted for work are corporate stockholders who "have lobbied successfully for longer sentences, in order to expand their workforce." (Justice Watchdog, 2007)"
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