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Linguistics, 2001.
The differences between American English and Canadian English.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the differences between American English and Canadian English. In Part II, the national language conflict in Canada is discussed. Part III evaluates the differences between American English and Canadian English are examined. Finally, this paper concludes with a recommendation for embracing bilingualism
From the paper:
"Modern Canada was born out of the Confederation of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario (formerly Upper Canada) and Quebec (formerly Lower Canada), under the 1867 Constitution Act.[1] The constitutional provisions for language were minimal.[2] The Constitution Act, 1867 provided for the use of English or French in the debates and the use of both languages in the records and journals of Parliament and the Quebec legislature, the publication of acts of both bodies in English and French, and the permission to use either language in any court of Canada or Quebec.[3]"
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Chomsky's Theory of Universal Grammar, 2002.
This paper is a discussion of the ideas espoused by Chomsky that the capacity for language acquisition is something we are born with.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a detailed evaluation of Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and innate Language Acquisition Device, which is central to the field of linguistics and psycholinguistics. It reviews the controversies surrounding Chomsky's theory and discusses alternative theories.
From the Paper
"Language acquisition is undeniably biologically programmed as children all over the world, from varying cultures and linguistic environments produce the same levels of language at the same stages. Chomsky proposes that this is a direct result of Universal Grammar, which is an inherent part of every human mind. However, his theory of an innate Language Acquisition Device provokes controversy on two grounds. First is the debate between nature and nurture, with many theorists criticising Chomsky for dismissing any environmental factors. Second, is the dispute as to whether language acquisition is an independent innate faculty as Chomsky claims, or part of the child's wider cognitive development. Such disagreements demonstrate the enormous impact Chomsky's theory has had on the field of linguistics and reflects how "the Universal Grammar theory is for many the central pillar in our understanding of language." (Cook, V. Inside Language. Arnold. 1997, p249)"
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The History and Development of English, 2001.
A look at the development of the English language.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the English language and its origins. The author traces through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English and examines the development of language.
From the Paper
"The English Language has been built on the backs of great nations and as these nations rose they brought with them a language that has evolved over many generations and is spoken all over the world. The history of the English language is an extensive and colorful one that has filled the lives of the linguistic scholars who have studied it with many hours of reading material. The English language and its origins will be traced through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The stages will be studied in order to understand what influences have played a key role in the development of English. Also in this paper a look will be taken at the ways slang, jargon, and Colloquialism continue to the changes that English is even now under going."
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Slang,Youth Subcultures and Rock Music, 2001.
An in-depth look at slang, its origins and rock and roll.
22,900 words (approx. 91.6 pages), 16 sources, £ 138.95
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Abstract
This is an intensive paper looking at both slang and rock music. The two have much in common and the author goes to great lengths to divulge their common threads. It's an 'All you need to know' paper looking at the history of slang, its many uses, youth subcultures and rock subcultures of the 20th - 21st century. The author includes a handy dictionary of slang terms.
From the Paper
"Slang fills a necessary niche in all languages, occupying a middle ground between the standard and informal words accepted by the general public and the special words and expressions known only to comparatively small social subgroups. It can serve as a bridge or a barrier, either helping both old and new words that have been used as "insiders' " terms by a specific group of people to enter the language of the general public or, on the other hand, preventing them from doing so. Thus, for many words, slang is a testing ground that finally proves them to be generally useful, appealing, and acceptable enough to become standard or informal. For many other words, slang is a testing ground that shows them to be too restricted in use, not as appealing as standard synonyms, or unnecessary, frivolous, faddish, or unacceptable for standard or informal speech."
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Lexical Representation in Arabic, 2001.
The present paper deals with the lexical representaion of Arabic speakers, tested by a newly developed experimental paradigm.
6,325 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 13 sources, £ 81.95
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Abstract
A discussion about how words are stored in memory and retrieved. The author discusses how the mental lexical is organized focusing on the priming paradigm method, which entails looking for stimuli that facilitate word retrieval. This is a review of the relevant literature including a proposition of alternative instruments to be used as well as a pilot experiment using the proposed instrument. Main focus is on Arabic speakers.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. The Present Paper
4. Metodology
4.a. Stimuli and Design
4.b. Participants and Procedure
5. Results and Discussion
From the Paper
"How is our mental lexicon organized?" Is this an abstract theoretical question that belongs solely to the domain of linguistics? In my opinion it does not; this question may have practical consequences too. Take for instance language learning: knowledge about the way the mental lexicon is organized might serve in constructing better learning programs. For example, if we knew that morphological knowledge of language learners facilitates their learning, it might be required to focus on this aspect when constructing a teaching program. And in fact, psycholinguistic literature does report a facilitating effect of morphological knowledge (Mimouni et al 1998, Deutsch et al 1998 and Frost et al 1997)."
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Language and Society: What is Sociolinguistics., 1999.
An analysis of language and the role it plays in society. A look at the field of sociolinguistics.
2,155 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
Language is one of the most powerful emblems of social behavior. The relationship of language and society puts forward a field of study called sociolinguistics. It is the study of relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication. This paper discusses what sociolinguistics is all about, looks at language, dialects, gender differences in speech and the issues of language and culture.
From the Paper
"When two people communicate with each other, we call the system of communication they use language. In the normal transfer of information they also send vital social messages about who they are, where they come from, and with whom they are associated. To point out how much there is to say about language and society, let me refer to an example used by R.A.Hudson in Sociolinguistics. It pertains to a society of about 10, 000 Indians that occupy an area half in Brazil, half in Columbia. These Indians are divided in twenty tribes, which are grouped in five phratries. There are three crucial facts about this society that are subject to interest and present the relationship between society and language. First of all, each tribe speaks different language. Second, the five phratries are exogamous, which means that a man cannot marry a woman from the same phratry. Considering these two facts, we easily come to the following linguistic consequence: a man's wife must speak different language. The third crucial fact is that marriage is patriocal. A rule states that the woman speaks to her children using only her husband's language. The linguistic consequence is that a mother teaches her children a language she speaks as a foreigner (thus one can hardly call the children's first language their mother tongue). This Indian community can be referred to as a "sociolinguistic phenomenon". It is the perfect example for the complicated relationship language-societyand a clear answer to the question why we need sociolinguistics."
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Linguistics and the Social Melting Pot, 2001.
A look at sociolinguistic differences in the "Crocodile Dundee" films.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 7 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what sociolinguistics is, illustrating this definition by looking at the movies "Crocodile Dundee" and "Crocodile Dundee II". It looks at dialectal and pronunciation differences which appear throughout the two movies, which help explain the way in which different social networks/stereotypes are developed and maintained.
From the Paper
"Sociolinguistics deals with the attempt to understand the relationships between language, and the societies that give it structure and function. A variety of factors separate these 'societies'. These factors include a variety of things such as social stratification, personal identity, geography, and group reference through a type of accent/dialect continuum, which can be associated with characteristics derived from economic factors and language contact. Due to the lack of a 'consensus' view of social class or one socially prestigious norm of social class, the sociolinguistic differences are made obvious in the movies Crocodile Dundee I and Crocodile Dundee II (Thomas and Wareing 128)."
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The Case of Bilingual Education, 1999.
Analysis of a position paper on the subject of bilingual education by Diane Ravitch.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a dissertation of a conservative scholar, Diane Ravitch, on bilingual education. The paper explores the efficiency of this education method.
From the Paper
"Diane Ravitch's position paper, publicized in the Practice of Writing, is taken from her book about education. Ravitch discusses the origins of Bilingual education from the civil rights movement, which inspired racial solidarity, to the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, which endorsed funding for bilingual education. The main theme of Ravitch's paper, however, is her objection to required, mandatory, bilingual education. It is the schools' role, she maintains, to decide how to teach English to non-native English speakers; politicians, Ravitch argues, cannot enforce a pedagogical method on professional educators. While she does not states it explicitly, one also gets the idea that Ravitch opposes bilingual education in any case, as her overall approach towards it is very critical."
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The Language of 'Pulp Fiction' Culture as a Myth, 2000.
A Barthesian reading of popular culture, centered around a promotional poster for the film "Pulp Fiction".
1,794 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
A brief examination of the movie "Pulp Fiction" from the aspect of language and its impact on culture.
From the Paper
"However, the danger and sophistication that are ever-present in the poster can only really be appreciated when related to the third myth, that of 'cool'. Danger in itself is not a myth, it is a definite fact of life that, in real-life, is taken seriously as a truth. But when the danger is removed from the individual then the cool aspect of danger can be perceived as a myth. Ultimately we know that smoking is bad for one's health, but when one is separated from it, the act becomes cool, we also know guns are extremely dangerous yet again once we can take that step away and they are no immediate threat to us, they can be perceived as cool. This removal that is necessary in order to establish the element of cool is achieved in an interesting way in the poster. Rather than being just a poster, the edges have been made to look worn and there are stylised wrinkles in the paper. The purpose of this is to enhance the illusion of this image that makes up the poster as being the cover of a 'trash novel'. We realise that in actual fact these images that we have been examining are being portrayed by the film company as fiction. "
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