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African Cultural Retention, 2008.
This paper explores the question: Are African Americans destroying African culture?
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that African culture retention is noticeable in many aspects of the American lifestyle. The author points out that the African heritage for U.S. blacks survived the vicious system of slavery, despite attempts to remove remnants of African culture from the slaves and to instill a European/white culture so that they could be more accepting of their situation. The paper relates that some distorted cultural practices such as violence, sometimes labeled as "African", are not even remotely related to any kind of link with the cultural diversity of the African continent. The author concludes that the issue of African cultural retention and the destruction of the African-American society is so intertwined that it is sometimes hard to examine them separately.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Tenets of African Culture In the United States
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The retention component has also been used to damage the influence of African culture; for example acts of violence or family structure, and or social interactions have sometimes been linked to the African culture, or the travesty of slavery, or even more so, the cultural practices in Africa concerning relationships, marriage, and relationships. Liberating African American cultural identity will show that the African influence or content of this identity, although not in a pure form, offers a significant amount of positive influences."
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Full Disclosure vs. Anonymous Disclosure, 2008.
This paper compares the value of full disclosure versus anonymous disclosure as exemplified in cases of HIV and child abuse.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there are benefits and disadvantages for both full and anonymous disclosure, depending on the specific situation. The author points out that disclosure involves certain exclusions and exemptions from the usual principle of confidentiality. The paper relates that, without full disclosure, a person may never obtain the help he need and other individuals may be placed at risk; therefore, full disclosure can be therapeutic and leads to therapy and healing. The author also stresses that anonymous disclosure can be more appropriate because of culture and stigma; however, the risks and dangers can outweigh the benefits. The paper underscores that debate between the use of full or anonymous disclosure requires a careful risk-benefits analysis.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Full Disclosure versus Anonymous Disclosure
HIV and Disclosure
Child Abuse and Disclosure
From the Paper
"The immediate goals then are to have the person use safe sex and ensure that the partner is tested. If the person does not agree to make full disclosure, then this is a situation where the health care provider is exempt from normal principles of confidentiality. The reason is that public health is at risk and other people's lives are being endangered. The process to be followed is to attempt to influence the person to disclose; if attempts at influence fail, then notify the authorities; and, if there is no action on the art of authorities, inform the endangered person of the issue."
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Article Review: "Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work", 2008.
This paper identifies the types of data and variables contained in the research by Eric Lambert and Nancy Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict'.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 15.95
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Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research
From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."
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"Boyz in the Hood", 2008.
An analaysis of the social and delinquency theories that can be used to explain the actions of the main characters in John Singleton's film, "Boyz in the Hood."
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper describes John Singleton's film, "Boyz in the Hood" as one of the most disturbing American films of the last quarter-century. It discusses the plot of the film and the loose sexual mores and gang life of the neighborhood portrayed in the film. The paper then analyzes several social and delinquency theories that can be advanced to explain the actions of the main characters in the film.
From the Paper
"In the end, there is little question that several delinquency and/or social theories can explain why the 'hood is such an awful place for its inhabitants - and such a hard place from which to escape. In this writer's view, the social strain theory precipitates the other two theories insofar as a lack of opportunity and the desperate struggle to survive in harsh conditions inevitably compels people to do whatever they have to do to survive. At the same time, Singleton places a lot of emphasis upon fathers and suggests that Tre learned to stay out of trouble because of his father's stern guidance. In the end, it is hard to conclude that any one of the theories is the sole reason for neighborhoods like those found in South LA; after a careful review, all three have complementary dimensions as well as over-lapping ones. In any event, the film is a troubling look at what can happen when communities collapse as a result of social pathologies."
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Child Poverty in Canada, 2008.
This paper explores the extent of child poverty in Canada.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Canada's problem with poverty in spite of a generally strong economy and social programs to offer aid to those below a certain economic level. The paper discusses how a focus on child poverty is beneficial for families and contributes to a reduction in poverty and other social problems for the next generations. The paper points out that policies such as reducing taxes that do not address the question of child poverty, might be politically beneficial but are essentially short-sighted.
From the Paper
"The House of Commons in 1989 determined to find a way to eliminate poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000, but this has not been achieved. Instead, it has been shown that some 1.2 million children, or one in six, live in poverty today. A 2006 report shows that the issue is both a national and a provincial problem, with rates of poverty varying from one province to the next because of different public policies on income security and affordable housing. However, the current data shows that "no province has yet reduced poverty to a single digit figure as UNICEF challenged Canada to do" (Campaign 2000 2). Quebec is the only province showing a steady decline in child poverty since 1997, which is attributed "in part to a package of family support benefits implemented in 1997 including
rapid expansion of affordable early learning and child care services, an expanded child benefit and enhanced parental leave" (Campaign 2000 2)."
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Families' Experiences and Life-Support Withdrawal, 2007.
An examination of families' experiences when deciding to remove life-sustaining interventions in the intensive care unit (ICU).
3,164 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the experience of family members who are engaged in decision-making related to the withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining interventions from another family member. It explains that the methodology used consists of a sample of four to five families who are contacted through ICU family conferences in one or two hospitals in which the conferences are concerned with the withholding or withdrawal of life support from a family member. The paper looks at how certain factors may be identified from family members' experiences that help to determine why the decision-making process is subject to wide variation.
The paper also notes that it is expected that certain family members engage in more effective decision making than others and that particular families engage in more effective decision making than other families. The paper highlights the fact that family decisions are rendered easier or more problematic by such variables as the person's prognosis, whether an acute or chronic illness is involved, perceived quality of life, degree of suffering, and the presence of an advance directive. The paper concludes that preparation for death most especially needs to be based in a team approach, and the emphasis should be upon the relationship between nurses and families and that the future needs of the family should be proactively considered once death has occurred.
From the Paper
"Nurses and other healthcare providers normally initiate the discussion that lead to withdrawal of life-support but patients and families make the final decision. The experience of decision making is different for family members when an acute illness is involved from a situation of chronic illness. After a period of denial, families of patients with acute illness or injury can recognize the need for withdrawal of support much more quickly (McHale Wiegand, 2006). Certain behaviors by healthcare providers can increase the level of distress experienced by the patient's family."
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Ethics in Philanthropy, 2008.
This paper considers ethics in philanthropy with regards to the Save the Children organization.
1,081 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the Save the Children agency and discusses in brief its values and ethics. The paper examines an ethical dilemma which invariably arises when such organizations endeavor to assist at-risk children, specifically, should utilitarian and/or social justice considerations be taken into account or should another ethical mechanism be employed when determining who receives what? In the end, the paper decides that programs and aid geared towards helping children should be dispensed in a manner that is color-blind and free of gender-based considerations.
From the Paper
"The Save the Children agency is well-regarded for its many earnest efforts on behalf of the most vulnerable members of our society. Simply put, the values and ethics which guide this organization are laudable and in keeping with the most estimable ideals of American philanthropy. Specifically, the organization is wholly committed to seeing to it that children everywhere should receive all the assistance they can so that they can enjoy happy and fulfilling lives (Save the Children, 2007a). Additionally, the organization has pledged itself to the operational principles of accountability, collaboration and innovation and to giving children and the communities that serve them in the developing world the services, skills, and resources that will make it possible for young people in less-developed nations to reach their full human potential."
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Development and Life Span, 2008.
This paper discusses aspects and stages of human development.
2,454 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that A. Grob, F. Krings and A. Bangerter describe human development in terms of an interaction between biological, socio historical, and social factors, as well as individual developmental tasks. Further, the writer points out that they also view the overall purpose of development as the person constructing his or her own biography by formulating personal projects and goals. The writer maintains that along with physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial aspects of development, growth and development consist of developmental tasks and, even though they are interrelated, one task must be successfully mastered before the next can be begun. The same is true for the key aspects of development because barriers to development can interfere with growth and adaptation in later stages of the life span.
From the Paper
"Ongoing conflict and a subsequent divorce can cause the child also to be conflicted so that they do not have the emotional capacity to cope with the event. Academic work will suffer and their entire personality development may be affected. The results of such an event can continue into adulthood so that the former child becomes insecure about the idea of marriage and has trouble with relationships in general."
"The child's growth and development at any life stage can be influenced positively or negatively. With the young child, the environment and family context determine not only the child's physical and cognitive development but their future healthy adaptation as an adult. In terms of cognitive development, for example, if the child is not given the stimulating environment or the motivation to learn, they will not feel that they are capable of learning."
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TV Audiences and Media Theory, 2008.
This paper provides a case study of a television audience at Bloor & Lansdowne, Toronto.
3,516 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the study of the mass media and notably television continues to involve a great deal of theory-building. The writer remarks that as Ien Ang points out, much that is theorized or assumed features a large cultural and conceptual gap between television audiences and observing scholars or others to analyze them. The writer maintains that one also needs to bear in mind the care that should be taken to examine particular phenomena, ensuring that one's assumptions are not wholly shaped by theory. The writer further reveals that Ulf Hannerz pointed out how the day of globalization has prompted approaches that are global and also local, in term of continuity and change. Perhaps at no time has it been so important to ensure that one does observe what one is discussing, in terms of local and particular phenomenon. The writer notes that this is played out in this paper's case study.
Outline:
Introduction
An Ethnography of Public TV Viewing
Reflections on TV Audience Freedom
'The Heavy Viewer'
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"In a somewhat shabby area, Ciro's offers a kind of oasis in a well-run, almost upscale facility of reasonable prices. The premises have involved a tavern of some kind for many years catering to a working class area of much early 20th century row housing, most of it quite simple, streets of less costly detached housing and few amenities of kinds appealing to upscale consumers. It is a neighbourhood beset by visible petty crime but also an array of churches, mosques and temples, a low-cost area chosen by diverse new Canadians and others since the 1980s. The management of Ciro's welcome customers of every imaginable social class and background providing that patrons are agreeably behaved, distinct from the same areas large crack cocaine culture whose members are catered to by other drinking establishments. Ciro's was chosen for observation for its feature of both educated and uneducated patrons and for its eternal television screen, forever on, at all hours, usually showing news-feeds or other material of local interest. Large TV screens are situated behind the bar that takes up the establishment's east wall and suspended from the ceiling at the centre of the area used by customers who both stand or make use of tables. The culture of Ciro's is remarkably democratic apart from firm rules against customers who are rude, potentially dangerous, apt to conduct drug deals on site or who otherwise cannot participate in the friendly cooperative attitude that is shared by customers."
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"Code of the Street", 2008.
This paper provides a sociological analysis of "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson.
1,211 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper examines "Code of the Street" where Elijah Anderson researches the lives of people in Philadelphia's inner city neighborhoods, in order to identify how prevailing conditions caused by poverty combine to produce pervasive drug or alcohol abuse, violence and broken families. The paper discusses Anderson's sociological approach and his evidence that living in poverty and being subjected to racism produce a vicious, recurring cycle of cause and effect. The paper is of the opinion that this book provides important and conclusive insights into the flawed and destructive culture of America's inner cities.
From the Paper
"Reading Chapters 3 and 4 of Code of the Street confirms that Anderson's sociological methodology was based upon extensive personal observations and interviews, which provide convincing evidence that living in poverty and being subjected to racism produce a vicious, recurring cycle of cause and effect. Using the ethnographical research he conducted in Philadelphia during the 1990's, which entailed studying African Americans in poverty-stricken areas of the city, Anderson reflected upon the information he obtained from informants and from his own observations, and concluded that a fundamental cause and consequence of crime in inner cities is the code of the street that prevails in these neighborhoods. (Anderson 107-110)"
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Shortage of Nurses, 2008.
This paper discusses the possible hiring of foreign nurses to help with the shortage of nurses in the US.
828 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the problem of shortages of nurses in the US continues to grow. One solution to the problem is enticing students to choose the career of nursing. The writer notes that another solution for the United States is to hire foreign nurses to come to the United States. The writer maintains that many nurses living in Africa and other undeveloped nations are willing to migrate to the United States in order to receive higher wages and better benefits. The writer acknowledges that the problem with this solution is that it leaves a shortage of nurses in undeveloped countries where health care is needed. Yet, the writer argues that this may be the best solution for the United States.
From the Paper
"These two statistics show the need for the United States to find solutions to the nursing shortage. Solutions to end the shortage of nurses must be found before 2020 when many employees are no longer able to work and more nurses are needed to care for the elderly. One solution to the shortage is hiring nurses from other countries."
"The shortage of nurses continues to be a serious problem. The shortage of nurses is not only in the United States, but also in many other countries. The growing shortage is contributed to by having more employees becoming retired or unable to work due to age."
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Immigrants in Toronto, 2008.
This paper provides a report on immigrants in Toronto and discusses the suburbanization of immigration.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer provides a comparison and contrast of two distinct Toronto electoral districts; one in the downtown core that has served as a traditional immigration reception area, and one in the suburbs. The writer points out that their social compositions is important for what it reveals the changing ethnic demographics of Canadian society. The writer looks at how these changes are shaping the urban landscape of the major cities. This essay argues that a comparative analysis of these two districts reveals the suburbanization of immigration in Canada, as now established immigrants seek to migrate internally within the city from the downtown to the suburbs. The writer maintains that this intra-migration is complemented by direct settlement of new immigrants from abroad into Toronto's suburbs, effectively bypassing neighbourhoods such as the famous Kensington Market that were defined by successive waves of immigration for much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Composition: A Comparative Analysis of the Numbers
Ethnic Groups and Visible Minorities in the Landscape
Commentary
From the Paper
"Thus, it may be argued that many of the visible signs of immigrant presence in this area are remnants of past settlement, and that the former immigrant settlers in this district have moved elsewhere in Toronto. Indeed, the fact that the Italian population in York West is more than double that of "Little Italy" suggests that many former Italian immigrants and/or their children may have moved from the downtown to the suburbs. In contrast to "Little Italy" which seems to be a "shell" of its former self, the Chinatown neighbourhood of Trinity-Spadina reveals how dominant this one ethnic group is in the visible landscape of the district; a visual dominance that reflects its 52.2 percent of the district's visible minority population."
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Alternative School Experiences, 2008.
This paper provides a personal analysis of experiences regarding participation in an alternative school program.
2,238 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses ideas regarding an alternative school program such as how the program is conceived and how it can be improved. The observation is based on personal experience of participating in a program when the writer worked for an alternative school called Boys Republic High School. The writer was an instructional aide and in that job helped the teacher manage the class. The writer had to know how to control the behavior of the students and counsel them in order to help them. The writer concludes that in order to have a successful classroom and work well in this type of environment, it is necessary to be strong, firm and have a positive attitude.
Outline:
Introduction
Concrete Experience
Observation/Reflection
Abstract Conceptualization
Active Experimentation
From the Paper
"Having the chance to work with delinquent students was an amazing experience that I will never forget, and from this experience I learned a great deal about how to cope with different kinds of students and how to help them understand important lessons. I stayed at this school for four years, working as instructional aide inside the English classroom. I loved the school and the job, and most of the kids are delinquents coming from juvenile hall. I never had a problem with them, maybe because I respected them and they respected me, too. I saw many problems inside the classroom; for example, there was racism in the school. I saw a fight inside my class because one white guy called another a Negro. I had to call security, but the next day, both kids came to apologize to me. Sometimes some kids would come to talk to me and they would start crying over their problems. Some do not even know who their parents are, and some had only a single parent. I learned a good deal, and I wish to report on the three abstract concepts that I learned in particular."
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Gender Differences in Business Management, 2008.
This paper looks at the differences between men and women as they relate to business management.
2,425 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews journal literature dating from 2005 and later, noting that there is almost complete agreement that there are differences between men and women' management styles. The writer notes that the literature finds that women are regarded as bringing a more open and cooperative style to business leadership, which can enhance business operations. Thus the most successful businesses are those which integrate women and their skills into operations. The writer points out that professional literature on gender differences shows that disputes between men and women appear to be fading from the scene. While this is certainly not entirely the case, there is a comparative lack of serious, peer-reviewed articles dealing with gender conflicts in business. The writer maintains that this is partly a result of the many statutes that have been adopted in the United States and most western nations making discrimination illegal and giving civic remedies to those victimized by this discrimination.
Outline:
Abstract
References
From the Paper
"A good deal of new research has been done in recent years concerning women and sales, because sales is perceived as an area in which people can advance rapidly. A good deal of the research in the sales setting has focused on gender based differences in approaches. Females, for example, tend to believe that other sales-people they encounter have a considerable degree of expertise, attributing to them a much higher degree of competence than their male colleagues do. Further, women overall place higher values on cooperative efforts and the fostering of harmonious relations. They also, as noted, tend to tend to use an integrated approach to information tasks. These traits, taken as a whole, allow women to perceive conflict between buyers and sellers as functional rather than dysfunctional. They tended to view these conflicts as exchanges of information, whereas men tended to view them as affective conflict, in which values were genuinely at stake."
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